Performance Of Solid Oxide Fuel Cells Research Articles

Nanostructured Materials for Enhanced Performance of Solid Oxide Fuel Cells: A Comprehensive Review

Solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) have emerged as promising candidates for efficient and environmentally friendly energy conversion technologies. Their high energy conversion efficiency and fuel flexibility make them particularly attractive for various applications, ranging from stationary power generation to portable electronic devices. Recently, research has focused on utilizing nanostructured materials to enhance the performance of SOFCs. This comprehensive review summarizes the latest advancements in the design, fabrication, and characterization of nanostructured materials integrated in SOFC. The review begins by elucidating the fundamental principles underlying SOFC operation, emphasizing the critical role of electrode materials, electrolytes, and interfacial interactions in overall cell performance, and the importance of nanostructured materials in addressing key challenges. It provides an in-depth analysis of various types of nanostructures, highlighting their roles in improving the electrochemical performance, stability, and durability of SOFCs. Furthermore, this review delves into the fabrication techniques that enable precise control over nanostructure morphology, composition, and architecture. The influence of nanoscale effects on ionic and electronic transport within the electrolyte and electrodes is thoroughly explored, shedding light on the mechanisms behind enhanced performance. By providing a comprehensive overview of the current state of research on nanostructured materials for SOFCs, this review aims to guide researchers, engineers, and policymakers toward the development of high-performance, cost-effective, and sustainable energy conversion systems.

A thermodynamic approach to analyze energy, exergy, emission, and sustainability (3E-S) performance by utilizing low temperature waste heat in SOFC–CHP-TEG system

Waste heat is one of the major problems associated with the energy system. This paper discusses an energy, exergy, and emissions approach for the hybrid system by utilizing waste heat to the maximum extent. A thermoelectric generator (TEG) is incorporated to utilize the low-temperature waste heat from a hybrid model of a solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) and a combined heat and power (CHP) system. SOFC is an electrochemical cell that generates power at high temperatures through an electrochemical reaction. The high-temperature, unutilized fuel leaves the SOFC, which is burned in the afterburner. The afterburner temperature controls the operating temperature of SOFC. Here, three recuperators are used to utilize this high-temperature waste heat to improve the performance of SOFC and simultaneously generate heat power from the water or gas recuperator. TEG is an auxiliary power production technology that converts waste heat into energy. A novel integration of TEG with SOFC–CHP hybrid system to utilize the low temperature waste heat, is employed. The main goal of this study is to analyze a novel SOFC–CHP-TEG hybrid system in terms of its thermodynamics and emissions. A Two stage TEG is integrated with the SOFC–CHP hybrid system. The simulation model of high temperature fuel cell (SOFC) is developed on MATLAB and validated with published results. This study analyses the impact of pressure ratio and afterburner temperature on the performance of SOFC–CHP-TEG. To do this, perform energy and exergy assessments using the principles of the first and second laws of thermodynamics. A novel exergy-based sustainability index with emissions analysis for the proposed SOFC–CHP is presented. The achieved overall energy efficiency is 62.54% at a pressure ratio of 12 and an afterburner temperature of 1000 K. With an increase in pressure ratio and temperature, the level of CO emissions reduces significantly.

Advanced design of cathode array protrusion structure of solid oxide fuel cell based on NSGA-II multi-objective optimization

As fuel cells gain widespread utilization, augmenting the power density and combination property of Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (SOFCs) has emerged as a pivotal area of research. This study introduces an innovative arrayed protrusion structure within the cathode flow channels of SOFCs to induce secondary flow. The influence of this arrayed structure on fuel cell combination property is meticulously analyzed through comprehensive numerical simulations. Furthermore, this paper employs the Response Surface Methodology to evaluate the synergistic effects of cathode operational conditions, particularly temperature, and arrayed structure parameters (including base width, height, and quantity) on SOFC performance. Correlations among these variables have been established to show synergistic associations between variables and performance index. The findings reveal that the inclusion of an arrayed structure in the cathode flow channels generates multi-directional vortices, thereby intensifying gas disturbance, facilitating reactant diffusion, and optimizing oxygen concentration distribution. This results in a marked enhancement of the fuel cell's overall performance. Among the operational parameters analyzed, temperature exerts the most substantial influence on power density, followed by protrusion height, base width, and number. Ultimately, using the Non-dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm-II (NSGA-II), Pareto optimal solutions were derived, yielding a superior balance of higher power density and reduced pressure drop. Compared to the baseline, the power density in these Pareto optimal solutions saw an increase of 16.5% to 23.6%, while pressure drop escalated marginally by 1.5% to 8.9%.

A novel platinum modified barium zirconate-based electrolyte for enhanced solid oxide fuel cell performance

Pt modified BaZr0.76Y0.2Ni0.04O3 (BZYN) is fabricated and characterized as a stable electrolyte for proton-conducting solid oxide fuel cell (H-SOFC). The utilization of X-ray diffraction method (XRD) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) enables the identification of the presence of platinum (Pt) in both the crystal lattice sites and the grain interface. This occurrence contributes to a reduction in grain boundary resistance. Consequently, this phenomenon improves the conductivity of the electrolyte. The electrochemical performance of the single cell with Pt-modified BZY electrolyte is improved by the reduction of ohmic resistance and enhancement of ion migration. This signifies a noteworthy advancement in the creation of more efficient and durable proton-conducting SOFCs.

Enhanced waste Plastics-to-Power in situ conversion through iron oxide as pseudofuel in solid oxide fuel cells

Waste plastics-to-power conversion via fuel cells is very attractive for its potential to be efficient and eco-friendly. Here we report a solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) operating directly on waste polyethylene terephthalate (PET) with significantly improved performance due to the modification of anode with iron oxide (Fe2O3) that functions as pseudofuel in its reduced form (FeO). The pseudofuel performance, namely the discharge capacity of FeO, was improved significantly by optimizing the structure of Fe2O3, and owing to the synergistic interaction of FeO with the anodic materials, i.e. silver and gadolinia doped ceria. A mechanism is proposed to reveal the synergistic effect of these materials in the discharge process. The maximum discharge capacity of 340 mAh/g for FeO was obtained, approaching 91 % of the theoretical value. Based on the optimized pseudofuel, the electrochemical performance of SOFCs directly fueled by waste PET was markedly enhanced: The peak power density of the cell increased from 115 to 320 mW cm−2, and the electric energy output of the PET fuel did from 0.0018 to 0.26 Wh/g (140-fold more). This work shows that SOFCs with Fe2O3 modified Ag-based anode offer a promising platform for direct conversion of plastic waste to power in an efficient and green manner.

A Comprehensive Review of Thermal Management in Solid Oxide Fuel Cells: Focus on Burners, Heat Exchangers, and Strategies

Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (SOFCs) are emerging as a leading solution in sustainable power generation, boasting high power-to-energy density and minimal emissions. With efficiencies potentially exceeding 60% for electricity generation alone and up to 85% when in cogeneration applications, SOFCs significantly outperform traditional combustion-based technologies, which typically achieve efficiencies of around 35–40%. Operating effectively at elevated temperatures (600 °C to 1000 °C), SOFCs not only offer superior efficiency but also generate high-grade waste heat, making them ideal for cogeneration applications. However, these high operational temperatures pose significant thermal management challenges, necessitating innovative solutions to maintain system stability and longevity. This review aims to address these challenges by offering an exhaustive analysis of the latest advancements in SOFC thermal management. We begin by contextualizing the significance of thermal management in SOFC performance, focusing on its role in enhancing operational stability and minimizing thermal stresses. The core of this review delves into various thermal management subsystems such as afterburners, heat exchangers, and advanced thermal regulation strategies. A comprehensive examination of the recent literature is presented, highlighting innovations in subsystem design, fuel management, flow channel configuration, heat pipe integration, and efficient waste heat recovery techniques. In conclusion, we provide a forward-looking perspective on the state of research in SOFC thermal management, identifying potential avenues for future advancements and their implications for the broader field of sustainable energy technologies.

Direct ammonia SOFC – A potential technology for green shipping

International shipping carries about 90% of the global trade, thereby emitting significant amounts of greenhouse gasses by using fossil based fuels. Zero-emission technologies using green fuels are crucial to reduce the environmental impact of this important transport sector. Among the considered concepts is green ammonia in a solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC).The present study investigated SOFCs fueled with ammonia regarding cracking, electrochemical performance and durability. Ammonia cracking was for the first time directly measured over a planar, anode supported SOFC at open circuit voltage and during operation, as well as in presence of several balance of plant components. At temperatures around 700 °C, ammonia is significantly cracked when passing over hot metallic low surface area components (like Ni current collectors) even in the absence of the SOFC. The Ni/YSZ SOFC anode is active for the cracking as well. The area specific resistance of the SOFC is larger when using ammonia as compared to a H2/N2 mixture, due to two origins, (i) a decrease of the cell temperature due to the endothermal cracking, which leads to larger ohmic resistance and (ii) presence of unconverted ammonia, which increases the polarisation resistance in the low frequency region. Durability tests reveal increased cell voltage degradation when using ammonia fuel at 700 °C, mainly due to increase of the ohmic contributions. Micro structural analysis suggests nitridation as cause of this degradation. A stable SOFC operation is possible at 750 °C.

Surface oxide ion conduction of BaCe0.5Pr0.3Y0.2O3−δ thin film with complex mixed valence states

Solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs), which operate in the medium temperature range from 300 °C to 500 °C, are effective in shortening startup time and reducing fuel gas. In order to realize a practical electrolyte with high oxide ion conductivity, we have investigated the ionic conductivity of c-axis oriented BaCe0.5Pr0.3Y0.2O3−δ (BCPY) thin films with complex mixed valence states prepared on Al2O3 (0001) substrates by RF magnetron sputtering. The amount of oxygen vacancies on the surface in the as-deposited BCPY thin film was evaluated to be ∼6.7% by X-ray absorption spectroscopy and defect chemical analysis. The as-deposited film exhibited relatively high ionic conductivity (σT) of more than 10−1 S·K cm−1 and activation energy (E A) of ∼0.57 eV in the medium temperature range by thermal activation process on the surface. The energy separation between the top of the VB and the Fermi level was much larger than E A, indicating that the BCPY thin film is a pure oxide ion conductor without the contribution of electron or hole carriers. These results indicate that the c-axis oriented BCPY thin film can be applied to electrolyte of SOFC operating in the medium temperature range.

A comprehensive survey of artificial intelligence-based techniques for performance enhancement of solid oxide fuel cells: Test cases with debates

Since installing solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs)-based systems suffers from high expenses, accurate and reliable modeling is heavily demanded to detect any design issue prior to the system establishment. However, such mathematical models comprise certain unknowns that should be properly estimated to effectively describe the actual operation of SOFCs. Accordingly, due to their recent promising achievements, a tremendous number of metaheuristic optimizers (MHOs) have been utilized to handle this task. Hence, this effort targets providing a novel thorough review of the most recent MHOs applied to define the ungiven parameters of SOFCs stacks. Specifically, among over 300 attempts, only 175 articles are reported, where thirty up-to-date MHOs from the last five years are comprehensively illustrated. Particularly, the discussed MHOs are classified according to their behavior into; evolutionary-based, physics-based, swarm-based, and nature-based algorithms. Each is touched with a brief of their inspiration, features, merits, and demerits, along with their results in SOFC parameters determination. Furthermore, an overall platform is constructed where the reader can easily investigate each algorithm individually in terms of its governing factors, besides, the simulation circumstances related to the studied SOFC test cases. Over and above, numerical simulations are also introduced for commercial SOFCs’ stacks to evaluate the proposed MHOs-based methodology. Moreover, the mathematical formulation of various assessment criteria is systematically presented. After all, some perspectives and observations are provided in the conclusion to pave the way for further analyses and innovations.

Neural network-based modeling of solid oxide fuel cells for marine applications

As the solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) experimental test is still quite cost-effective and time-consuming, there is a growing need for developing effective simulation tools to reduce the time and cost of the marine SOFC performance test and optimization. The present paper is aimed to study the modeling and simulation of marine solid oxide fuel cells by artificial intelligence method. A neural network based on a particle swarm optimization algorithm is used to establish a marine solid oxide fuel cell model for voltage/current characteristic analysis. The model is also compared with BP neural network and Hopfield neural network methods. The simulation results compared with experimental data show that the effectivity of the particle swarm optimization neural network algorithm is best, which can accurately predict the voltage/current characteristic curves of a SOFC under different fuel flow-air volume ratios. The model study can provide support for SOFC performance characteristics analyses and has significant potential in SOFC optimization applications.

An innovative fuzzy logic based controller for solid oxide fuel cells

The solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) stands out as a vital component in sustainable distributed generation systems, thanks to its reliability and adaptable power generation capabilities. This adaptability allows the SOFC to efficiently balance grid power by adjusting its power output. Nevertheless, maintaining the desired fuel usage rate and achieving rapid load tracking pose considerable hardships in SOFC control. To deal with these difficulties, this study introduces a novel approach, the Cascaded Double Input Interval Type-2 Fuzzy Logic Controller (C-DIT2-FLC), designed for SOFC control. In this innovative model, the Improved Salp Swarm Algorithm (ISSA) is applied to determine the crucial parameters of Proportional Integral-Proportional Derivative (PI-PD) cascade controllers. The C-DIT2-FLC dynamically adjusts the controller gains, which are optimized using ISSA, to enhance the effectiveness of SOFC operations. The research results substantiate the superior efficacy of the C-DIT2-FLC over conventional controllers, thereby providing enhanced control and performance capabilities for SOFC systems.

Influence of the La0.2Sr0.7Ti0.95Ni0.05O3 (LSTN) Synthesis Method on SOFC Anode Performance

Solid oxide fuel cells are characterized by a high efficiency for converting chemical energy into electricity and fuel flexibility. This research work focuses on developing durable and efficient anodes for solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) based on exsolving nickel from the perovskite structure. A-site-deficient La- and Ni-doped strontium titanates (La0.2Sr0.7Ti0.95Ni0.05O3−δ, LSTN) were synthesized using four different techniques and mixed with Ce0.8Gd0.2O2−δ (GDC) to form the SOFC anode. The synthesis routes of interest for comparison included solid-state, sol-gel, hydrothermal, and co-precipitation methods. LSTN powders were characterized via XRD, SEM, TPR, BET and XPS. In situ XRD during reduction was measured and the reduced powders were analyzed using TEM. The impact of synthesis route on SOFC performance was investigated. All samples were highly durable when kept at 0.5 V for 48 h at 800 °C with H2 fuel. Interestingly, the best performance was observed for the cell with the LSTN anode prepared via co-precipitation, while the conventional solid-state synthesis method only achieved the second-best results.

Numerical investigation of the effect of functional layer thickness on solid oxide fuel cell performance

ABSTRACT In this 3D numerical study, the effects of cathode and anode functional layer thicknesses on the performance of solid oxide fuel cells under different operating parameters are analysed and elucidated. The performance of the model is evaluated using direct ammonia and an equivalent amount of hydrogen fuel with functional layers ranging from 0 to 50 μm. The findings unveiled that the cathode functional layer has a stronger influence on cell performance than the anode functional layer. The parametric analysis also showed that the effect of temperature gradually weakened with the increase of the cathode functional layer which is the exact opposite of what anode functional layers do. This gives more promising result for the cathode functional layer than the anode functional layer, especially for hydrogen-powered cells. However, the anode functional layer works best when green ammonia is supplied directly to the solid oxide fuel cell. In this regard, the 10 μm functional layers of the anode and cathode layers achieved the highest possible power density using ammonia and hydrogen fuels under similar operating conditions. This suggests that the anode layer has outstanding performance than the cathode counterparts for ammonia-fuelled cells and the layers of the cathode have better performance for hydrogen-fuelled cells. It is also observed that the performance of the cell is decreasing while the thickness of the functional layer is increasing particularly after 10 μm. The study also confirmed that solid oxide fuel cells with functional layers have outstanding performance over corresponding cells without functional layers. Thus, the finding of this study concluded that the functional layer thickness is strongly dependent on the types of fuel and electrodes used in the cells.

Numerical study on the impact of carbon deposition on methane/steam mass transport in solid oxide fuel cell porous anode using lattice Boltzmann modeling

Solid Oxide Fuel Cell (SOFC) is an energy conversion device with high efficiency and cleanliness. However, anode carbon deposition severely affects SOFC performance during reforming with hydrocarbon fuels. In this paper, numerical simulations based on the Lattice Boltzmann (LB) method are used to construct the porous anode structure after carbon deposition by means of the binary dilation method, and the effects of different carbon deposition behaviors on the methane/steam flow behaviors and mass transport in the porous medium of SOFC anode are investigated. The results show that anode carbon deposition decreases the methane/steam mass transfer efficiency, and as the degree of carbon deposition increases, dead pores are formed and gas passage is impeded. This paper investigates the effect of different degrees of carbon deposition behavior on anode gas transport, which can further understand the importance of carbon removal in SOFC anode during the methane reforming reaction.

Evaluation of Water-Cooling Effect in Hydrogen-Fed SOFC for High-Efficiency Combined System Design

Abstract If pure hydrogen is used as a fuel in high-temperature fuel cells, waste heat must be removed by air cooling, which requires increased power consumption for supplying excess air. This study presents a hydrogen-fed solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) that uses water instead of air for stack cooling and improved system performance. A novel SOFC system with energy cascade utilization is also proposed using cooling water as the working fluid for a steam turbine. Water cooling for the SOFC stack cooling reduced the stack power and efficiency but significantly reduced the power consumption for supplying excess air by more than 60%. Under ambient SOFC operating pressure, the net power and efficiency of the proposed system were increased by 25.6% and 12.2%p compared to the air-cooled system, respectively. At an SOFC operating pressure of 1000 kPa, the proposed hybrid system with energy cascade utilization achieved improvements of 10.2% in net power and 7.5%p in net efficiency, leading to efficiency higher than 73%. This study is significant in that it proposes a novel high-efficiency SOFC system with energy cascade utilization by using two-phase water as a cooling medium and working fluid of steam turbine.

Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Anode Porosity and Tortuosity Effect on the Exergy Efficiency

Improving the efficiency of solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) is critical for advancing clean energy solutions on a global scale. One major challenge in enhancing SOFC efficiency is reducing anode diffusion polarization, which can significantly hinder performance. This study addresses this issue by investigating the effects of anode tortuosity and porosity on the exergy efficiency of SOFCs. The novelty of this research lies in its comprehensive numerical model, which uniquely incorporates detailed material properties and their impact on SOFC performance—specifically focusing on anode tortuosity and porosity. Using advanced Multiphysics software, we developed a model that solves mass, electron transfer, and energy equations discretized via the finite differences method. The study meticulously examines how variations in these parameters influence SOFC efficiency, providing new insights into optimal anode design. Our methodology involves simulating different anode configurations to pinpoint the key parameters that affect exergy efficiency, thereby minimizing the experimental costs and time associated with traditional approaches. The quantitative results of this study are significant. We found that an anode tortuosity of 5.5 and a porosity range of 0.05–0.1 optimize exergy efficiency, achieving a 15% improvement compared to conventional designs. Additionally, a mean pore radius between 15 and 20 µm was identified as optimal for enhancing cell voltage. These findings elucidate the critical relationship between anode material properties and SOFC performance, offering a practical pathway to improving efficiency. This research provides a novel numerical approach to understanding and optimizing anode characteristics in SOFCs. By highlighting the importance of specific material properties, such as tortuosity and porosity, and demonstrating their impact on exergy efficiency, this study offers valuable guidance for future SOFC design and development.

Design of an integrated system that combines the steam gasification of plastic waste and a solid oxide fuel cell for sustainable power generation

As part of sustainable development efforts, this study presents an innovative integrated system that combines the steam gasification of plastic waste with solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) to produce electricity. The proposed system is designed using Aspen Plus v10® with two primary units. The first, a steam gasification system to produce H2 from the steam gasification of plastic waste. The second is a H2 driven SOFC system that generates electricity and is developed using Python. The study evaluates the combined system output in terms of power, current and voltage based on variation of temperature, steam/feed ratio (0.5–2), and CaO/feed ratio (0–1.5) of the gasifier. The study observes a decrease in the voltage (0.864 to 0.859 V) and power (0.852 to 0.845 W) with increasing gasification temperature (923–1173 K). Conversely, a rise in the steam/feed ratio inversely impacts the SOFC output, which is attributed to a decline in the H2 flowrate. Optimal conditions are met at gasifier temperature of 973 K, steam/feed ratio of 1.5, and CaO/feed ratio of 1. Moreover, using H2 flow rates to assess SOFC performance reveal increasing activation and ohmic losses (0.04 to 0.09 V and 0 to 0.28 V) with a temperature increase (973–1473 K), while concentration losses decreased (0–0.10 V). Nernst voltage and SOFC output voltage also decreased (1.1 to 0.52 V and 1.1 to 0.78 V) as SOFC temperature increases. Power output increased (0.0 to 1.57 W) with temperature, and the current–voltage relationship demonstrated reduced voltage (1.1 to 0.53 V) as the current is increased (0.0 to 2.8 A). This study provides an in-depth exploration into the development, modelling, and performance of both units, emphasizing their synergistic potential in the realm of sustainable electricity generation.

Bismuth-oxide nanoparticles: study in a beam and as deposited.

Bi2O3 is a promising material for solid-oxide fuel cells (SOFC) due to the high ionic conductivity of some phases. The largest value is reached for its δ-phase, but it is normally stable at temperatures too high for SOFC operation, while nanostructured oxide is believed to have more suitable stabilization temperature. However, to manufacture such a material with a controlled chemical composition is a challenging task. In this work, we investigated the fabrication of nanostructured Bi2O3 films formed by deposition of free Bi-oxide nanoparticles created in situ. The particle-production method was based on reactive sputtering and vapour aggregation. Depending on the fabrication conditions, the nanoparticles contained either a combination of Bi-metal and Bi-oxide, or only Bi-oxide. Prior to deposition, the free particles were probed in the beam - by synchrotron-based photoelectron spectroscopy (PES), which allowed assessing their composition "on the-fly". The nanoparticle films obtained after deposition were studied by PES, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and electron diffraction. The films' chemical composition, grain dimensions, and crystal structure were probed. Our analysis suggests that our method produced Bi-oxide films in more than one polymorph of Bi2O3.

Penjanaan Kuasa yang Bersih: Kajian Mendalam Penilaian Kitaran Hayat bagi Sel Bahan Api Oksida Pepejal

Nowadays, there is a growing emphasis on creating alternative power generation methods to replace outdated technologies like coal-fired power and hydroelectric plants. One promising solution is the Solid Oxide Fuel Cell (SOFC), which offers high energy efficiency, low carbon emissions, and cost-effectiveness. This study presents a focused examination of the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) of SOFCs, with the objective of reducing dependence on nonrenewable energy sources. The review encompasses a review of published articles between years 2016 to 2023 and an analysis of research gaps in SOFCs' environmental performance. A systematic literature review underpins this investigation, where several publication selection criteria were considered including plants that can produce hydrocarbon such as biogas and biomass, utilization of LCA software as a method of assessment and incorporation of the life cycle impact assessment in the articles. The results suggest that using SOFC powered by biogas as a stationary power generator is a viable option. This is supported by recent LCA studies demonstrating that SOFCs using biogas have a reduced impact on climate change compared to other fuels. Implementing SOFCs holds great potential for a cleaner energy future, aligning with society's goals for sustainable power production. For a more precise comparison of results, future LCA studies should adopt a multi-criteria environmental impact analysis using a consistent functional unit across different SOFC operations.

Robust Pr6O11 infiltration for La0.6Sr0.4Co0.2Fe0.8O3-δ cathode performance enhancement on electrolyte supported solid oxide fuel cells

In this study, the infiltration of a novel electrocatalyst, Praseodymium oxide (Pr6O11), has successfully enhanced solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) performance via simple infiltration method. Pristine Lanthanum strontium cobalt ferrite (LSCF) screen printed on a electrolyte supported SOFC button cell showed peak power density of 0.086 W/cm2 at 800 °C, infiltrating 0.1 mol/L of Pr6O11 precursor into the LSCF cathode increased performance by 16.3 % by recording a 0.100 W/cm2 peak power density and infiltrating higher concentration of 1 mol/L Pr6O11 precursor further increased power density to 0.118 W/cm2, a 37.2 % improvement. Although increasing temperature lowered the effectiveness of the electrocatalyst, 1 mol/L Pr6O11 precursor infiltrated LSCF still showed the highest peak power density overall with 0.237 W/cm2 at 900 °C, a 13.9 % increase from pristine LSCF's 0.208 W/cm2 at the same temperature. The results confirm that increasing Pr6O11 precursor concentration in infiltration solution is an effective way for improving SOFC performance.