Road Network Performance Research Articles

Study of Standard Trip Attraction Models of Various Land Use in the Surakarta City

The law states that every activity centre, settlement and infrastructure development plan that causes disturbance to safety, order and smoothness of traffic and road transport must be carried out traffic impacts analysis. The magnitude of traffic impact that occurs due to the building construction is influenced by the amount of trip generation and attraction that generated by the building activities. Standard value of trip generation and attraction of certain land use is important to be used as a reference in calculating performance of road network. The aim of study is to determine the trip attraction model of various land use including hotel and minimarket in the Surakarta City. Modelling analysis requires data such as vehicle volume in and out of land use and land use parameter such as the number of rooms for hotel and size of building floor area for minimarket. Based on these data then a modelling analysis is carried out using regression analysis to obtain a land use trip attraction model. The result of analysis shows that regression trip attraction models of 3-star hotel, 4 and 5-star hotels and minimarket are Y= 0.1123*X + 12.55; Y = 0.2853*X + 11.017 and Y = 0.2444*X + 0.5623 consecutively.

The Effect of Traffic Movement Design Study at The Manahan Flyover to the Road Network Performance Using Traffic Micro-Simulation VISSIM

Level crossings between railway and highway causes transportation problems in the form of traffic jams and accidents. The Manahan Flyover development in the Surakarta city is an effort to minimize transportation problems in the Manahan and Kota Barat areas. Field condition shows that traffic congestion in the Manahan Flyover can be minimized, but traffic accident rate is increasing. Within nine months an accident occurred with two dead victims. The potential of traffic accident is inseparable with the design of the Manahan Flyover with the design of three-way intersection. The aim of study is to redesign traffic movement in the Manahan Flyover and surrounding Manahan area. Traffic micro-simulation VISSIM model is used to evaluate the performance of road networks at peak traffic conditions with different simulation models. The scenario simulation model is developed based on the calibrated base simulation model. In order to avoid potential accidents, therefore, the direction of traffic movement at the Manahan Flyover is made with a one-way system. The modelling scenario results indicate that the diversion of traffic movement at the Manahan Flyover must be followed by various traffic management and engineering efforts in the Manahan area including road widening, parking management, application of a one-way system.

Implementation of Road Performance Calculation Models Used in Strategic Planning Systems for Lithuania Conditions

Deficiency or inadequate allocation of road maintenance and development funds leads to total road network degradation. In order to ensure proper condition of road pavement with a limited budget, we need road maintenance optimisation for the entire road network. The road maintenance optimisation can be achieved using knowledge-based strategic planning systems. The collection and analysis of necessary data help design different road maintenance long-term strategies. The output results help select priorities for road maintenance and proper fund allocation. Optimal road maintenance strategy is the way to keep a fairly good road network with available funds. In addition, the road user costs can be reduced. The aim of this paper is to offer a road maintenance management system for Lithuanian conditions. The model will help evaluate the performance of the current road network and prepare a multi-year priority list for road works.

Traffic Management and Engineering Analysis of the Manahan Flyover Area by using Traffic Micro-Simulation VISSIM

The location of the Manahan railway level crossing is a meeting point for movement between trains and vehicles which often causes traffic congestion and traffic accidents in the area. In connection with the construction of the double track railway, the intensity of traffic congestion in the Manahan railway level crossing area is increasing. In order to overcome traffic congestion in the area, the Surakarta City Government built Manahan Flyover infrastructure. However, due to traffic management and engineering in the existing conditions is not optimal resulting in a relatively bad traffic congestion in Manahan Flyover area. The aim of this study is to conduct traffic management and engineering analysis to minimize traffic congestion in Manahan Flyover area. The traffic micro-simulation VISSIM model is used to evaluate the performance of road networks at peak traffic conditions with different simulation model scenarios. The existing model is built based on a field survey data and then calibrated it to approximate conditions on the field. Then based on the existing model, modelling of several traffic management and engineering scenarios are carried out to obtain the optimal performance of the road network in the Manahan Flyover area. The analysis shows that the simulation model Scenario 3 produces the best performance of road network in terms of vehicle delay, queue length, travel time and speed

Evaluation of the operation efficiency of implemented highway project

Traffic congestion is a considerable problem that big cities face and has undesirable consequences such as uncomfortable usage of roads, car accidents, worsening of performance of road networks, air pollution and economic issues. Therefore, governments have been planning to solve this problem and reduce the traffic congestion level (1). Recently, it is observed that Baghdad city has suffered from severe daily traffic congestion. The key reasons include the great increase in the number of private cars and the deterioration of public transit services. The planners tend to building new highways, such as overpasses and underpasses, to accommodate the increase in the traffic volume and alleviate congestion. However, it is noted that this problem has been persisted in several locations in Baghdad city even after the operation of the new overpasses and underpasses. It means that the implemented projects have not efficient in achieving their aim. Thus, it has been important to investigate the reasons behind this failure. This study focused on evaluating the efficiency performance of two selected overpasses at the Al-Shaab quarter and at the Bab al-Muadam place as the congestion is still in its highest level there, especially at peak hours. A traffic analysis study was accomplished involving a collection of traffic data in the two locations and analysing them using the HCS2000 program in order to specify the reasons of poor performance. It was found that level of service is F after construction, therefore the paper proposed number of alternative suggestions to develop their performance.

Demonstrative Case of a Pedestrian Network Design Model Considering Effects on Motorized Traffic

The transformation of urban roadways into pedestrian streets is a popular measure for reshaping city parts and enhancing their livability. Nevertheless, pedestrianization schemes are expected to have some impact on the performance of the neighboring road network, especially if these are established ad-hoc or solely based on non-transport criteria. This study introduces a methodological tool for supporting decisions on implementing pedestrianization schemes in urban networks. A bi-level network design model variant is developed for that purpose, whose design objective is to maximize the extent of pedestrian streets in an urban network, while maintaining acceptable impacts to the performance of the road network. Alternative decisions on pedestrianization are considered for each network segment; these include partial (one-directional) or complete (bi-directional) pedestrianization under physical and operational criteria and constraints. The model is applied for a mid-sized urban network in Greece and solved using a genetic algorithm. Results show that the pedestrianization of almost 7% of the road network in relation to length leads to a 40% increase in total network travel time, while a higher ratio of complete versus partial pedestrianization is more advantageous. Outcomes also reveal that that rigid design guidelines should be examined in a case-by-case approach, as superior results may be attained if some constraints, such as those related to the overall street width, are relaxed. Reasonably, policy priorities significantly impact generated solutions and are expected to play a decisive role in the design of pedestrianization schemes.

Effect of encroaching vehicles on capacity of signalized intersections in mixed traffic conditions

This paper estimates capacity of signalized intersections in heterogeneous traffic conditions considering the effect of encroaching vehicles. Accurate estimation of capacity of signalized intersections plays vital role in evaluating performance of whole road network. In the present paper two sets of saturation flow values are estimated separately by considering and not considering the effect of encroaching vehicles. Also, the capacity of the signalized intersections is found considering the effect of encroaching vehicles. For this purpose, five signalized intersections are selected from four different cities in India: Bachupally, Thondayad, Eranhipalam, Adalath and Gurunanakdwar intersections. The estimated saturation flow and capacity showed significance variation due to the presence of encroaching vehicles. The capacity estimated considering encroaching vehicles is higher than that estimated without considering encroaching vehicles. Keywords: capacity, encroaching vehicles, heterogeneous traffic, saturation flow, signalized intersection Cite this Article: Ramireddy Sushmitha, K.V.R. Ravishankar. Effect of Encroaching Vehicles on Capacity of Signalized Intersections in Heterogeneous Traffic Conditions. International Journal of Transportation Engineering and Traffic System. 2020; 6(1): 1–8p.

Assessing operational performance of New Zealand's South Island road network after the 2016 Kaikoura Earthquake

The Kaikoura earthquake, a 7.8 (Mw) magnitude event, occurred 2 min after midnight on 14th November 2016 NZDT, around 60 km south-west of Kaikoura at a depth of 15 km. The earthquake caused numerous landslides, many of them significant, resulting in widespread disruption and closure of sections of State Highway 1 (SH1), which is a critical corridor in the South Island of New Zealand. Post-disaster operational performance of the road network, in terms of average travel time, density, and count data, has not been assessed to date. A mesoscopic traffic simulation model of the South Island's road network was, therefore, validated against 7-day Average Daily Traffic (ADT) data starting from Day 8 after the Kaikoura earthquake. Corridor analysis and trip analysis were conducted to assess post-disaster operational performance of the road network. Corridor analysis results indicate a significant increase in traffic count and density, and a minor decrease in average travel speeds on four main corridors namely: SH65, SH63, SH6 (between SH63 and SH65), and SH7 (between SH65 and SH1), serving as the main alternative routes after the earthquake. Trip analysis results show a significant increase in the average travel time from Marlborough to other affected traffic zones (typically 20–50% and as much as 90% in the worst case) due to the increased travel distances on the alternate routes. Such information can now be used to calculate the economic impact of the Kaikoura earthquake, in terms of increased vehicle operating costs and travel time costs, by comparing the pre- and post-disaster scenarios.

Pavement performance assessment using a cost‐effective wireless accelerometer system

AbstractPavement condition monitoring is required to identify pavements in need of maintenance or rehabilitation. Early identification of reduction in pavement's structural resistance and improving the structural resistance by minor repairs can lead to significantly lower maintenance costs for transportation agencies. In this study, a cost‐effective wireless sensor that can be embedded in the road to measure the transient vibrations due to different applied loads was tested to determine its effectiveness in terms of pavement displacement measurements. Test results show that the vibration sensor, combined with the algorithms, can be embedded in new or existing pavements and used as an accurate wireless displacement sensor. The low cost of the sensor system allows the use of these sensors at high densities for monitoring the performance of an entire road network. Outputs from the developed system can be directly used to evaluate the condition and performance of pavement structure (increasing displacement over time indicating increasing pavement damage). In addition, displacement data from the system can be used to backcalculate pavement layer stiffnesses, which can be used to predict long‐term performance of the pavement structure. Reduction in pavement layer stiffness over time can be used to determine long‐term damage accumulation.

Should drivers cooperate? Performance evaluation of cooperative navigation on simulated road networks using network DEA

For drivers, traffic congestion causes enormous delays and increases energy consumption. For a city’s traffic management team, traffic congestion challenges economic growth and increases pollution. Many drivers rely on a GPS navigation system to choose the fastest route to reach their destination. The GPS algorithms generally work for a single driver, while ignoring their collective resulting impact on the road network. If there exists a cooperative centralised routing algorithm that minimises the whole network congestion, the city can greatly benefit from congestion reduction, though some drivers may suffer from such a cooperative routing algorithm. These drivers may opt-out from the cooperative centralised routing, which, in turn, impacts the whole network routing efficiency. So, does having higher proportions of cooperative drivers on the road network always work better? In this paper, we take a heuristic cooperative routing algorithm which minimises the network congestion. We simulate a road network and measure its performance under various proportions of cooperative drivers. We measure both the congestion and the average drivers’ perceived road network performance. Network data envelopment analysis (network DEA) technique is used to see which proportions of cooperative drivers can best benefit the city and drivers collectively.

Empirical assessment of road network resilience in natural hazards using crowdsourced traffic data

ABSTRACT Climate change and natural hazards pose great threats to road transport systems which are ‘lifelines’ of human society. However, there is generally a lack of empirical data and approaches for assessing resilience of road networks in real hazard events. This study introduces an empirical approach to evaluate road network resilience using crowdsourced traffic data in Google Maps. Based on the conceptualization of resilience and the Hansen accessibility index, resilience of road network is measured from accumulated accessibility reduction over time during a hazard. The utility of this approach is demonstrated in a case study of the Cleveland metropolitan area (Ohio) in Winter Storm Harper. The results reveal strong spatial variations of the disturbance and recovery rate of road network performance during the hazard. The major findings of the case study are: (1) longer distance travels have higher increasing ratios of travel time during the hazard; (2) communities with low accessibility at the normal condition have lower road network resilience; (3) spatial clusters of low resilience are identified, including communities with low socio-economic capacities. The introduced approach provides ground-truth validation for existing quantitative models and supports disaster management and transportation planning to reduce hazard impacts on road network.

Road Landscape Morphology of Valley City Blocks under the Concept of “Open Block”—Taking Lanzhou City as an Example

The unique valley geographical environment and the congestion-prone road landscape make valley city traffic jammed easily. In this paper, under the background of “open blocks”, two open patterns, which correspond to two different road landscapes (“ideal grid opening” and “open under realistic conditions”), are proposed. Taking Lanzhou city as an example, six basic statistical characteristics are used to compare and analyze the changes of road network topology in blocks to find out which open pattern is more suitable for valley cities. The results show that the pattern “open under realistic conditions” has a significant effect on the improvement of network performance and capacity. Specifically, breaking the “large blocks” and developing the small-scale blocks help to alleviate the traffic pressure. Besides, the opening of blocks located along river valley has a more positive effect on improving road network performance than the blocks sited in the inner area of cities.

Study of determining the toll fare for the Yogyakarta-Solo corridor

As part of the government policy related with the development of road infrastructure, the acceleration of the toll road investment is expected to be able to push the road network performance and the regional economy. One of the plans is the development of Yogyakarta-Solo toll road with the length of segment is ± 40,5 Km. The basic toll rate is set in the beginning during the concession time as one of the parameters of a toll road investment. Based on the design of particular toll road, this research is then done to determine the particular basic toll rate. The methods that may be used as approaching the determination of the particular rate, such as: Saving of Vehicle Operating Cost Method (saving of VOC), Willingness to Pay (WTP), and Ability to Pay (ATP). From the toll rate calculation results based on the saving VOC and ATP/WTP analysis result, with the assumptions for the toll road to begin operating in the year 2018, hence the proposed value of the Yogyakarta-Solo toll rate is Rp. 26.000 (+ Rp. 675/km).

Modeling urban taxi services with e-hailings: A queueing network approach

The rise of e-hailing taxis has significantly altered urban transportation system and led to a competitive taxi market with both traditional street-hailing and e-hailing taxis. The various taxi services provide similar door-to-door rides, thus compete with each other. Meanwhile, the expanding fleet size of e-hailing taxis, together with considerable number of traditional taxicabs, influence the urban road network performance, which can also in turn affect taxi mode choice and operation. In this study, we propose an innovative modeling structure for the competitive taxi market and capture the interactions not only within the taxi market but also between the taxi market and urban road system.The model is built on a network linking a certain number of queues, derived from both the taxi and urban road system. Considering both the passenger and vehicle arrivals, we utilize an assembly-like queue SM/M/1 for passenger-vehicle matching within the taxi system, which controls how many and how frequently vehicles drive from the taxi system to the urban road system. A common multi-server M/M/c queue that can account for road capacity is proposed for the urban road system and a feedback of network states is sent back to the taxi system. Then the stationary state distributions, as well as asymptotic properties, of the queueing network are discussed.An example is designed based on data from New York City. Numerical results show that the proposed modeling structure, together with the corresponding approximation method, can capture dynamics within high demand areas and, in particular, a spatially balanced system. Overall, this study shows how the queueing network approach can measure aggregated performance of various taxi services, for instance, not only the waiting/searching time during passenger-vehicle matching but also the delays in the urban road network. Furthermore, the model can be generalized to study the control and management of taxi markets.

Travelers’ Compliance With Social Routing Advice: Impacts on Road Network Performance and Equity

Information-based demand measures using social routing advice are receiving increasing attention, as they are expected to be successful in reducing the traffic congestion. Such measures direct travelers toward routes that benefit the road network. As such, some travelers need to act socially and take a detour. This paper explores the impacts on network performance and equity that result from the application of a social routing service. We complement the existing work by using a large-scale real-world road network, by assessing impacts on the individual level and by discussing our findings in the light of observed individual compliance behavior obtained from a field experiment. Our results show that 3.6% of total travel time within our road network could be reduced when all trips are made in compliance with the received advice. However, based on the observed compliance behavior, a social routing service is expected to direct only a minority of travelers toward social routes. We show how the attained travel time savings vary with the assumed compliance rate, e.g., to achieve 50% of the potential travel time savings, about 30% of travelers need to be willing to take a detour. Moreover, we find that lower the compliance among travelers, the more the social travelers need to compensate for the selfish behavior of others by taking longer detours. Finally, we demonstrate that the impacts on network performance and equity highly depend on the spatial distribution of social travelers among origins and destinations.

Trajectory-Based Measurement of Signalized Intersection Capacity

Capacities of road intersections are a limiting factor and crucial for the performance of road networks. Therefore, for purposes of intersection design and of optimal signal timing, numerous methodologies have been proposed to either estimate or directly measure the capacity of single movements at road intersections. However, both model-based estimation and direct measurement suffer from the large effort that is needed to gather the relevant data. Even worse, once the data are collected they only represent a snapshot of the capacity over time. This paper proposes an alternative approach to estimate capacity of signalized road intersections over time using only automatically generated trajectories of probe vehicles. The obtained capacity can be used to evaluate the effective degree of saturation using real demand, or to assess hypothetic different conditions in demand or signaling. The cyclic operation of signalized intersections allows for the accumulation of trajectories, and thus in practical applications for the compensation of potentially low penetration rates. Within a sequential process the intersection’s cycle time and the approach green time and saturation flow rates are determined. The determination of the cycle time and the green times is based on an existing approach. The derivation of the saturation flow rates relies on its direct dependency to the saturation time headway and uses two parameters to be calibrated. Testing with a commercial dataset on an intersection in Munich produced a good signal timing estimation and saturation flow values that are comparable to a calculation based on the German guideline.

Modeling double time-scale travel time processes with application to assessing the resilience of transportation systems

This paper proposes a double time-scale model to capture the day-to-day evolution along with the within-day variability of travel time. The proposed model can be used to evaluate short-term to long-term effects of new transport policies and construction of critical infrastructures, and to analyze the resilience of road networks under disruptions. The within-day travel time variability is modeled using the functional data analysis, in which the effects of road traffic congestion and noise of traffic data are considered explicitly. The within-day process is then regarded as the local volatility (or the noise process) to drive the day-to-day process while the latter is described by a modified geometric Brownian motion (GBM). Then, the day-to-day travel time process is obtained by the statistics of the modified GBM. The model probabilistically captures the evolution of day-to-day and within-day travel time processes analytically. Moreover, an efficient method based on the cross-entropy method is developed for calibrating the model parameters. A lasso-like regularization is employed to guarantee a small bias between the model estimations and the measurement counterparts. Finally, two empirical studies are carried out to validate the proposed model at different scales with different traffic scenarios, i.e., a case study on the Guangzhou Airport Expressway (link to path scale) under traffic accident conditions and a case study in New York City (city-scale) to analyze the network resilience under Hurricane Sandy. Both case studies adopted probe vehicle data but with different configurations (fine versus coarse, small versus big data). The empirical studies confirm that the proposed model can accommodate the inherent variability in traffic conditions and data meanwhile being computationally tractable. The numerical results illustrate the applicability of the proposed model as a powerful tool in practice for analyzing the short-term and long-term impacts of disruptions and systematic changes in the performance of road networks.

Kinerja Peiayanan Jaringan Transportasi Jalan Nasional Trans Maluku Pulau Ambon

Trans Maluku is a national transportation network that links 12 island groups in Maluku Province. Island Group XII is Ambon Island that became PKN of Maluku province. This study aimed to find out ltaw tlte performance of the national road network in Island Group XII of Ambon Island and formulate development strategies. Analysis using quantitative descriptive method and SWOT analysis. 71ze results of the national road network Passo-Galala, Lahthalat- Batu Gantong and Waihaong-Batu Merah indicates that: indicators of accessibility, capacity and integrated quite effectively. Indicators are classified as not effective is Road Safety. The use of tire road network of relatively efficient aspects of tire VCR. Construction of support facilities necessary for the security of road users and an increase in financing the road network.

Approximative Network Partitioning for MFDs from Stationary Sensor Data

The macroscopic fundamental diagram (MFD) measures network-level traffic performance of urban road networks. Large-scale networks are normally partitioned into homogeneous regions in relation to road network topology and traffic dynamics. Existing partitioning algorithms rely on unbiased data. Unfortunately, widely available stationary traffic sensors introduce a spatial bias and may fail to identify meaningful regions for MFD estimations. Thus, it is crucial to revisit and develop stationary-sensor-based partitioning algorithm. This paper proposes an alternative two-step partitioning algorithm for MFD estimations based on information collected solely from stationary sensors. In a first step, possible partitioning outcomes are generated in the road networks using random walks. In a second step, the regions’ MFDs are estimated under every possible partitioning outcome. Based on previous work, an indicator is proposed to evaluate the traffic heterogeneity in regions. The proposed partitioning approach is tested with an abstract grid network and empirical data from Zurich. In addition, the results are compared with an algorithm that disregards stationary detectors’ biases. The results demonstrate that the proposed approach performs well for obtaining the quasi-optimal network partitions yielding the lowest heterogeneity among all possible partition outcomes. The presented approach not only complements existing literature, but also offers practice-oriented solutions for transport authorities to estimate the MFDs with their available data.

ANALISIS KINERJA INFRASTRUKTUR TRANSPORTASI KABUPATEN MUNA BARAT

The policy of providing road infrastructure that is right and effective, requires an instrument that can see the success rate of providing road infrastructure in balancing economic development, population and number of vehicles. The purpose of this study was to analyze the performance of transportation infrastructure in this case the condition of the West Muna Regency road network.This research was conducted in two ways, namely using the Road Infrastructure Index (IPJ) and Minimum Service Standards (SPM). The road infrastructure index uses four variables which are also indicators in the assessment of the availability of road infrastructure (Ktj), road network performance (KNJ), traffic load (BLN) and road infrastructure services (Pyp). While the Minimum ServiceStandards are viewed from the Accessibility Index and Mobility Index.The results of the study showed that the performance of transportation infrastructure based on the 2016 West Muna Regency Road Infrastructure Index (3.78) was said to be insufficient according to the national minimum value (6.00) and national average value (5.68). Based on the Minimum Service Standards of West Muna Regency, accessibility and mobility indices have met the existing requirements. Keywords: Transportation Infrastructure Performance, Road Network System, RoadInfrastructure Index (IPJ), Minimum Service Standards (SPM)