Performance Anodes For Lithium-ion Batteries Research Articles

Nitrogen-Doped Hierarchical Porous Carbon Derived from Bacterial Cellulose-Polyaniline Composite As High Performance Anode for Lithium-Ion Batteries

An ever increasing demand for high energy and high power rating Lithium-ion batteries (LIB) for electric hybrid vehicles persuaded the development of novel electrode materials with large storage capability and faster kinetic process. Carbon nanomaterials, owing to their unique and tunable physical and chemical properties, have been widely investigated as anode materials for LIBs. Diversified strategies involving the synthesis of carbon materials with hierarchical structures (morphology and porosity), and heteroatom doping have shown significant improvement in electrochemical performance of these carbon nanomaterials. In consideration to this, we hereby demonstrate the synthesis and utilization of hierarchical nitrogen-doped porous carbon structures derived from bacterial cellulose-polyaniline nano-composites as a promising anode material for LIBs. Microstructural analysis of the derived carbon revealed the inheritance of fibrous backbone as obtained from bacterial cellulose along with nano-granular structure of polyaniline. The structural and electrochemical properties of as-derived porous carbon structures are analysed systematically by performing XRD, Raman spectroscopy, XPS, cyclic voltammetry, galvanostatic charge/discharge studies and impedance spectroscopy. These results unveiled significantly large reversible capacities of 432, 233, and 127 mAh/g at 1, 5, and 10 C-rate respectively with excellent capacity retention. The energy and power densities of these hierarchical porous carbon structures were increased by 54% and 41% respectively when compared to pure bacterial cellulose derived carbon. This enhanced electrochemical performance may be attributed to the combined effect of interconnected micro-meso porous network of hard carbon along with nitrogen doping. The core-shell structure of this derived carbon accommodates the volume changes during lithium-ion insertion and de-insertion, rendering excellent cyclic stability even at high C rates without causing pulverization.

Composite of Tin and Silicon with Nanostructure as High Performance Lithium-Ion Battery Anode

Composite of Tin and Silicon with Nanostructure as High Performance Lithium-Ion Battery Anode

Coherent Solution-phase Synthesis of a Germanium-Graphitic Nanocomposite and Its Evaluation for Lithium-Ion Battery Anodes: Non-innocent Role of the Mashima Reagent.

The organosilicon reagent 1,4-bis-(trimethylsilyl)-1,4-diaza-2,5-cyclohexadiene 2 plays the binary role of the simultaneous reduction of GeCl2 .dioxane 1 dissolved in oleylamine to Ge nanocrystals and the formation of graphitic sheets under hot-injection conditions. This colloidal synthetic route to germanium nanocrystals embedded on N-doped graphitic nanosheets Ge/NG is free of any template or catalyst and involves easy purification techniques. The Ge/NG/C obtained after carbonization has been explored for anode performance in lithium-ion batteries. Both Ge/NG and Ge/NG/C can be obtained on a gram scale and are bottleable under argon for months.

SnO2/Fe2O3 hybrid nanofibers as high performance anodes for lithium-ion batteries

SnO2/α-Fe2O3 hybrid nanofibers, consisting of one dimensional hollow SnO2 nanotubes decorated with Fe2O3 particles, are synthesized via a facile electrospinning process followed by a hydrothermal treatment and investigated as the anode material for lithium-ion batteries. The SnO2/Fe2O3 hybrid nanofibers not only provide a large surface area for lithium storage sites, but also show the capability of fast charge transport for both electrons and lithium ions. Both SnO2 and Fe2O3 contribute to the lithium storage and the hybrid structure exhibits a synergistic effect when participating in electrochemical reactions. With the smart structure design, the hybrid SnO2/Fe2O3 nanofiber electrode shows superior electrochemical performance compared to the bare SnO2 nanofiber electrode. In addition to a large first-cycle discharge capacity up to 1105 mAh g−1, the hybrid SnO2/Fe2O3 nanofibers electrode also exhibits good cycling stability and high rate capability.

Nickel-framed film with alternate layers of nickel and silicon for high performance lithium ion battery anodes

The present work reports for the first time in the open literature the formation of 4-μm thick film with alternate layers of nickel and silicon by the magnetron sputtering method. Of the two kinds of samples prepared, the first is composed of alternate nanometer thick (<15 nm) Ni rich and Si rich layers. Employing a novel conceptual design to further improve the film’s mechanical properties, a second sample is produced in which additional Ni rich layers (60 nm thick) are deposited over each micron thick of Ni/Si bilayers.The morphological, structural, mechanical and electrochemical test results show that silicon in the coating increases the capacity of the electrode and Ni atoms that are electrochemically inactive versus Li create conductive pathways throughout the film section. In the film design, the high diffusion rate of Ni in Si leads to the formation of amorphous solid solution which improves the reversibility of the lithiation/delithiation reactions. Additionally, the presence of 60 nm thick Ni rich layers works as ‘skelton’ to maintain the integrity of the coating upon cycling, and hence increases the electro-mechanical resistance of the negative electrode. Due to this new design the stress-strain distribution in the coating is improved such that sample 2 delivers 881 mA h g−1 discharge capacity even at high current loads of 500 mA g−1 (with 80% 1st cycle coulombic efficiency) after 300 cycles. This outstanding performance of the metallic framed layered film is believed to hold a great prospect for designing electrodes of the next generation high energy density batteries.

Constructing heterostructured FeS2/CuS nanospheres as high rate performance lithium ion battery anodes

Heterostructured porous FeS2/CuS nanospheres exhibit enhanced reaction kinetics, excellent rate capability and desirable long-term cycling stability performance.

Construction of heterostructured NiFe2O4-C nanorods by transition metal recycling from simulated electroplating sludge leaching solution for high performance lithium ion batteries.

NiFe2O4 has been regarded as one of the promising candidates for lithium-ion battery (LIB) anode materials due to its high theoretical specific capacity. However, the large volume expansion and pulverization of NiFe2O4 during the charge/discharge process result in severe capacity fading. Herein, heterostructured NiFe2O4-C nanorods have been successfully fabricated by recovering transition metals from simulated electroplating sludge leaching solution. The constructed NiFe2O4-C heterointerface plays a vital role in accommodating volume change, stabilizing the reaction products and providing rapid electron and Li+ ion transportation ability, resulting in a high and stable Li+ accommodation performance. The fabricated NiFe2O4-C nanorods demonstrate a high specific capacity (889.9 mA h g-1 at 100 mA g-1), impressive rate capability (861.5, 704.5, 651.4, 579.6 and 502.1 mA h g-1 at 0.2, 0.6, 1.0, 2.0 and 5.0 A g-1) and cycling stability (650.2 mA h g-1 at 2 A g-1 after 500 cycles). This work exemplifies a facile and effective approach for the fabrication of high performance LIB electrode materials by recycling metals from electroplating sludge in an application-oriented manner.

Nitrogen-doped carbon encapsulated hollow ZnSe/CoSe2 nanospheres as high performance anodes for lithium-ion batteries.

Hierarchical nitrogen-doped carbon encapsulated hollow ZnSe/CoSe2 (ZnSe/CoSe2@N-C) nanospheres are fabricated by a convenient solvothermal and selenization approach, followed by a carbonization process. The as-obtained ZnSe/CoSe2@N-C possesses a multilevel nanoscale architecture composed of a thin carbon shell with a size of around 12 nm and hollow selenide nanoparticles as the core with tiny rough grains and rich voids as the subunits. The robust carbon protective shell and synergistic effect between double metal ions boost the electron and ion transportation as well as promote effective extraction and insertion of lithium ions. Hollow ZnSe/CoSe2@N-C spheres show high reversible capacity with 1153 mA h g-1 remaining over 100 cycles at 100 mA g-1. In particular, the hollow ZnSe/CoSe2@N-C spheres show an outstanding cycling stability at a high rate of 2000 mA g-1 with the reversible capacity of up to 966 mA h g-1 remaining after 500 cycles. As an advanced anode, ZnSe/CoSe2@N-C composite shows remarkable cycling stability and exceptional rate capability in the field of energy storage technologies.

Sn(salen)-derived SnS nanoparticles embedded in N-doped carbon for high performance lithium-ion battery anodes.

By simple pyrolysis of a tin salen complex [Sn(salen)] and sulfur powder at 700 °C, SnS nanoparticles with ∼20 nm thickness homogeneously embedded in nitrogen-doped carbon are prepared. When applied as lithium-ion battery anodes, the SnS/N-C nanocomposites exhibited long cycling stability and excellent rate capability.

Fabrication of MoS2 Nanoflakes Supported on Carbon Nanotubes for High Performance Anode in Lithium-Ion Batteries (LIBs)

Molybdenum disulfide (MoS2), an inorganic-layered material similar to structure of graphite, was randomly dispersed onto the surface of functionalized multiwalled carbon nanotubes to synthesized nanocomposite MoS2/CNT. The as-obtained product was characterized via SEM, TEM, TGA, X-ray diffraction, and Raman spectroscopies. It was confirmed from XRD that MoS2 layers with interlayer spacing of 0.614 nm were successfully produced. TEM images and Raman spectra indicated a random distribution of 20 nm sized nanoflake MoS2 on the surface of MWNTs. The electrochemical performance of materials are expected to pave the way for the utilized anode material for lithium-ion batteries.

Rolling up MXene sheets into scrolls to promote their anode performance in lithium-ion batteries

Abstract Although Ti3C2 MXene sheets have attracted extensive attention in lithium-ion storage techniques, their restacking makes against and even hinders the Li ions diffusion within them, thereby decreasing the capacity as well as rate performance of conventional MXene anode. Here, for the first time, we roll up the Ti3C2Tx sheets into scrolls with unclosed topological structure and the interlayer galleries to alleviate the restacking problem. Thus, Ti3C2Tx scrolls as anode materials in lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) have higher capacity and better rate performance than Ti3C2Tx sheets. On the bases of these, high-capacity silicon nanoparticles are added during the rolling process to in-situ produce Ti3C2Tx/Si composite scrolls. The addition of 10% silicon nanoparticles shows the best overall improvement among capacity, rate capability and cyclic stability for Ti3C2Tx scrolls.

1D Core‐shell MnO@S, N co‐Doped Carbon for High Performance Lithium Ion Battery Anodes

AbstractManganese monoxide (MnO) is a promising anode material for lithium ion batteries, but it often shows poor electrochemical performance due to some inevitable drawbacks including intrinsic low electrical conductivity, poor stability, and severe polarization. In this work, a 1D core‐shell MnO@S, N co‐doped carbon material (MnO@SNC) was obtained by pyrolysis of MnO2@PPy precursor at 600 °C in N2 atmosphere. When evaluated as an anode for lithium ion batteries, the unique structure and composition advantages endow the as‐formed material with excellent lithium storage performance in terms of high specific capacity (955.5 mAh g−1 at a current density of 500 mA g−1), long‐term cycling stability (up to 500 cycles), and superior rate capability (458.7 mAh g−1 at a current density of 2 A g−1). The outstanding electrochemical performance could be attributed to the unique 1D core‐shell structure, abundant graphited carbon and MnO nanorods.

Binder-free flexible Li2ZnTi3O8@MWCNTs stereoscopic network as lightweight and superior rate performance anode for lithium-ion batteries

High performance flexible electrodes with ultrathin and ultralight characteristics are great potential as power supply for foldable and wearable electronic devices. One major problem is how to combine active material with conductive substrate firmly in the absence of polymeric binder. Here, sandwich structure of flexible electrode is successfully prepared which Li2ZnTi3O8@multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) composite as intermediate anode active ingredient and three-dimensional network MWCNTs as top and bottom conductive layers. The MWCNTs in active material and conductive layers cross-link each other to form a firm and stable three-dimensional network, which provides stereoscopic electron and ion transmission channels without metal copper substrate. This particular structure of electrode is effectively reduce the total weight and improve flexibility. Typically, the flexible Li2ZnTi3O8@MWCNTs electrode shows good cycling stability and achieved a high reversible capacity of 95.2 mAh g−1 after 1000 cycles at current density of 7000 mA g−1 with 89.0% capacity retention and 99% Coulombic efficiency. This study offers a new strategy for the development of high conductivity flexible electrode for wearable devices and deformable electronic devices.

Sandwich Structure Electrode as Advanced Performance Anode for Lithium-Ion Batteries

In this work, a sandwich structure electrode was prepared by a simple vacuum filtration and rolling process. The SEM showed that the active materials were uniformly embedded in the pores of the three-dimensional conductive network of the carbon nanotube (CNTs) conductive paper. The contact interface area of active material and the conductive network significantly increased and the interface resistance was greatly reduced. The porous anode can accommodate the volume expansion of the silicon and effectively alleviated pressed during cycle. The electrode also exhibited good stability in cycles. Electrochemical tests showed that the first discharge specific capacity of the sandwich electrode reached 2330[Formula: see text]mAh/g with a coulombic efficiency of 86%. After 500 cycles, the specific capacity was still maintained at 1512[Formula: see text]mAh/g. At a large current density of 2[Formula: see text]A/g, the specific capacity hold was 840[Formula: see text]mAh/g compared with the copper foil electrode of 100[Formula: see text]mAh/g.

Dandelion-like manganese multiple-oxides with simple fiber carbon as anode for high performance lithium ion batteries

Transition metal oxides compositing with carbon materials have been developed as the potential anodes for lithium ion batteries, however, some expensive carbon resources and complex preparation steps have limit their practical application. To overcome these issues, herein a dandelion-like manganese multiple-oxides with simple fiber carbon was synthesized using simple carbon made from filter paper. From the microscopy observation, the morphology of as-prepared material both include the dandelion-like three-dimensional nanospheres and needle-type manganese oxides onto a carbon fiber substrate. When applied as the anodes, the fiber carbon-based manganese oxides electrode present an initial capacity of 1172.66 mAh g−1 discharged at a current density of 0.2 A g−1 and maintain over 900 mAh g−1 after 100 cycles. Meanwhile they display excellent cycling stability at 0.5 A g−1 and 1 A g−1 after 500 cycles. Actually the integrated three-dimensional nanostructure with fiber carbon as a stable skeleton enables fast transfer of electrons and ions, thus contributing to excellent electrochemical conductivity and admirable cycle stability. We provide a simple and practical method for manufacturing high performance anodes for lithium-ion batteries, especially in industrial use.

TiO2 particles wrapped onto macroporous germanium skeleton as high performance anode for lithium-ion batteries

Macroporous (MP) Ge skeleton wrapped with TiO2 particles layer is straightforwardly fabricated via one-step etching of the GeTiAl precursor alloy under mild conditions. During the selective dissolution of Al from GeTiAl alloy, Ge atoms assemble to form three dimensional (3D) network nanostructure with rich porosity. Ti atoms undergo the natural oxidation and aggregation to form TiO2 particles layer distributed on the porous Ge surface. Combined with the 3D porous architecture and robust TiO2 layer, the as-prepared Ge@TiO2 shows unique lithium storage performances with superior cycling stability and rate capability. It delivers a reversible capacity of 963 mAh g−1 after 100 cycles at 400 mA g−1. Even after cycling for 300 loops at the high rate of 3200 mA g−1, the specific capacity still remains as high as 717 mAh g−1. MP Ge@TiO2 material presents promising application potential as an alternative anode in the fields of lithium storage technologies.

In situ encapsulation of Co/Co3O4 nanoparticles in nitrogen-doped hierarchically ordered porous carbon as high performance anode for lithium-ion batteries

This work explores the fabrication of Co/Co3O4 nanoparticles encapsulated in nitrogen-doped hierarchically ordered porous carbon (Co/Co3O4/NHPC) and investigates their electrochemical performance for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). Co/Co3O4/NHPC is obtained from a typical dual-template (silica opal is employed as a hard template and F127 (EO106PO70EO106) acts as a soft template to guide the mesoporous structure) by taking advantage of resol (phenol/formaldehyde) as carbon source, dicyandiamide as nitrogen source, and cobalt nitrate as cobalt source. We have optimized the performance of Co/Co3O4/NHPC composite base on the contents of Co/Co3O4 in composite. 0.6-Co/Co3O4/NHPC (0.6 g cobalt nitrate in precursor solution) demonstrates a high discharge capacity (1823 mAh g−1 after 200 cycles at 0.2 A g−1), excellent cycling stability, and high-rate capability (1313/1056/576 mAh g−1 after 500 cycles at 2/5/10 A g−1). This outstanding LIB anode performance can be attributed to the hierarchically ordered porous carbon that could effectively provide rapid diffusion path way for electrolyte and metallic Co that could accelerate the transmission of electrons.

Etching-free template synthesis of double-shelled hollow SiO2@SnO2@C composite as high performance lithium-ion battery anode

With merits such as ease of preparation and adjustable morphology, SiO2 is commonly used as a sacrifice template to prepare hollow SnO2-based composite anode materials for lithium-ion batteries. However, the following removal of SiO2 template often involves the use of highly corrosive solvents such as hydrofluoric acid and strong base solution, which is detrimental to the health of the experimenters, and the environment, thus needs to be avoided. Herein, a double-shelled hollow SiO2@SnO2@C composite has been synthesized by using prefabricated hollow SiO2 spheres as template but not be removed, thereby avoiding the use of strong corrosive solvents. Moreover, the as-prepared SiO2@SnO2@C composite demonstrates outstanding electrochemical lithium storage performances when examined as a lithium-ion battery anode material (high reversible capacities of 923 and 538 mAh g−1 are remained after 340 and even 1000 cycles at 200 and 1000 mA g−1 respectively), and even better than those of reported state-of-the-art SnO2/C composites. Thus, it is suggested that this work may offer a new viewpoint to the preparation of advanced SnO2-based anodes with adjustable structures by facile etching-free SiO2 template assisted approaches. This concept mentioned here may also be extended to preparation of other hybrid anode materials capable of withstanding drastic volume variation.

Flexible free-standing vertically aligned carbon nanotube on activated reduced graphene oxide paper as a high performance lithium ion battery anode and supercapacitor

Here, controlled growth of vertically aligned carbon nanotubes (VACNTs) on free-standing porous activated reduced graphene oxide (a-rGO) paper was fabricated using plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition method. The electrochemical performance of prepared film was investigated to provide effective electrode for 3D flexible high-performance lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) and supercapacitors. The results revealed that the prepared electrode exhibited a high specific capacitance of 347 F/g at 0.5 A/g in 1 M KOH electrolyte, 60% more than non-activated rGO-paper (218 F/g). The VACNTs on a-rGO have increased the accessible surface area and acted as efficient electrical conducting paths, which improved the power density. The free-standing flexible supercapacitor fabricated using such a film exhibited a sufficient electrochemical behaviour with high power density of 407 kW kg−1 at 5 Wh.kg−1 at a current density of 0.5 A/g. Since VACNTs with low sp2 hybridization defect lead to cyclic stability, suitable for high-performance LIB anodes. This 3D flexible anode electrode demonstrated a high initial discharge capacity of 1401 mAhg−1 with a large reversible charge capacity of 958 mAhg−1 at 150 mAg−1. The charge and discharge capacity have reached a stable value of 459 mAhg−1 after 100 cycles with a coulombic efficiency of ∼100% which is much higher than most carbon structures.

Walnut core-like hollow carbon micro/nanospheres supported SnOx@C composite for high performance lithium-ion battery anode

Herein, to cope with the volume variation problem of SnO2 anodes for lithium-ion batteries, individual walnut core-like hollow carbon micro/nanospheres (WCSs) have been prepared to be used as a supporting skeleton to form WCSs@SnOx@C composite. In WCSs@SnOx@C the SnOx (SnO2 with relatively small amounts of SnO) nanoparticles are well sandwiched between inner WCSs supporting skeleton and outmost glucose derived carbon anchoring coating. It is suggested that the characteristic composite construction has three key contributions to the electrochemical performance of WCSs@SnOx@C composite: firstly, with structural characteristics such as network filled cavities and porous shells, the WCSs has stronger stress tolerance, and therefore can be better able to withstand structural deformation of SnOx nanoparticles; secondly, the outmost glucose derived carbon, as an anchoring coating, can not only prevent SnOx nanoparticles from aggregating but also pulverization; finally, the ultrafine SnOx nanoparticles have low absolute volume change and shortened ions and electrons transfer distances, and therefore possess improved electrochemical performance. As a result, with the combined effect of WCSs, ultrafine SnOx nanoparticles and outmost carbon coating, the as-constructed WCSs@SnOx@C exhibits outstanding electrochemical performances such as high capacity (853 mAh g−1 at 200 mA g−1 after 400 cycles) and ultra-long lifespan (417 mAh g−1 at 1000 mA g−1 after even 1000 cycles).