Performance Of Lead-acid Batteries Research Articles

PEDOT-coated rice husk-based activated carbon: Boosting lead-acid battery performance

Despite the surge in novel energy storage systems, lead-acid batteries remain entrenched in the market, chiefly attributed to their well-established technology, affordability, and dependable safety profile. Yet, they are not without shortcomings, notably their limited energy density and abbreviated cycle life. The profound impact of positive electrode materials on lead-acid batteries is undeniable, as these materials directly dictate the batteries' charging and discharging efficiency, energy density, cycle longevity, and overall stability. Here we report on an innovative positive active material additive, wherein the conductive polymer poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) is coated onto rice husk-based activated carbon (RHAC) surfaces via in-situ polymerization in solution to form a composite material (PEDOT@RHAC). Astonishingly, lead-acid batteries fortified with PEDOT@RHAC within their positive plates showcased remarkable electrochemical prowess. Incorporating PEDOT@RHAC into the positive plates of lead-acid batteries has demonstrated exceptional electrochemical performance. The enhanced deep cycling capability of these batteries is evident, with a substantial increase in cycle life by 2.08 times and an augmentation in discharge capacity by 1.3 times compared to the control batteries. This positive electrode additive plays a pivotal role in augmenting the overall performance and extending the lifespan of lead-acid batteries, potentially paving the way for their broader commercial application.

Effect of sucrose-based carbon foams as negative electrode additive on the performance of lead-acid batteries under high-rate partial-state-of-charge condition

Lead-acid batteries are noted for simple maintenance, long lifespan, stable quality, and high reliability, widely used in the field of energy storage. However, during the use of lead-acid batteries, the negative electrode is prone to irreversible sulfation, failing to meet the requirements of new applications such as maintenance-free hybrid vehicles and solar energy storage. In this study, in order to overcome the sulfation problem and improve the cycle life of lead-acid batteries, active carbon (AC) was selected as a foaming agent and foam fixing agent, and carbon foams (CF) with layered porous structure was prepared by mixing with molten sucrose. Sucrose as raw material is green and cheap, and the material preparation process is simple. The prepared CF material was then added as an additive to the negative electrode plate, and the electrochemical performance of the electrode plate and the battery was studied. The results proved that the addition of CF could effectively inhibit the sulfate formation of the negative electrode plate, with the 1.0 % CF negative electrode plate showing the best electrochemical performance. Specifically, according to the result of battery cycle testing, the simulated battery with CF had a cycle life of 3642 times, which was 2.87 times that of the blank group and 2.39 times of the AC group. Meanwhile, rate testing showed that the simulated battery with CF could maintain a high capacity even under high-rate discharge conditions.

Effect of carbon black from Ageratina adenophora and various other carbon anode plate additives on the performance of lead acid batteries

The incorporation of carbon materials in batteries serves to enhance its performance by improving conductivity, achieving uniform active material distribution, increasing capacity, mitigating sulfation, extending cycle life, and considering potential environmental benefits. Even though several possible mechanisms were reported, how exactly carbon works is not fully understood. In the present study a new form of carbon black was prepared from Ageratina adenophora (CBAa) and investigated for its impact on the electrical conductivity of the negative active material in 2 V lead acid cell. The performance was compared with other commercially available carbons like Graphite PG-10, Carbon N550, Carbon N330 and Carbon Vulcan. The carbon was characterised by XRD, SEM and grain size analysis. The initial capacity of the cell was consistently higher and remained stable at 4.6 W∙h; in the life cycle analysis, the cells showed 290 cycles. The post-life cycle test analysis showed that only a white layer on multiple plates indicating the onset of sulfation and there is no corrosion. The performance of the CBAa prepared in the present work was found to be better when compared with the commercially available carbons.

Design of Battery Charging System with CC-CV Method Using Interleaved Buck-Boost Converter

The transition of renewable energy has become an interesting issue and a worldwide concern that is frequently discussed. Solar panels are regarded to have the most potential in tropical areas like Indonesia. However, weather and sunlight intensity have a substantial impact on the amounts of electricity generated by solar panels. Therefore, a battery which functions as a backup supply is required. Lead acid batteries are used in numerous applications. The performance of lead-acid battery is commonly influenced by temperature and charging time, which makes it vulnerable to overcharging. Multistage charge methods, namely Constant Current-Constant Voltage (CC-CV), are used to extend battery life, reduce charging time, and avoid the risk of overcharging. Fuzzy Logic Controller (FLC) is used to adjust charging current and voltage on the battery based on the setpoint. Based on the CC-CV charging system simulation results, a constant current value can be obtained when the CC condition is 4.5 A, and a transition to the CV condition occurs when the voltage value on the battery reaches 14.4 V. When the battery reaches its maximum capacity, the current is reduced to 3% of the battery’s capacity. The rate of fully charged current triggers the relay to turn on, to ensure that the charging process has been completed.

Unleashing the electrochemical performance of zirconia nanoparticles on valve-regulated lead acid battery

The electrochemical act of valve-regulated lead acid batteries can be enhanced by conductive materials like metal oxides. This work aims to examine the preparation and influence of zirconia on poly(vinyl alcohol) based gel valve-regulated lead acid battery. Characterizations like Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, ionic conductivity, water retention study, cyclic voltammetry, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and galvanostatic charge-discharge techniques were done. The optimized gel system exhibited a discharge capacity of 198.45 μAh cm−2 at the current density of 0.6 mA cm−2. The battery cell with an optimized gel matrix displayed a maximum discharge capacity of 22.5 μAh at a current of 20 μA. After 500 continuous cycles, the battery attained a discharge capacity retention of 91 %. The presence of zirconia will increase the electrochemical performance of gel valve-regulated lead acid batteries.

Tin dioxide coated rice husk silica as lead-acid battery positive additive for enhancing the performance under power-intensive applications

Lead-acid batteries rapidly response to instantaneous high-current, rendering them particularly effective for high-power applications, including power traction batteries, starter batteries, and start-stop systems. However, issues arise during intense working rate (6–10C), causing significant polarization that leads to severe oxygen evolution side reactions and softening and shedding of positive active material (PAM), limiting the battery's cycle life. This study introduces a tin dioxide (SnO2) coated rice husk silica (RH-SiO2) composite as an positive additive in lead-acid batteries. The composite (SnO2/RH-SiO2) has a hierarchical pore structure from RH-SiO2, provides a robust conductive framework. The lattice structure of the SnO2 is similar to that of PbO2, while induces the formation of a PbSnO3 intermediate phase during formation process. SnO2/RH-SiO2 can also accelerates lead dioxide deposition and improves the interphase conversion efficiency, while significantly enhances the transformation of α- and β-PbO2, leading to a 20.7% increase in discharge specific capacity. Compared to a standard battery, up to 3.7 times longer at 100% deep discharge cycle life and 4.7 times longer in start-stop-mode testing. In our finding the SnO2/RH-SiO2 composite serves as a highly effective additive for augmenting the performance and longevity of lead-acid batteries in high-power applications, presenting a significant advancement in battery technology.

Design Of Charge and Discharge Performance Inspection System for Lead-Acid Battery in Coal Mine

On the basis of the introduction of coal mine safety production situation and coal mine lead-acid battery, we designed the coal mine lead-acid battery charging and discharging performance inspection system, focusing on the design of the charging or discharging test voltage detection circuit, current detection circuit and IGBT isolation drive circuit, to realize the inspection of the charging and discharging performance , battery capacity and other test items of lead-acid battery in coal mine.

A simulation-based investigation into the charging performance of lithium-ion and lead-acid batteries in electric vehicles

The transportation sector constitutes a major source of global greenhouse gas emissions, and the adoption of electric vehicles (EVs) can help mitigate this issue. This paper presents a simulation study examining the performance of lithium-ion and lead-acid batteries for EVs when charged using direct current (DC) chargers. A simulation model is employed to observe the charging behavior of these batteries and analyze the effects of various DC chargers. Factors such as the state of charge (SOC) and charging rate influence the charging behavior of batteries in EVs. The simulation results are compared and analyzed to ascertain the optimal charging strategy and infrastructure for EVs. The performance of different EVs is evaluated in terms of charging time, energy efficiency, and SOC. According to the findings, implementing the appropriate charging strategy and infrastructure for lithium-ion and lead-acid batteries in EVs can significantly enhance performance and encourage the widespread adoption of EVs.

Insight into the performance of valve-regulated lead-acid battery using sodium salt of poly(4-styrene sulfonic acid-co-maleic acid)-poly(vinyl alcohol) gel electrolyte

Insight into the performance of valve-regulated lead-acid battery using sodium salt of poly(4-styrene sulfonic acid-co-maleic acid)-poly(vinyl alcohol) gel electrolyte

The effects of tartaric acid as an electrolyte additive on lead-acid battery formation and performance

The effects of tartaric acid as an electrolyte additive on lead-acid battery formation and performance

Preparation of NH4Cl-Modified Carbon Materials via High-Temperature Calcination and Their Application in the Negative Electrode of Lead-Carbon Batteries.

The performance of lead-acid batteries could be significantly increased by incorporating carbon materials into the negative electrodes. In this study, a modified carbon material developed via a simple high-temperature calcination method was employed as a negative electrode additive, and we have named it as follows: N-doped chitosan-derived carbon (NCC). The performance of this material was compared with a control battery containing activated carbon (AC). X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Raman spectroscopy were engaged in analyzing the crystal structure and morphology of the material. Afterwards, the electrochemical and battery performance was examined through cyclic voltammetry (CV), linear voltammetry (LSV) and constant current charge-discharge testing. Markedly, the electrode plate containing 1 wt.% NCC indicates the highest specific capacity (106.48 F g-1) as compared to the control battery, which is 1.56 times higher than the AC electrode plate and 4.75 times higher than the blank electrode plate. The linear voltammetry shows that the hydrogen precipitation current density of the 1 wt.% NCC electrode plate is only -0.028 A cm-2, a much higher value than that of the AC electrode plate. In addition, the simulated battery containing 1 wt.% NCC has a cycle life of 4324 cycles, which is 2.36 times longer than that of the same amount of additive AC battery (1834 cycles) and 5.34 times longer than that of the blank battery (809 cycles). In summary, NCC carbon has the advantage of extending the life of lead-acid batteries, rendering it a promising candidate for lead-acid battery additives.

Improvement of positive plate grid corrosion resistance through two methods of boric acid addition to lead-acid battery electrolyte

The performance of Lead-Acid Batteries (LABs) can be enhanced by the approach of incorporation of additives. In this way, boric acid (H3BO3) has been studied as an electrolyte additive as prior investigations have done. Nevertheless, the innovation provided by this work is based on the addition method employed. In fact, the H3BO3 effect on the LAB performance was measured when the addition was performed before and after the LAB formation. Firstly, a previous study was carried out in a three electrode cell to understand the effect of this additive on the positive grid. As a result, a decrease in the oxide reduction charge (23 %) and an increase in the resistance of the corrosion process were found by the addition of 0.50 wt% H3BO3. Furthermore, the research was then extended to a LAB system. Thus, 2 V/1 Ah cells were built and H3BO3 was added in different concentrations before and after the cell formation. Consequently, different effects were showed by the two addition methodologies. When the additive was introduced before the cell formation, the Cold Cranking Ampere (CCA) performance was improved (26 %). In contrast, when the additive was incorporated after the formation procedure, the Oxygen Evolution Reaction (OER) rate on the positive plate was significantly reduced (75 %). Lastly, the corrosion growth in the positive plate grid was slowed by the two methods although in different ways: 20 % reduction after 42 days of corrosion process (addition before formation) and 12 % reduction after 21 days of corrosion process (addition after formation). In addition, the prior cell performances were affected by the addition methodologies. If the additive was added to the electrolyte before the cell formation, the positive plate performance was possibly altered by the formation and growth of boric compounds in the PAM. However the cell performance was influenced by the suppression of OER on the positive plate when H3BO3 was added after the cell formation. In this way, different nuances of improvement were obtained due to the addition method applied.

Comparing the Cold-Cranking Performance of Lead-Acid and Lithium Iron Phosphate Batteries at Temperatures below 0 °C

Six test cells, two lead–acid batteries (LABs), and four lithium iron phosphate (LFP) batteries have been tested regarding their capacity at various temperatures (25 °C, 0 °C, and −18 °C) and regarding their cold crank capability at low temperatures (0 °C, −10 °C, −18 °C, and −30 °C). During the capacity test, the LFP batteries have a higher voltage level at all temperatures than LABs, which results in a higher power and energy output. Moreover, LFP batteries have a lower capacity decline and a lower energy decline for decreasing temperature. Regarding the cold-cranking test definition, the LABs passed the test at 0 °C, −10 °C, and −18 °C, but not at −30 °C. The LFP batteries passed the test at 0 °C and −10 °C. At −18 °C, only two of the four LFP batteries passed, while all LFP batteries failed the test at −30 °C. For comparability between technologies, it is suggested to redefine the requirements of the standard test in terms of power or energy. With this redefinition, the LFP battery can generate comparable cold-cranking results till −18 °C.

Development of (2D) graphene laminated electrodes to improve the performance of lead-acid energy storage devices

In the present work, studies on the performance of Graphene-laminated lead acid battery electrodes were carried out. Knowing the performance and the behavior of lead electrodes and their constituents during exposure to the electrolyte medium, sulphuric acid, is critical. An effort has been made to enhance the battery performance by coating (laminating) the electrodes with Carbon material (Graphene). The primary objective of the lamination process on the electrodes is to act as a sulfate inhibitor and to increase the performance of lead-acid batteries. The electrodes were laminated with the prepared graphene solution by an immersion technique. The morphological studies were carried out using SEM, and the elemental analysis of the coating was performed using EDAX. To examine the growth of the lead sulfate crystals on the electrode surface, the structural analysis was conducted with powder XRD. The electrochemical behavior of the laminated electrodes is compared with control batteries under similar operating conditions and was investigated by the “two-electrode system.” It is observed from the experimental results on the electrical characteristics that both (Positive and Negative) laminated electrodes and only negative laminated electrode batteries showed better performance in charge acceptance and cranking ability by 09% & 34%, respectively. The performance of batteries prepared with laminated electrodes is encouraging when compared to the control batteries against 1.29 sp. gr of H2SO4 electrolyte. These studies lay a foundation for further investigations to explore the wider utilization of 2D- Graphene lamination for developing next-generation lead-acid batteries.

Effects of exfoliated graphite addition in ultra-trace concentration on industrial-scale lead-acid battery performance

The present investigation has the main objective to elucidate the hypothesis whether the addition of graphite nanoplatelets in ultra-trace concentrations (mg.kg-1) in negative plates are able to affect the electrochemical behavior of lead-acid batteries. The 60 Ah full scale batteries were produced in an industrial unit and assembled with three types of graphite nanoplatelets of different exfoliation intensities and in five different concentrations. Through electrical tests, it was possible to establish that certain concentrations of types of these additives are capable of increasing CCA performance, charge acceptance and PSOC cycling. The analysis of the structure (new, charged and discharged and post mortem) through SEM and evaluation of the macroporosity variation identified that the increase in electrochemical performance is associated with the structural change caused by the addition of these additives. Due to the small amounts of additives involved, the polarization is only slightly altered, signaling that the water loss is not appreciably affected. Discharge tests with constant current and interruptions reinforce the idea that the structure can be positively modified to increase electrochemical performance.

A Novel Poly(vinyl alcohol)-tetraethylorthosilicate Hybrid Gel Electrolyte for Lead Storage Battery.

The gel electrolyte significantly influences gel valve-regulated lead acid battery performance. To address this, the paper describes the preparation of novel polymer gel electrolytes using poly (vinyl alcohol) (PVA) and tetraethylorthosilicate (TEOS) for valve-regulated lead-acid batteries. FTIR technique is used to confirm the chemical reaction between PVA and TEOS. Electrochemical analyses such as cyclic voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy were applied to optimize the concentration of PVA-TEOS polymer gel electrolyte. The optimum concentration of polymer gel electrolyte was determined as 20 wt% of TEOS in PVA (PE-1) with higher anodic peak and lower Rs and Rct values. The Galvanostatic charge-discharge tests were performed on the optimized gel system prototype battery. The highest capacity of 6.86 × 10-5 Ah at a current density of 0.2 mA cm-2 was achieved with an excellent capacity retention ratio of 85.7% over 500 cycles. The exceptional cycle performance and high capacity make PVA-TEOS gel electrolyte a promising candidate for practical battery application.

Novel imidazole-based, ionic liquid: Synthetics linked to enhancing the life cycle of lead-acid batteries

The goal of this study is to improve the performance of lead-acid batteries (LABs) 12 V–62 Ah in terms of electrical capacity, charge acceptance, cold cranking ampere (CCA), and life cycle by using novel ionic liquid (IL) based on the imidazole nucleus. The working electrode was a lead‑calcium (Pb-Ca) alloy. The IL compound (1-octyl-3-propyl-1H-imidazol-3-ium tetrafluoroborate) was chosen, for the first time, as a battery electrolyte additive. The electrical capacity increased from 78.95 to 100.98 % in the presence of IL inhibitor. Furthermore, by increasing the current from 14.06 to 16.12 at a given temperature and voltage, the battery's ability to receive and store energy increased. Also, a rise in the (CCA) by not having the voltage collapse and falling below 7.2 V after 30 s of exposure to the discharge current at 255 K. The number of charging and discharging cycles increased from 113 to 133, extending the life of the battery. Several studies, including electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), electrochemical frequency modulation (EFM), potentiodynamic polarization (PP), and cyclic voltammetric (CV) analysis, were used to characterize the cells' electrochemical properties. The mechanism for corrosion reduction was adsorption of the IL inhibitor particles on the lead alloy's surface, forming a layer that covered the surface and closed the centers, preventing the sulfate anion attack.

A novel ionic liquid for improvement of lead-acid battery performance and protection of its electrodes against corrosion

A novel ionic liquid (IL) (1-octyl-3-propyl-1H-imidazole-3-ium iodide) was synthesized and used as a corrosion inhibitor for battery electrodes in 34% H2SO4 solution because IL compounds have high ionic conductivity and superior adsorption capabilities. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR) spectroscopy were used to identify the novel IL. According to electrochemical measurements, IL molecules adsorption on the electrode surface of the battery increased the charge transfer resistance, which in turn enhanced the inhibition efficiency, which reached 91.64% in the electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and 87.70% in the electrochemical frequency modulation (EFM) technique. The adsorption of IL molecules on the surface of the battery electrode is demonstrated by several surface morphology investigations. The battery tests were performed using Pb–Ca alloy as the working electrode. Results of the tests indicated an increase in both electrical capacity efficiencies from 84.66 to 97% and reserve capacity from 50 to 60 min. Thus, this IL compound can improve the battery performance if used as an electrolyte additive.

Hydro-thermal preparation of PbCO3/N-rGO nano-composites as positive additives to improve the performance of lead-acid batteries

Due to the expansion of the energy storage market, the demand for lead-acid batteries is also increasing. In order to improve the discharge specific capacity of lead-acid batteries, this paper uses graphene oxide (GO), Pb(Ac)2·3H2O, urea and other raw materials in the reactor. The PbCO3/N-rGO nanocomposite was prepared by a hydrothermal method as a positive electrode additive for lead-acid batteries. The material was characterized by XRD, STM, SEM, Raman, etc., and was doped into a simulated battery positive plate. The positive plate exhibits excellent electrochemical performance when the addition amount of the PbCO3/N-rGO nanocomposite in the positive plate is 1 wt%. In the simulated battery test, the initial discharge specific capacity reaches 166 mAh g−1, which is 52% higher than that of the blank control group, and a 2-fold improvement in HPRSoC cycle life at 1 C rate. The PbCO3/N-rGO enabled the battery to have a higher discharge specific capacity and the longest charge/discharge cycle life, this is due to the nanostructure and good electrical conductivity of the PbCO3/N-rGO nanocomposite improving the utilization of the positive active material (PAM).

Few-layer graphene as an additive in negative electrodes for lead-acid batteries

To overcome the problem of sulfation in lead-acid batteries, we prepared few-layer graphene (FLG) as a conductive additive in negative electrodes for lead-acid batteries. The FLG was derived from synthetic graphite through liquid-phase delamination. The as-synthesized FLG exhibited a layered structure with a specific surface area more than three times that of pristine synthetic graphite. The thickness of the as-synthesized FLG was determined through atomic force microscopy to be approximately 4 nm (<10 layers). To enhance the electrochemical performance of lead-acid batteries, we introduced pristine synthetic graphite and FLG into negative electrodes, denoted NAM(G) and NAM(FLG), respectively. Charge/discharge tests revealed that the initial discharge capacity of the FLG-based electrode was 4173 mAh, which was 110% higher than that of the graphite-based electrode. The cycle life of NAM(FLG) was 120 cycles, which was approximately two times higher than that of NAM(G). The impedance of NAM(FLG) was 0.226 Ω, which was significantly lower than that of NAM (16.1 Ω). Our findings indicate that incorporating FLG into the negative electrodes of batteries can result in significant performance enhancements and prolonged cycle life through the inhibition of sulfation.