Performance Of Lead-acid Batteries Research Articles

The performance of a silica-based mixed gel electrolyte in lead acid batteries

The gel electrolyte is a key factor affecting the performance of lead-acid batteries. Two conventional gelators, colloidal and fumed silica, are investigated. A novel gel electrolyte is prepared by mixing the gelators with sulphuric acid. The physical property testing demonstrates that the mixed gel electrolyte is more mobile, has a longer gelling time, greater stability and a better crosslinking structure than its counterparts as compared with any single gelling agent. The electrochemical properties indicate that the mixed gel electrolyte can suppress the oxygen evolution reaction, reduce the resistance to charge transfer at open circuit potential, increase the initial capacity, demonstrating that it is a promising gel electrolyte for lead acid batteries.

The Influence of Grid Structure on Lead-Acid Battery Performance

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Effect of iron doped lead oxide on the performance of lead acid batteries

In order to investigate effect of iron on the performance of lead acid batteries, we systematically study the chemical characteristics, electrochemical characteristics, battery capacity and cycle life using iron-doped lead oxide in this article. Cyclic voltammetry results show that positive discharge current decreases sharply with the increasing content of Fe2O3 from 0.05wt.% to 2wt.%. The release of H2 and O2 are promoted accompanying the increase of Fe2O3 contents. The chemical analysis confirms that the strength of Fe3+, Fe2+ concentration is simultaneously increased with the increase of iron contents after 50 voltammetry cycles. X-ray diffraction phase analysis shows that the amount of PbSO4 increases with the increasing iron content in the positive plates after 50 discharge cycles. Morphologies of positive plates show that many agglomerates from PbSO4 crystals appear. The SEM observations illustrate that there is a lower porosity and specific surface area in the positive active material with iron after 50 discharge cycles. The mechanism of iron decreasing capacity, cycle-life and promoting the release of H2 and O2 has been elucidated in details. We support it is the “redox-diffusion” process of multiple-valence iron and formation of PbSO4 on electrodes that result in above performances.

Electrochemical performance of lead acid battery using ammonium hydrogen sulphate with different alkyl groups

In this work, the application of ionic liquids (ILs)—mono-, bicycyclohexyl, monohexyl and tetrahexyl ammonium hydrogen sulphate—as electrolyte additives on the electrochemical performance of lead acid batteries is proposed. The electrochemical behaviour of Pb–1.66% Sb–0.24% Sn alloy in sulphuric acid solution is investigated in the presence of the mentioned ILs with different numbers of alkyl or cycloalkyl chains. Particularly, the hydrogen and oxygen evolution potential and anodic layer characteristics were studied using cyclic and linear sweep voltammetric methods. The obtained results indicate that hydrogen evolution overpotential of Pb/Sb/Sn alloy in the presence of ILs increases. This overpotential mainly depends on the concentration of ILs and the number of alkyl and cycloalkyl chains on the cations. Also, the difference between the oxygen oxidation potential in anodic and cathodic scans (∆E) decreases using different ILs.

Effects of Sodium Ligninsulfonate as Gelled-electrolyte Additive on the Performance of Gel Valve-regulated Lead-acid Battery

In order to improve the performance of a gelled electrolyte and decrease its internal resistance,sodium ligninsulfonate was used as an additive to the gelled electrolyte.The properties and electrochemistry of the gelled electrolytes with and without additives were studied by viscosity test,aging test,cyclic voltammetry(CV),and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy(EIS).The data indicated that when the mass fraction of SiO2 was 3.0%,the viscosity of the gel electrolyte with 0.01% additives is increased by 6 times comparing with the gel electrolyte without additives.The volume of precipitated water and the internal resistance of gelled electrolyte decrease as the additive is added.The optimum conditions are obtained.The dosage(mass fraction) of additives is 0.005%~0.01%,and the fumed silica is 3.0 %.UV-Vis,FT-IR,SEM and TEM were used to characterize the gelled electrolyte with and without additives.The results show that the microstructure of gelled electrolyte is more porous with improved ion conduction,and the sulphuric acid solution can therefore be stored more easily with addition of sodium liginsulfonate.

The partial state-of-charge cycle performance of lead-acid batteries

Negative plate lugs of flooded lead-acid battery were corroded during partial state-of-charge (PSoC) pattern cycle life tests simulated from stop and go vehicle driving. Potential step was applied to Pb–Ca–Sn alloy electrode at various potential and time regimes, and the electrode surface was observed by in situ electrochemical atomic force microscope (EC-AFM) to investigate the corrosion mechanisms during the potential step cycles. It was found out that the severe corrosion occurs when the oxidation of Pb to PbSO 4 and partial reduction of passive layer of PbSO 4 take turns many times. It was also found out that the periodic full charge, the optimization of the alloy composition, addition of the material that may make the reaction mechanism change to electrolyte were effective to suppress the corrosion rate.

Lead-acid batteries for micro- and mild-hybrid applications

Abstract Car manufactures have announced the launch in coming months of vehicles with reduced emissions due to the introduction of new functions like stop–start and regenerative braking. Initial performance request of automotive lead-acid batteries are becoming more and more demanding and, in addition to this, cycle life with new accelerated ageing profiles are being proposed in order to determine the influence of the new functions on the expected battery life. This paper will show how different lead-acid battery technologies comply with these new demands, from an improved version of the conventional flooded SLI battery to the high performance of spiral wound valve-regulated lead-acid (VRLA) battery. Different approaches have been studied for improving conventional flooded batteries, i.e., either by the addition of new additives for reducing electrolyte stratification or by optimisation of the battery design to extend cycling life in partial state of charge conditions. With respect to VRLA technology, two different battery designs have been compared. Spiral wound design combines excellent power capability and cycle life under different depth of discharge (DoD) cycling conditions, but flat plate design outperform the latter in energy density due to better utilization of the space available in a prismatic enclosure. This latter design is more adequate for high end class vehicles with high electrical energy demand, whereas spiral wound is better suited for high power/long life demand of commercial vehicle. High temperature behaviour (75 °C) is rather poor for both designs due to water loss, and then VRLA batteries should preferably be located out of the engine compartment.

Porous microspheres as additives in lead–acid batteries

The theoretical specific energy of the lead/acid battery is 176 W h kg −1. The specific energy actually achieved depends on the discharge rate but is typically only about 15–25% of this maximum value. The major reason for the lead acid battery's inability to obtain higher specific energies is that much of the active material in both the positive and negative electrode is not discharged. This is especially true at the higher discharge rates where the diffusion of sulfate ions into the positive plate limits the reaction. Porous, hollow, glass microspheres (PHGM) would allow for more electrolyte storage in the electrodes and enhance the high rate energy storage of lead acid batteries. In this paper, we present a method for making hollow, glass microspheres (HGMs) porous. Presently our process only produces small yields. We believe in the future that the yields with our process can be substantially increased. PHGMs could substantially improve the high rate performance of lead acid batteries and make these batteries more attractive for hybrid electric vehicle applications.

Effects of Microstructural Arrangement on Hot Corrosion Resistance of a Pb-Sb Alloy for Battery Grids

It is well known that the solution characteristics, such as pH and temperature may affect the corrosion mechanism and the corrosion behavior. Lead acid batteries manufacturers have provided modifications into the grid project in order to decrease battery grid weight as well as to reduce the production costs, and to increase the battery life-time cycle and the corrosion-resistance. The performance of lead-acid batteries in automotive applications can significantly be affected by temperature variation. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of the microstructural morphology of a Pb-6.6wt%Sb alloy under conditions of hot corrosion. A water-cooled unidirectional solidification system was used to obtain coarse and fine dendritic microstructures. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) diagrams, potentiodynamic polarization curves and an equivalent circuit analysis were used to evaluate the corrosion behavior of fine and coarse dendritic samples in a 0.5M H2SO4 solution in three different working temperatures. It was found that independently of the working temperature, samples with finer dendritic microstructures provide better corrosion resistance than coarser ones, which is an indication that the former microstructural pattern may provide a higher battery life-time in severe temperatures than a coarser one.

Effect of carbon foams as negative current collectors on partial-state-of-charge performance of lead acid batteries

Flooded lead acid batteries were assembled by using a pitch-based carbon foam and a punched lead sheet as the negative current collectors, respectively. Comparative galvanostatic charge–discharge experiments were performed on the batteries to evaluate the effect of the carbon foam as a negative current collector material on the performance of lead acid batteries under partial-state-of-charge operation. The results indicate that the carbon foam negative current collector can significantly improve the cyclability of lead acid batteries under partial-state-of-charge operation. This is mainly attributed to the high specific surface area and three-dimensional, interconnected carbon ligaments of the carbon foam negative current collector.

Studying the Effect of H2SO4/H2O Ratio on the Properties of Positive Electrode in Lead-acid Battery

The lead-acid battery has become so dependable in its used applications of automobile starting, emergency lighting and telecommunications, which left an impression that no further investigation is necessary or desirable. While there has been slow continuous improvements in lead-acid battery performance and mainly limited to design and material engineering. This work is mainly devoted to the properties of the active mass of the positive electrode and the acid/water ratio during the manufacturing process. A field study is carried out at the State Battery Manufacturing Company located in Baghdad, to prepare batches of lead mono-oxide with predefined quantities of liquid additives (i.e. sulfuric acid and water). Quality control and laboratory routine analysis using X-ray diffraction, porosimeter and BET techniques, as well as density, penetration tests of residual lead content ware conducted during the batch process. After the assembling of the positive plates produced during this research into the final product, final testing including electrical capacity and dry charging were performed. It was concluded from the results obtained, that the effective H2SO4/H2O ratio and hence H2SO4/PbO ration and paste density with α/β-PbO2, are the limiting factors of the electrical capacity and durability of the batteries concerned.

CNC 첨가에 따른 납축전지의 전기화학적 특성연구

CNC (Carbon Nano Colloid) was used as an additive to the positive electrode to improve the discharge performance of sealed lead-acid batteries, The cathode active material (<TEX>$PbO_2$</TEX>) has a relatively low utility of less than 60 % compared with other kind of batteries, such as Ni-MH and Lithium ion, In this study, to overcome the above-mentioned problem we investigated the effects of CNC addition on the enhancement of electrical connection with not-utilized <TEX>$PbO_2$</TEX> and resultantly electrical conductivity of electrode, We examined low rate discharge capacities, high rate discharge capacities and internal resistances of the batteries containing various amounts of CNC. From these results, we found out that the addition of CNC into the positive electrode made a significant improvement in high rate discharge capacity, We also suggested the optimum content of CNC material in positive electrode.

Innovations of Lead-Acid Batteries

One of the main causes of the deterioration of lead-acid batteries has been confirmed as the sulfation of the negative the electrodes. The recovery of lead acid batteries from sulfation has been demonstrated by using several additives proposed by the authors et al. From electrochemical investigation, it was found that one of the main effects of additives is increasing the hydrogen overvoltage on the negative electrodes of the batteries. Several kinds of additives have been tested for commercially available lead-acid batteries. The increase in the internal resistance of the lead-acid battery during charge-discharge cycles coincided with a decrease in the discharge capacity of the tested battery, so the internal resistance can be a good index of deterioration of the battery. The colloidal solution of electrolyzed fine-carbon particles, Nanoca, was the most promising to reactivate the deteriorated lead-acid batteries, when it was used together with a suitable amount of organic polymers, such as PVA. The other recent proposals on increasing the performance of lead-acid batteries are also introduced, e.g. a hybrid type lead-acid battery combined a lead-acid battery with a super capacitor.

Prediction of the Performance of Lead Acid Battery During Dynamic Mode

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Performance and Regeneration of Lead-acid Batteries and the Use of Battery Activator for Electric Wheel Chairs

The driving and charge-discharge tests were carried out on the used lead-acid batteries for electric wheel chair. When the used batteries were repeatedly subjected to driving test on road after full charge, the electricity delivered from the battery during driving was gradually decreased. This battery was discharged at 90A after full charge, the driving time was increased because of the improvement of sulfation by the discharge at higher current. The batteries with/without activator were tested to confirm the effect of activators under the similar charge-discharge conditions as that in driving on road.

Influence of H 2SO 4 concentration on lead-acid battery performance : H-type and P-type batteries

With commercialization of the VRLA battery design the H 2SO 4 concentration of the electrolyte filled in the battery has increased to over 1.30 g cm −3. On the other hand, it has been established that the electrochemical activity of PbO 2 depends on the concentration of H 2SO 4, the highest activity being achieved in solutions with concentrations from 1.10 to 1.28 s.g. H 2SO 4. At C H 2 S O 4 > 1.29 g c m − 3 , the PbO 2/PbSO 4 electrode gets partially passivated. The present investigation determines the initial capacity performance and the changes in battery capacity on cycling of 12 V/32 A h batteries with six different electrolyte concentrations between 1.15 and 1.33 s.g. H 2SO 4. The batteries are cycled with two discharge currents, 3.2 and 8 A. The utilization of PAM is 50% against 37% NAM utilization. The utilization of H 2SO 4 ( η H 2 S O 4 ) varies between 38 and 88%, depending on the concentration of H 2SO 4 in the electrolyte ( C H 2 S O 4 ). At C H 2 S O 4 = 1.24 g c m − 3 , η H 2 S O 4 ≈ η PAM . At C H 2 S O 4 < 1.24 s .g . , the H 2SO 4 concentration limits the capacity of the battery (H-region of H 2SO 4 concentrations), whereas at C H 2 S O 4 > 1.24 s .g . , the capacity of the battery is limited by PAM (P-region). It has been established that in the P-region of H 2SO 4 concentrations, the initial capacity of the battery is higher than the rated value ( C 0), but the life of the battery is short (maximum 100 cycles). In the H-region of H 2SO 4 concentrations, the initial capacity is lower than C 0, but the cycle life is considerably longer than 100 cycles and depends on the discharge current and the H 2SO 4 concentration. The voltage of charged cells on open circuit declines with decrease in H 2SO 4 concentration, which allows charging of batteries at lower voltages, as is the case with IT batteries, and reversible sulfation of the plates is avoided as well. The obtained results of the present investigation suggest that lead-acid batteries can be divided in two types depending on the concentration of H 2SO 4 in them: H-type batteries with C H 2 S O 4 < 1.24 s .g . , and P-type batteries with C H 2 S O 4 > 1.24 s .g . Currently, VRLA batteries of the P-type are commercially produced. H-type batteries have lower initial capacity than the rated value, but long cycle life and allow to be charged at lower voltages (e.g. 2.27 V per cell). P-type batteries have initial capacity higher than or equal to the rated value, but short cycle life and require high charge voltages.

Effects of ITE's Activators on Performance of New Lead-acid Batteries for Cars in the Discharge at 90A

Effects of ITE's Activators on Performance of New Lead-acid Batteries for Cars in the Discharge at 90A

Influence of polymer additive on the performance of lead-acid battery negative plates

The effect of polyaspartate (PASP) on the performance of the lead-acid negative plate has been investigated. It was established that this polymer additive controls the crystallization process of lead sulphate and modifies the shape and size of PbSO 4 crystals. The addition of PASP to the negative paste and to the electrolyte improves the utilization of the negative active material and reduces the internal resistance of the negative plates. The results obtained during cycling of lead-acid cells under simple simulated HRPSoC cycling duty with 2 C discharge current show that addition of PASP improves the cycling ability of the negative plates and thus decreases the frequency of equalization charging during operation. A beneficial effect on the performance of lead-acid batteries was observed during HRPSoC cycling of flooded batteries with 0.1% PASP in the electrolyte. The addition of PASP leads to formation of smaller PbSO 4 crystals, which are more easily reduced during charge and hence prevents the accumulation of large lead sulphate crystals on the negative plates in HRPSoC duty.

Investigation of Active Mass Utilization of Positive Plate in Automotive Lead-Acid Batteries

The active mass (AM) utilization is a key factor limiting the specific energy and performance of lead-acid batteries. In this paper, the distributions of AM utilization on two kinds of positive plates have been studied by measuring their local discharge curves. With the discharge of the positive plate, the current density decreases gradually in the lower and upper parts while it increases in the middle. As a result, the distributions of AM utilization are uneven on the positive plate. The highest AM utilization is located in the middle, and the lowest AM utilization is around the plate. Compared with a positive plate with an orthogonal grid, the positive electrode potential increases by in most parts of a positive plate with a radiation grid at high discharge rate (3C). The positive plate with a radiation grid is more suitable for the application at high discharge rates.

Early results from a systems approach to improving the performance and lifetime of lead acid batteries

Lead acid batteries offer important advantages in respect of unit cost and ease of recycling. They also have good power and low temperature performance. However, for hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) duty with their extreme rates and continuous PSoC operation, improvements are required to significantly extend service life. The Reliable Highly Optimised Lead Acid Battery (RHOLAB) project is taking a radical approach to the design of a lead acid HEV battery pack to address this issue, taking a systems approach to produce a complete pack that is attractive to vehicle manufacturers. This paper describes the project at an intermediate stage where some testing has been completed and the construction of the complete pack system is well under way.