Performance Of Inverter Research Articles

Intelligent Controller Based on Artificial Neural Network and INC Based MPPT for Grid Integrated Solar PV System

Solar photovoltaic (PV) systems have become an integral part of today's advanced energy infrastructure due to its low kinetic energy, its abundance availability, and its freedom from human interference. Solar PV systems have the potential to greatly reduce our reliance on fossil fuels, but their intermittent nature means they cannot provide a constant source of electricity. The system's security should be well thought out, and it should be able to withstand a lot of abuse. The current energy system faces a significant difficulty in ensuring continuous supply. In this study, a three-phase, two-stage photovoltaic system that is managed by artificial neural networks (ANN). A DC-DC boost converter with maximum power point tracking (MPPT) based on the incremental conductance (INC) method is incorporated in the first stage. In the next step, an ANN-based controller optimizes the performance of a three-phase switching PWM inverter that is connected to the grid by controlling currents along the d-q axis. Comprehensive simulations were carried out using MATLAB or Simulink to evaluate the system's performance under various illumination and temperature conditions. Results show that the suggested approach outperforms the baseline in a number of areas. Better dynamic reactions, accurate tracking of reference currents within permissible bounds, and quick settling periods after startup are all displayed by it. These findings show that our method has the potential to greatly improve the efficiency and dependability of solar PV systems. The results of this study have implications for renewable energy in general and present a viable path toward enhancing the resilience and sustainability of energy infrastructure.

MULTILEVEL INVERTER WITH REDUCED SWITCHES FOR ELECTRICAL VEHICLE

This project focuses on the development of an innovative multilevel inverter designed specifically for electric vehicles (EVs), aiming to reduce complexity and enhance efficiency by minimizing the number of switches in the inverter topology. The conventional multilevel inverter configurations often involve a high count of switches, leading to increased costs, intricate designs, and elevated power losses. In contrast, our approach seeks to optimize the inverter's performance by employing advanced control strategies and modulation techniques while significantly reducing the number of switches. This reduction not only simplifies the design but also lowers production costs and maintenance efforts. Moreover, the project emphasizes the compact integration of the inverter into the EV powertrain, addressing the size and weight constraints of electric vehicles. Through thorough simulations and practical experiments, the proposed multilevel inverter's performance will be evaluated in terms of efficiency, power quality, and reliability. The anticipated outcomes aim to contribute to the advancement of power electronics for sustainable transportation, providing a more efficient, cost- effective, and compact solution tailored to the unique requirements of electric mobility. This research has the potential to significantly impact the field, fostering further innovations in power electronics for clean and efficient transportation solutions .Key Words: Electric vehicle, Inverters, Switches, Efficiency.

The performance of a multilevel multifunctional solar inverter under various control methods

Photovoltaic (PV) inverters are now supposed to provide additional supporting services with more reliability and efficiency. This paper presents three different control methods for generating reference current in a multifunctional, multilevel grid-tied PV inverter for harmonic, reactive, and unbalance compensation. These methods are the synchronous reference frame (SRF) theory (d-q), the instantaneous reactive power (IRP) theory (p-q), and the conservative power theory (CPT). As a result, the primary goal is to propose a low-cost multifunctional solar invert for distributed generation, with an appropriate prototype developed in the laboratory for experimental validation of various modes of operation. Demonstrated results show that the presented inverter is capable of providing various ancillary services with all three types of control.

Vibration and noise characteristics of an inverter for electric vehicle application

Noise, Vibration & Harshness (NVH) is one of the key parameters associated with comfort of an automobile. An Electric Vehicle (EV) consists of transmission driven by electric motor which ultimately gets its power or current supply from inverter. As per Electric vehicle architecture, motor ranks first followed by transmission and inverter in terms of NVH performance. The function of an inverter is to convert DC current from battery source to 3-phase AC current which goes to electric motor. Torque and speed characteristics of motor is dependent on current and voltage supply from inverter. Hence it is important to assess NVH characteristics of inverter as well. In this paper, vibration and acoustic performance of a standalone EV inverter have been studied by testing it at different vehicle operating conditions. Ideally the output 3 phase AC current from inverter should contain only electrical frequency, but it is observed that AC current contains harmonics in the form of linear combination of electrical frequency and switching frequency. From this study, observations from NVH tests on an EV inverter is highlighted in frequency range where relatively high vibration and noise levels were present.

Performance evaluation of hybrid multilevel inverter with a high-frequency switching technique

This proposed work deals with the implementation of a single-phase topology with using hybrid for multilevel inverters. It is observed that the proposed structure improves the performance of the hybrid multilevel inverter with high-frequency switches for positive levels and reverse voltage with negative levels. This paper studies a novel construction for an asymmetrical hybrid single-phase multilevel inverter. This paper also studies the operation of multi level inverter under depreciating sources condition due to fluctuation in input. The PWM method, i.e. APOD and CO, has been incorporated into the simulation of single-phase 7-level, 9-level, and the 11-level hybrid inverter. These two methods are compared to one another and to standard methods in terms of THD for different values of the modulation index, and they are found to be superior. Overall loss of 50% of the THD is almost equal to rated output voltage, it is observed in cascaded multilevel inverters. The working and performance of the proposed model are simulated in MATLAB Simulink software and the results are discussed in detail.

Design optimization of junctionless bottom spacer tapered FinFET: Device to circuit level implementation

This manuscript for the first time integrates the traditional FinFET architecture involving Bottom spacer (BS), Tapering, and Junctionless (JL) concepts to investigate the device analog/RF performance at sub- 5 nm technology node. Initially, to come up with an optimal BS and Fin angle (θ), a variation in these values is performed and found that higher θ and lower HBS would be the best fit to optimize the device performance. Following this, a variation in gate length (Lg) is rendered amidst 8 nm–14 nm and noticed that least Lg would be preferable for some parameters sacrificing other parameters which depends upon the application requirement. Later, at fixed Lg, fin angle (θ) variations (80°–87°) are performed to observe the analog/RF performance and noticed that higher θ fetched better performance. Further, at this optimal Lg and θ, height of the Bottom spacer (HBS) is varied between 5 nm–25 nm to inspect the device characteristics and least HBS must be preferred. At last, the dielectric material of BS is changed (SiO2, Si3N4, HfO2) to observe if the material is showing any impact on the device and noticed that replacement of lower dielectric materials with higher dielectric materials is not a bad idea and delivers excellent performance by optimally choosing dielectric values. Further the CMOS inverter performance is also examined. The flow of this manuscript is arranged in such a way that it provides a complete flavour to the design engineers in choosing the best electrical/analog/RF and circuit performance of JL - BS - Tapered FinFET.

Evaluating the Impact of Weather Conditions on the Effectiveness and Performance of PV Solar Systems and Inverters

Solar photovoltaic (PV) systems have become an increasingly popular and environmentally friendly source of renewable energy. However, the performance and effectiveness of these systems can be significantly influenced by various weather conditions. This paper aims to evaluate the impact of weather conditions on the effectiveness and performance of PV solar systems and inverters. This paper utilizes a comprehensive dataset of solar irradiance, temperature, wind speed, and other weather parameters collected from multiple locations over an extended period. Various performance indicators, such as power output, efficiency, and reliability, are analyzed and compared under different weather conditions. The findings of this paper reveal the significant influence of weather conditions on the performance of PV solar systems and inverters. It is observed that variations in solar irradiance, temperature can lead to fluctuations in power output and efficiency. High ambient temperatures, for example, can negatively affect the performance of solar panels by increasing the operating temperature and reducing their conversion efficiency. These events can cause physical damage, reduce solar irradiance, and impair the functionality of inverters, leading to a decrease in overall system performance. The research outcomes presented in this paper provide valuable insights for system designers, engineers, policymakers, and investors in the renewable energy sector.

Grid-Forming Inverter Control for Power Sharing in Microgrids Based on P/f and Q/V Droop Characteristics

Grid-forming inverters are anticipated to be integrated more into future smart microgrids commencing the function of traditional power generators. The grid-forming inverter can generate a reference frequency and voltage itself without assistance from the main grid. This paper comprehensively investigates grid-forming inverter modelling and control methodology. A decentralized method employing an active power versus frequency P − f droop and a reactive power versus voltage Q − V droop is exploited to drive the operation of the grid-forming inverter. This decentralized method ensures balancing the supply and demand beside the power-sharing task between two or more inverters. The performance of the grid-forming inverter is examined by monitoring the frequency and RMS voltage of the inverter bus for three different periods of a varying PQ load. In addition, the performance of the resultant droop is compared with the assumed droop to validate the effectiveness of the proposed method. Finally, two grid-forming inverters equipped with the same droop characteristics are connected to a single load to observe the power-sharing concept among them. All simulations are implemented and executed using Matlab/Simulink version R2014b.

Comparative analysis of THD for square-wave inverter at different conduction modes

This paper proposes conduction schemes for the most common six-switch voltage sources inverter. Also, a comparative study of the output THD for different conduction modes of switches for a three-phase square wave inverter is done, as the harmonic content of any electrical system is important to analyze its performance. The harmonic distortion of the load voltage and load current is taken as the main constraint to evaluate the performance of the three-phase inverter. So, control strategies for various loads are executed for different modulation schemes of inverter switches using MATLAB/Simulink software. Obtained results show that 150° conduction gives the least THD for output current, and 170° conduction gives the least THD for output voltage for three-phase inverters. Also, harmonic contents are reduced using a passive LC filter at the output of the inverter.

Design of Hybrid multi-level inverter for photovoltaic(PV) application

Nowadays the demand and consumption of energy increase in the word. Due to high cost of fossil fuel it’s not able to meet the required power generation demand. But the developed and developing countries encourage to generate power from renewable energy sources. The developed countries manage their resources in such a manner that they will fulfill their needs today and in the future as well. Nevertheless, the developing countries have limited sources of fossil fuels, which may decrease day by day. For this problem, the alternate solution is required, which is renewable energy. The output of renewable i.e. photovoltaic (PV) is DC. Now this is a challenging task for the researcher to integrate the renewable energy into the ac grid. For the reliable future of the power system, it is imperative for the modern era to integrate non-conventional sources into the AC power grid.The use of photovoltaic cells is increasing dramatically in all areas of life because of their small environmental impact, pollution-free, minimal maintenance, and zero noise. The real work focuses on the integration of PV systems with the proposed new topology called Multi-level inverters based on switch dc sources for low, medium and high power applications. An inverter is a power electronics device that converts DC input to AC output voltage. Input DC voltage is obtains from PV cell array, fuel cell or any other source.The output of PV panels is use as DC input voltage source for the proposed inverter. Single-phase multi level inverter is use to convert dc power receiving form PV array to AC power. First single phase two level inverter introduce which have many problems like those that high value capacitor required at output and high total harmonics distortion’s (THD). Nevertheless, as the number of level increased in inverter output the number of electronic switches also increased which may increase the losses.Multi-level inverters are gave more attention for high power applications. In recent years, lower order harmonic components has been developed to operate at higher switching frequencies.On the other side as the number of level increased the output waveform approach to sinusoidal waveform and the harmonics decreased. Output voltage and current waveforms are obtains and THDs are analyze. The multi-level inverter used in un-interrupted power supply (UPS), variable frequency drives (VFD), pumps etc. The performance of single-phase multi-level inverter will be analyzed in MATLAB / Simulink software.

A Novel Narendra‐based adaptive anti‐disturbance control strategy for the microgrid inverters: A novel MG VSI adaptive anti‐disturbance control strategy based on Narendra theory

AbstractThe control performance of the voltage source inverter will be reduced when it operates under complex microgrid (MG) conditions. Traditionally, problems such as high controller order and complex design may occur when robust control and secondary regulation are adopted for the inverters. Meanwhile, when the conventional adaptive control is adopted, the adaptive gain may be too high, resulting in increased sensitivity of the system to external disturbances. To address the above problems, a novel Narendra‐based adaptive anti‐disturbance control strategy for microgrid voltage source inverter is proposed in this paper. Firstly, a Narendra adaptive‐based controller is constructed, which enables the controller to adaptively adjust the system parameters to change the inverter output voltage quality. Secondly, the extended state observer (ESO) is introduced to observe and suppress the total disturbance of the system, which can make the system less sensitive and ensure the stability of the system operation. Thirdly, according to the Lyapunov stability theory, the Lyapunov function is chosen to prove the global asymptotic stability of the system, and an adaptive law is designed. Finally, the comparative experiment shows that the proposed control strategy based on Narendra adaptive anti‐disturbance can maintain excellent voltage control performance in complex working conditions, and then ensure that the inverter's output voltage always meets power quality standard in complex working conditions.

Hybrid Switching Control-Based DC to AC Inverter for Microgrid Using Renewable Energy Sources

Hybrid switching control-based direct current (DC) to alternating current (AC) inverter is a method of controlling the flow of power from DC sources such as solar panels or wind turbines to AC loads in a microgrid. In a microgrid, renewable energy sources are often used to supplement traditional sources of energy and improve overall energy efficiency. To simulate micro-grid systems, an effective three-legged IGBT inverter has been developed using Matlab R2016a/Simulink. The inverter switches are controlled by a pulse controller, which creates the switching gate pulses. This work models the output voltage and current waveforms of the three-phase 180° voltage source inverter that supplies nonlinear loads. To lower the total harmonic distortion (THD) of the current and voltage outputs of the three-phase voltage source converter (VSC), a filter circuit and a two-level pulse width modulation (PWM) generator have been presented. This pulse-width modulation generator compares the modulating signal and a high-frequency triangular carrier wave. Sinusoidal pulse width modulation (SPWM) is used for PWM control. Moreover, the hybrid switching control-based DC-to-AC inverter utilizes a combination of pulse width modulation (PWM) and hysteresis current control techniques to maintain a constant AC output voltage and frequency. PWM control is used to regulate the voltage, while hysteresis current control is used to regulate the current. Additionally, an inductor-capacitor-inductor (LCL) filter is used to improve the stability of the power converter by providing a damping effect on the system. Overall, the LCL filter is a versatile and effective tool for improving the performance of power inverters, especially in applications where high efficiency and low harmonic distortion are important. IUBAT Review—A Multidisciplinary Academic Journal, 6 (1): 25-46

Identifying and Analyzing the Technical Challenges of Grid Tide Inverters for PV System: A Case Study of Ethiopia and Zambia

Zambia and Ethiopia are two countries from southern and eastern of Africa due to their geographical location and other factor the environment condition is different. The research aims at identifying and analszing the technical performance issues of Grid tide Inverter (GTI) for PV system due to operating climate and others factors. In Zambia the study focused on the two main solar plants which is under ZESCO national grid at malty facility zone (MFZ), the first one is the 54 megawatts Bangweulu solar power plant by Neon Investment of France, second one is 34MW Ngonye solar photovoltaic (PV) plant. In Ethiopia eight min off-grid site under Ethiopian Electric Utility(EEU) is included. Beltu, Behima, Mino, Ungoge, Korhele,Tum, Omorate and Kofetu. A survey is conducted focusing on identifying and analyzing the technical performance issues of GTI in the above-mentioned area.
 Using Microsoft excel the environmental \climate condition, Solar radiation, Air temperature, Rain falls and Wind of the two country Zambia and Ethiopia is investigated and analysedfor each selected site. A questionnaire and a Sime structure interview is conducted. The basic inverter challenges are investigated from the collected data and the problem is analyzed based on the specific inverter data sheet. The data sheet of the inverter for each site under this study.
 Finally, the real-time performance of the inverter of the off-grid PV mini-grid system installed in a small remote town in Ethiopia and on-grid PV system from Zambia at multi facility zone is analysed using measured meteorological data. From on- grid and off-grid inverter performance challenges, which the researcher collected from different plant the main ones are climate or environmental effect and also over load. Overload is one of the frequent challenges in koftu, behama and amorita this can be due to high population growth and unexpected power demand from the community. 
 Environmental condition affects almost all solar plant site which is under this study. If we compere the climate of east which is Addis Ababa Ethiopia and southern of Africa Zambia Lusaka. The temperature of Lusaka is higher than Addis Ababa by 5.63°C and even in the plant under this study, temperature rise is one of the challenges on the inverter performance, sensitive electronic component bent due to excessive temperature.
 On the other side in Ethiopia Addis Ababa excessive rain affect the inverter. Finally, Addis Ababa has about 1.32 times more rainfall than Lusaka, (Addis Ababa’s 79.54mm vs Lusaka’s average of 60.34mm). For that reason, most of the inverter in Ethiopia on the mini off-grid site are affected by heavy rain condition.

Study of the performance of fault-tolerant multi-level inverter included in shunt active power filter

<p><span lang="EN-US">Nowadays, the large number of shunt active power filters (SAPF) is installed in many grid networks to eliminate the source currents harmonics and enhance power quality. These filters are installed in different places according to the filtration requirements. The connection between SAPF and grid network has a negative effect during the open-circuit fault of the insulated gate bipolar transistor (IGBT) switch of the SAPF. This paper proposes the application of the new diagnostic method based on the trigonometric circle and mean value variations techniques to the early detection and precise location of the open-circuit fault of the IGBT switches, and the inclusion of the modified reconfigurable inverter topology to allow the perfect continuity of the filter currents, and improve the diagnostic of the open-circuit fault. A single-sided amplitude spectrum technique (SSAS) is applied on the source currents to get the THDi% value. The obtained simulation results prove, the great success of the proposed diagnostic method, the ability of the modified reconfigurable inverter to be adapted to the grid network, the short response time between the diagnosis and the reconfiguration process is about 7 ms which is very sufficient to guarantee the rapid continuity of the shunt active power filter.</span></p>

Enhancing Solar Inverter Performance for both Stand-Alone and Grid Connected Systems

Enhancing Solar Inverter Performance for both Stand-Alone and Grid Connected Systems

Modeling of IGBT junction temperature based on load torque variation in induction motor

In order to discuss the effectiveness of inverter performance, it is essential to concentrate on its losses. Thus, knowing the junction temperature (TJ) value of the inverter switches insulated-gate bipolar transistor (IGBTs) under different loading conditions allows determining their reliability and designing the right heat sink. The old methods to calculate the TJ are inaccurate, difficult to implement, and require mathematical analysis. So, in this work, a new approach was used to calculate the TJ in a simplified way, using the SIMSCAPE environment in the MATLAB simulation. The IGBT in the SIMSCAPE environment is of an improved design and has a direct thermal port. The TJ estimation is more accurate and it relies only on the thermal impedance model, so we do not need to compute the power losses as was done in previous studies. This functionality is only accessible in more recent versions of MATLAB (2019-2023). With different motor load torques, the IGBT junction temperature is evaluated, and the effect of the selected heat sink on the value of TJ is evaluated when it is under the effect of natural cooling and air-forced cooling.

Power hardware-in-the-loop testing for multiple inverters with virtual inertia controls

Virtual inertia (VI) control schemes implemented in inverter-based resources (IBRs) present a promising solution for mitigating the absence of inertial response in power systems after the decommissioning of synchronous generators (SGs). The interaction of multiple grid-following (GFL) and grid-forming (GFM) inverters with the power grid demands a thorough understanding, as different control mechanisms can lead to undesired interference that could severely impact the grid’s stability. Power hardware-in-the-loop (PHIL) simulation is a verification technique that effectively bridges the gap between pure simulation and field demonstration. However, the topic of PHIL testing frameworks for multiple inverters equipped with VI control schemes has not been extensively addressed. To address this gap, this study presents a PHIL test framework that enables the verification of the performance and possible interference of multiple hardware inverters. The proposed framework enables the testing of inverters with different rated capacities and control mechanisms under equivalent capacity and control parameter conditions. This framework allows for the testing of various combinations of two inverters, from different manufacturers, to assess their performance and possible interference. The inverter prototypes from different manufacturers will be combined and tested with the proposed PHIL test framework to examine performance and potential interference for all combinations of the two inverters.

Flexible Sector Detector-Based Mismatch Supply Voltage in Direct Torque Control Doubly Fed Induction Machine: An Experimental Validation

Direct Torque Control (DTC) of Induction Motors (IMs) is popular in motor drive applications because of its robust and simple control structure. The IM winding can be controlled on both sides using dual inverter technique which more effective for Electric Vehicle (EV) with a greater number of voltage vectors. However, the battery performance of the dual inverter will deteriorate unevenly on both sides, resulting in fluctuating voltages for the EV system. This will lead to the generation of distorted stator currents and a significant droop in the stator flux, which in turn can increase the total harmonic distortion (THD) in the system. Additionally, the performance of torque may not be able to regulate effectively. This paper examines the effect of unstable voltage on voltage vector mapping performance with tilted angles and proposes new sector definitions based on voltage ratio conditions. Moreover, the proposed sector for each predefined voltage ratio is tested under three-speed conditions. The proposed technique effectiveness is validated through hardware experiments using a dSPACE 1104 controller and retuning the stator current for proper waveform. This approach improves the stator current waveform, improves stator flux droop, enhances torque regulation and minimizes the THD in the DTC system.

Bi-objective Pareto optimization for clustering-based hierarchical power control in a large-scale PV power plant

To assist the power grid for the real-time power balance, more and more PV power plants have participated in automatic generation control (AGC). In this process, a PV power plant should distribute the dynamic total AGC signal to all the controllable inverters. Firstly, it is difficult to satisfy multiple operation requirements for the whole PV power plant. Secondly, it easily results in a high optimization complexity due to the large amount of controllable inverters, especially for a large-scale PV power plant. To handle these two problems, a clustering-based hierarchical power control is constructed with two conflict objectives, including the AGC responding performance and the reactive power reserve. With the discrepant responding performance of different inverters, all the inverters are clustered into multiple groups by the K-medoids algorithm according to their regulation parameters. Hence, the hierarchical power control contains a top-layer control and a bottom-layer control. An efficient non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm is adopted to acquire the Pareto optimal solutions for the top-layer control, then the bottom-layer control is implemented in proportion to their regulation capacities. Finally, the case studies are carried out to verify the proposed technique for a large-scale PV power plant under different AGC signals and dynamic irradiations.

Novel design, implementation, and performance optimization of inverters by considering the effect of modulation

This research seeks to combine a comprehensive analysis of the literature regarding energy efficiency and inverters with an analysis of a configuration of a hybrid energy system including a generator, an inverter and a battery. The inverter's power output is analyzed under the influence of different distribution functions during a robust modulation procedure for achieving optimum energy saving. The modulation is tested on two processing machines independently: (a) an electric discharge machine, and (b) an injection molding machine. Based on the research methodology, problem formulations and the conducted analysis, a novel research software called “Inverter Pro V1” was programmed to analyze the estimations and performance of inverters in an energy system. An optimal levelized cost of electricity was determined given certain systems design and operating hours, and a sensitivity analysis was undertaken that identified a range of energy savings. In the sensitivity and optimization analysis, interactions among the primary decision parameters including the system's capacity, operating time, energy saving, cost of energy and payback period are investigated. It is also found that for each system, the inverter modulation categories with the optimum payback period belong to a modulation of inverter designed according to the Sawtooth function with a 45% duty cycle and switching intervals of 0.35 s. By considering the operating hours of 12.5 h per day, and the calculated system's investment cost of €31,782.158, the optimum payback period is estimated to be 1.7729 year. The study results are to inform policy with regard to assisting sustainable electricity production.