Performance Of Electric Motor Research Articles

A Study Article of Advancing Electric Motor Performance through Maximum Torque Per Ampere (MTPA) Control

Abstract: Electric motor performance can be significantly enhanced through the implementation of Maximum Torque per Ampere control. This advanced control technique allows for optimizing the motor operation by maximizing the torque produced per unit of current. By implementing MTPA control, electric motors can achieve higher efficiency, reduced energy consumption, and improved overall performance. This paper explores the principles and benefits of MTPA control and provides insights into its application across various electric motor systems. The implementation of Maximum Torque per Ampere control has garnered significant attention in the field of electric motor performance enhancement. This advanced control technique offers a promising opportunity to optimize motor operation and achieve higher efficiency. By maximizing the torque produced per unit of current, MTPA control not only reduces energy consumption but also improves the overall performance of electric motors. Furthermore, the application of MTPA control has shown promising results across various electric motor systems, making it a versatile and impactful advancement in the field.

Electrochemical Metallization for Enhancing the Quality and Performance of Electric Motor

The present research aimed to evaluate the effect of nickel-based electrochemical metallization (EMNi) on the quality and performance of electric motor components, compared to high-velocity oxy-fuel (HVOF) thermal spray coating, the most widely used coating in the mining industry. The experiment was conducted using motor components comprised of 4340 VCN steel, 4140 VCL steel, 1045 steel, and stainless steel, which underwent both treatments. The surface temperature of the components was monitored during the processing stage, followed by evaluations of their Rockwell hardness (HRC) and surface characteristics (taper, ovality, parallelism, finish, wear) at the onset (day 0) and after 2 years of use the results indicate that EMNi delivers electric motor components with superior finishes and extended warranty and service life in comparison to HVOF.

A novel auxetic stator winding to improve the performance of permanent magnet synchronous electric motors

High efficiency and torque density in permanent magnet synchronous motors (PMSMs) have contributed to their increasing popularity. Nonetheless, these advantages are compromised by higher vibration levels resulting from the torque ripple issue and magnetic flux density in the stator, causing magnetic forces on the stator surface. In this study, a new smart shape for the stator winding is proposed which reduces unwanted torque vibration and the overall magnetic flux density while keeping the same motor efficiency. The proposed windings shape is designed based on the auxetic principle and a locally resonant mechanism (LRM). Afterward, the proposed and original PMSM models are compared by looking at the average torque, total losses, torque ripple, flux density, output power, and motor efficiency under different speed operating conditions. In addition, the sensitivity analyses of the proposed model reveal the influence of auxetic structural parameters and initial mechanical angle on the system’s performance, which can be utilized to control the physical and mechanical properties of the system. According to the results, the designed model reduces torque ripple and magnetic flux density in the stator region by 41.38% and 4.70%, respectively, while the motor efficiency remains unaffected. The present work offers a potentially robust and affordable solution for regulating the vibration behavior of electric motors without impacting power efficiency.

Reducing CO2 Emissions of Hybrid Heavy-Duty Trucks and Buses: Paving the Transition to Low-Carbon Transport

This study investigates the CO2 reduction potential of powertrain hybridisation on heavy-duty lorries and city buses. The analysis considers modern parallel and serial hybrid architectures, assessing their efficiency and limits in CO2 emission reduction through vehicle simulation in VECTO, which is the official tool of the European Commission for calculating heavy-duty vehicle fuel and energy consumption. The results reveal distinct trends for each vehicle type and architecture. In lorries, more significant improvements are observed in urban delivery profiles, reaching up to ~16%, indicating the benefits of hybridisation in transient conditions with energy recuperation opportunities. City buses, particularly those with serial architectures, exhibit significant emission reductions that reach 36%, making them suitable for urban environments. The optimisation of electric motor size and performance plays a crucial role in achieving emission reductions, while battery capacity must be carefully considered to avoid adverse effects. For lorries in urban delivery use, further improvements of 17.5% can be achieved by utilising a 160 kW engine motor and 30 kWh battery. Buses are already quite well optimised, with serial architecture presenting the highest benefits with a 120 kW electric motor and a battery of 11 kWh. Future research should focus on supercapacitors and gearboxes to improve efficiency at higher vehicle speeds and assess hybridisation potential in interurban coach travel. The heavy-duty vehicle sector can make significant strides towards low-carbon transport by maximising hybrid powertrain efficiency and emission reductions.

The Comparison of Electric Motor Performance in Powering Electric Motorcycle

The increase use of vehicles with combustion engine has caused intensive exploration of fossil fuels and severe pollutions. The replacement of this engine with electric motor is expected to solve both problems. For optimal selection of the motor, assessment of its performance is necessary. This may be carried out by comparing the performance of the motors used for powering electric motorcycle. This paper presents the performance comparison of 2 motors powering a modified motorcycle. The engine of the motorcycle was successively replaced with BLDC motor and DC motor and their performances were measured. The motorcycle was loaded with 1 and 2 passengers with the total weight of 59 and 109 Kg, respectively. The motorcycle speed (km/h) was adjusted up to 30 km/h. The results of the test indicate that DC motor requires power of 557.74 Watt at the speed of 317.04 rpm and generates torque of 16.81 Nm with energy consumption of 41.55 km/kWh. For the BLDC motor, it requires power of 526.62 Watt at the speed of 316.78 rpm and generates torque of 15.88 Nm with energy consumption of 50.59 km/kWh. For the same distance, DC Motor enables generates higher torque than BLDC motor. However, BLDC motor may present lower energy consumption per kWh than DC motor.

Analytical Thermal Model of Slot for Electric Propulsion Motor in Electric Aircraft

Accurate prediction of temperature is critical for evaluating electric propulsion motor performance. This paper presents an analytical thermal model of slot for the prediction of temperature. According to the heat transfer in the slot, the shortcomings of the traditional winding model are pointed out. This paper adopts a more advanced layered model. The number of layers is calculated analytically. Based on Laplace's equation and Poisson's equation, the thermal resistance and temperature rise of each layer are analytically calculated. The layered windings and insulation are equivalent to a heat-generating entity whose thermal resistance and temperature rise are equal to those of the layered slot. The equivalent thermal conductivity of heat-generating entity can be obtained. The slot is equivalent to a heat-generating entity through the analytical method, which reduces the computational complexity of the simulation. The experiments are employed to validate the accuracy of the proposed model.

Development of a UAV Test Stand

Performing acoustic measurements on a multicopter in a confined space, such as a small anechoic chamber, can be an extremely difficult and time-consuming process. Inherent risks to the vehicle, laboratory equipment, and technicians are present when a multicopter is operated. In addition, standard multicopter maneuvers are difficult to conduct due to spatial constraints, and obtaining near field acoustic measurements is dangerous due to the inherent dynamic variability that occurs during flight. A UAV test stand was developed to remove these limitations and allow for rapid and safe acoustic measurements in a controlled environment. The design, development, and initial measurements are discussed. The performance and acoustic response of the brushless electric motors and propellers are assessed to examine the effectiveness of the test stand. The contribution noise from the test stand and a measurement grid are evaluated, as well as the influence of stationary propeller testing. Lastly, the pros and cons of using a test stand for UAV measurements are discussed.

Cooling and dynamic performance of electric vehicle traction motor adopting direct slot cooling method

Heat loss in an electric vehicle traction motor can be an important cause of insulation breakdown in coil winding and demagnetization of rotor magnets, resulting in a gradual or permanent malfunction of the motor. Thus, a motor cooling technique that immediately removes a large amount of heat released under extremely tough driving conditions is needed. In this study, the cooling and dynamic performances of two motors adopting the direct slot cooling (DSC) and water jacket cooling (WJC) methods were tested. The coolant in the DSC model directly cools the main heat source of the coil winding using the open slot of a motor stator as the cooling channel. Through thermal and electromagnetic simulations, the motor maximum and average motor temperatures under constant-current and real-driving conditions, marginal current density in a given coolant pumping power, and maximum torque and power of both motors are presented in detail.

Parameters Identification of a Permanent Magnet DC Motor: A Review

Since permanent magnet direct current (DC) motors are mainly used in various industrial automation applications, the demand for electric motors is increasing rapidly. However, in the mass production of electric motors, often, only random inspections are used to check the specifications and performance of electric motors. For manufacturing or engineering application staff to have a more thorough understanding of the characteristics of the motor, it is necessary to conduct a full or quick inspection during the production process to ensure the quality of the electric motor. Based on this, this literature review reveals several methods and algorithms often used to estimate DC motor parameters, given the importance of knowing the parameters of the DC motor and the lack of research on estimating the parameters of the DC motor.

Alan Odaklı Vektör Kontrol Yaklaşımı ile Elektrikli Scooter BLDCM için Kayan Kip Tabanlı Çekiş Kontrol Sistemi Tasarımı

Nowadays brushless DC motors (BLDCMs) are becoming indispensable components as the electrification revolution in the mobility industry is happening. Electric kick scooters, so-called e-scooters, are among these micro-mobility vehicles which are powered by these motors. Due to the uncertain and nonlinear features, the controller performance developed for these motors degrades. For these reasons, a chattering-reduced cascaded Sliding Mode Control (SMC) scheme to effectively track reference motor speed in the outer loop by eliminating torque ripples in the inner loop current control was designed. Field-oriented Control (FOC) methodology was used to implement the SMC in the BLDCM. An exponential reaching law algorithm was proposed for sliding surfaces of the inner and outer loop controllers. The suitability and performance of electric scooter-hub motors were analyzed in terms of traction control. A cascaded speed and torque controller produced significantly favorable results representing minimized torque and current ripples, and operation over a wide speed range.

Investigation The Influences of Electric Motor and Electric Go Kart Performance

This researcher focused at every type of electric motor and every force applied to a go kart. The goal of this research is to choose a prototype of an electric motor drive mechanism and test its performance on an electric go-kart. Furthermore, the purpose of this study is to establish the power requirements of an Electric Go-Kart, as well as its specific motion capabilities and performance specificationsfactors, in order to access the performance of the Electric Go-Kart motion. The benefit of developed electric go kart is to help decrease the pollution emitted and as a substitute to the typical combustion engine vehicle. However, due to its high congestion and pollution issue, a pollution with free vehicle created. In the first phase of the project, the researcher surveyed information related to the typical of electric motor that use in electric go kart. The second phase of the project is mainly on calculating the forces acted on the Electric Go Kart itself. Three main factor of movement behavior on go kart determined rolling resistance 54.88N, air resistance 28.4N and force gravity going uphill 552.98N. After that, the researcher selects drive system components with required specifications. The Brushless DC Motor was selected with 2000W 48V whose maximum output torque is 27.6Nm. Towards the end phase of the project, the electric go kart prototype was developed with actual size of go kart 1.94m length, 1.4mwidth and 0.5m height. Electric motor was analyzed on the motor speed, torque and power to make sure that the performance was approximately the set specifications. In conclusion, the project was success and it can produce a good performance at the go kart.

Physics-Informed Generative Adversarial Network-Based Modeling and Simulation of Linear Electric Machines

The demand for fast magnetic field approximation for the optimal design of electromagnetic devices is urgent nowadays. However, due to the lack of a publicly available dataset and the unclear definition of each parameter in the magnetic field dataset, the expansion of data-driven magnetic field approximation is severely limited. This study presents a physics-informed generative adversarial network (PIGAN), as well as a permanent magnet linear synchronous motor (PMLSM)-based magnetic field dataset, for fast magnetic field approximation. It includes the current density, material distribution, electromagnetic material properties, and other parameters of the electric machine. Physics-informed loss functions are utilized in the training process, making the output governed by Maxwell’s equation. Different slot-pole combinations of the PMLSM are involved in the dataset to extend the generalization of PIGAN. Some indicators for the further evaluation of magnetic approximation performance, including image-based metrics and calculation methods for the performance of electric motors, are presented in this study. Some challenges of magnetic field approximation using PIGAN are also discussed. The effectiveness of the physics-informed method is verified by comparing the magnetic field approximation results and the performance analysis results of the PMLSM with FEM, and the speed of PIGAN is approximately 40 times faster than that of FEM, while the accuracy is similar.

Multi-objective optimization algorithm for optimizing NVH performance of electric vehicle permanent agnet synchronous motors

Multi-objective optimization algorithm for optimizing NVH performance of electric vehicle permanent agnet synchronous motors

Mean Phase Voltages and Duty Cycles Estimation of a Three-Phase Inverter in a Drive System Using Machine Learning Algorithms

To achieve an accurate, efficient, and high dynamic control performance of electric motor drives, precise phase voltage information is required. However, measuring the phase voltages of electrical motor drives online is expensive and potentially contains measurement errors, so they are estimated by inverter models. In this paper, the idea is to investigate if various machine learning (ML) algorithms could be used to estimate the mean phase voltages and duty cycles of the black-box inverter model and black-box inverter compensation scheme with high accuracy using a publicly available dataset. Initially, nine ML algorithms were trained and tested using default parameters. Then, the randomized hyper-parameter search was developed and implemented alongside a 5-fold cross-validation procedure on each ML algorithm to find the hyper-parameters that will achieve high estimation accuracy on both the training and testing part of a dataset. Based on obtained estimation accuracies, the eight ML algorithms from all nine were chosen and used to build the stacking ensemble. The best mean estimation accuracy values achieved with stacking ensemble in the black-box inverter model are R¯2=0.9998, MAE¯=1.03, and RMSE¯=1.54, and in the case of the black-box inverter compensation scheme R¯2=0.9991, MAE¯=0.0042, and RMSE¯=0.0063, respectively.

Dynamic force measurement to assess NVH performance of electric motors

The electromagnetic (EM) force induced motor whine is a major noise source of hybrid and electric vehicles. Experimental quantification of dynamic EM force is highly desirable to assess the NVH performance of electric motors. However, it is difficult to measure EM forces directly on the stator teeth. This paper describes a new indirect method to measure the dynamic forces at stator mounting ear locations. First, high-precision tri-axial piezoelectric force ring sensors are selected and calibrated to measure dynamic forces under compressive mean loading. Next, special motor housings are designed and built to accommodate force sensors between the stator ears and the base mounting plate. Force sensors are then aligned with the stator circumferential directions to measure dynamic forces in radial, tangential and axial directions as a function of motor torque and speed. The new technology is successfully implemented for electric motors of GM's Spark and Bolt EVs. Measured dynamic forces correlate well with finite-element analytical results and show consistent trends with noise and vibration responses. This confirms the dynamic mounting force can be used as an effective and measurable indicator to optimize NVH designs for electric motors.

A Comparison between IM and IPMSM with Same Stator Core for EV and Performance Analysis of IPMSM

Electric motors are widely used since they are more efficient and environmentally friendly compared to internal combustion engines. Studies in the fields of electric motors and battery management systems etc. used in electric vehicles are increasing day by day. In this study, electric motor design and performance analyzes to be used in electric vehicles are made. Accordingly, firstly, an induction motor design is carried out by considering the design parameters of the induction motor used in Tesla Model S. Then, by taking the stator core of this induction motor as a reference, an interior permanent magnet synchronous motor design, which is very common and advantageous in electric vehicles, is designed. By considering the air gap, magnet angle, magnet thickness, magnet width and magnet type parameters of this motor, the results of analyzes are evaluated in terms of efficiency and torque ripple. As a result of analyzes, efficiency of the final design has been improved by 4.78% compared to the reference induction motor. In addition, the torque ripple of the final design has been improved by 55.17% compared to the initial design of the interior permanent magnet synchronous motor.

Correlating structural complexity and acoustic noise performance of electric motors

PurposeAcoustic noise is a crucial performance index in the design of electrical machines. Due to the challenges associated with modelling a complete motor, the stator is often used to estimate the sound power in the prototyping stage. While this approach greatly reduces lengthy simulations, the actual sound power of the motor may not be known. But, from the acoustic noise standpoint, not much is known about the correlation between the stator and complete motor. This paper, therefore, aims to use the sound pressure levels of the stator and the full motor to investigate the existence of correlations in the interior permanent magnet synchronous motor.Design/methodology/approachA multiphysics simulation framework is proposed to evaluate the sound pressure levels of multiple motor geometries in a given design space. Then, a statistical analysis is performed on the calculated sound pressure levels of each geometry over a selected speed range to compare the correlation strength between the stator and the full model.FindingsIt was established that the stator and the complete motor model are moderately correlated. As such, a reliance on the stator sound power for design and optimization routines could yield inaccurate results.Originality/valueThe main contribution involves the use of statistical tools to study the relationship between sound pressure levels associated with the stator geometry and the complete electric motor by increasing the motor sample size to capture subtle acoustic correlation trends in the design space of the interior permanent magnet synchronous motor.

Ducted fans for hybrid electric propulsion of small aircraft

This paper presents a method for modeling ducted fan propulsion systems for hybrid-electrically driven small aircraft based on mean line flow analysis methods. Studies of the essential design parameters provide the basis for a discussion of potential advantages when compared to free propellers, as well as possible new fields of application for the ducted fan. A two-seater aircraft, equipped with two ducted fans powered by a combustion engine and additionally by a parallel hybrid electric start-boost drive, is used as a reference application case. The fan performance characteristics are described with the aid of aero mean line flow analysis methods and semi-empirical loss correlations. Physics-based methods are applied to assess the nacelle drag and noise emissions. The combustion engine and electric motor performance are described using maps. The ducted fan design variables are investigated to identify the main trade-offs and favorable designs for the target aircraft mission, with special attention to noise. The results show that the performance of fixed pitch fans benefits strongly from hybridization. Ducted fans can also operate considerably more quietly than is required by current certification standards. The physics-based design method presented here can be used for conceptual design and performance prediction of ducted fan propulsion systems, which may be especially interesting if low noise emissions are required.

Characteristics of Hydraulic and Electric Servo Motors

Until the 1970s, hydraulic actuators were widely used in many mechanical systems; however, recently, electric motors have become mainstream by virtue of their improved performance, and hydraulic motors have largely been replaced by electric motors in many applications. Although this trend is expected to continue into the future, it is important to comprehensively evaluate which motor is most suitable when designing mechanical systems. This paper presents the results of a survey of the performance of electric and hydraulic servo motors and aims to provide quantitative data that can be used as a reference for selecting appropriate motors. We surveyed AC, AC direct, brushless DC, and brushed DC electric motors and swash plate-type axial piston, bent axis-type axial piston, crank-type radial piston, and multistroke-type radial piston hydraulic motors. Performance data were collected from catalogs and nonpublic data. We compared and evaluated the characteristics of these diverse servo motors using indexes such as torque, rotating speed, output power, power density, and power rate.

An assessment of the impact of Brazilian energy efficiency policies for electric motors

The three-phase induction motor was the fundamental component for productivity and growth in the second industrial revolution in Europe and the United States in the late nineteenth century. Presently, it is the main charge in electrical systems on a global level. In Brazil, it reaches more than 65% of total electricity consumption. Policies were established on the minimum efficiency level of the three-phase induction motor to improve energy efficiency in the Brazilian electrical system. The Brazilian legislation for the performance of electric motors is recent because the first document was issued in 2002. Based on the policies on the performance improvement of motors, what were the changes that occurred in the three-phase induction motors with the squirrel-cage rotors marketed in Brazil? Therefore, this study evaluated the performance of 435 motors tested between 2015 and 2016, with powers between 1 HP and 250 HP for four normalized speeds based on three laws of electric motor performance: Presidential Decree No. 4,508/2002; Interministerial Ordinance No. 553/2005 and Interministerial Ordinance No. 1/2017. All data were collected via standardized laboratory tests accredited by the National Institute of Metrology, Standardization, and Industrial Quality (INMETRO) and the International Laboratory Accreditation Cooperation (ILAC). The results show that 97% of the tested motors have higher performances than Decree No. 4,508/2002. Relatedly. 64% have higher performances compared to what is stipulated by Ordinance 553/2005. Also, only 21% have higher performances compared to what is stipulated by Ordinance 1/2017.