Performance Of Biosensor Research Articles

Recent Advances in Fluorescent Biosensor: A Comprehensive Review

Herein, short review paper investigated the rapidly progress in fluorescent biosensors field and their significant influences on analytical chemistry applications. An electrical signal can be produced from a biological reaction using an integrated receptor-transducer device called a biosensor. Because there are so many uses for biosensors in the medical field, including medication delivery, environmental monitoring, water and food quality monitoring, and illness detection, biosensor design and development have become a top priority for scientists and researchers in the last ten years. In the beginning, we started to explain the basic principles of fluorescence. Then, we moved to discuss about the current advancements, creative sensor designs, and the fusion of materials science and nanotechnology. The paper highlighted the sensitivity of fluorescent biosensors by addressing a wide range of applications, including biological research, environmental monitoring, and medical diagnostics. This review paper censoriously assessed the present difficulties, such as interference and constrained dynamic range, and provided explanations into ongoing research. Advanced material and nanotechnology integration is emerging as a force that improves biosensor performance and broadens their uses. This study also discussed the future possible breakthroughs in biosensor technology and its broad use in a variety of scientific and societal fields.

Application performance of silicon-based different biosensors

Application performance of silicon-based different biosensors

POF-based biosensors for cortisol detection in seawater as a tool for aquaculture systems

A surface plasmon resonance (SPR) phenomenon implemented via D-shaped polymer optical fiber (POF) is exploited to realize cortisol biosensors. In this work, two immonosensors are designed and developed for the qualitative as well as quantitative measurement of cortisol in artificial and real samples. The performances of the POF-based biosensors in cortisol recognition are achieved using different functionalization protocols to make the same antibody receptor layer over the SPR surface via cysteamine and lipoic acid, achieving a limit of detection (LOD) of 0.8 pg/mL and 0.2 pg/mL, respectively. More specifically, the use of cysteamine or lipoic acid changes the distance between the receptor layer and the SPR surface, improving the sensitivity at low concentrations of about one order of magnitude in the configuration based on lipoic acid. The LODs of both cortisol biosensors are achieved well competitively with other sensor systems but without the need for amplification or sample treatments. In order to obtain the selectivity tests, cholesterol and testosterone were used as interfering substances. Moreover, tests in simulated seawater were performed for the same cortisol concentration range achieved in buffer solution to assess the immunosensor response to the complex matrix. Finally, the developed cortisol biosensor was used in a real seawater sample to estimate the cortisol concentration value. The gold standard method has confirmed the estimated cortisol concentration value in real seawater samples. Liquid–liquid extraction was implemented to maximize the response of cortisol in liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS) analysis.

The Biomedical Applications of Biomolecule Integrated Biosensors for Cell Monitoring.

Cell monitoring is essential for understanding the physiological conditions and cell abnormalities induced by various stimuli, such as stress factors, microbial invasion, and diseases. Currently, various techniques for detecting cell abnormalities and metabolites originating from specific cells are employed to obtain information on cells in terms of human health. Although the states of cells have traditionally been accessed using instrument-based analysis, this has been replaced by various sensor systems equipped with new materials and technologies. Various sensor systems have been developed for monitoring cells by recognizing biological markers such as proteins on cell surfaces, components on plasma membranes, secreted metabolites, and DNA sequences. Sensor systems are classified into subclasses, such as chemical sensors and biosensors, based on the components used to recognize the targets. In this review, we aim to outline the fundamental principles of sensor systems used for monitoring cells, encompassing both biosensors and chemical sensors. Specifically, we focus on biosensing systems in terms of the types of sensing and signal-transducing elements and introduce recent advancements and applications of biosensors. Finally, we address the present challenges in biosensor systems and the prospects that should be considered to enhance biosensor performance. Although this review covers the application of biosensors for monitoring cells, we believe that it can provide valuable insights for researchers and general readers interested in the advancements of biosensing and its further applications in biomedical fields.

Harnessing Redox Polymer Dynamics for Enhanced Glucose-Oxygen Coupling in Dual Biosensing and Therapeutic Applications.

The burgeoning field of continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) for diabetes management faces significant challenges, particularly in achieving precise and stable biosensor performance under changing environmental conditions such as varying glucose concentrations and O2 levels. To address this, we present a novel biosensor based on the electroless coupling of glucose oxidation catalyzed by flavin-dependent glucose dehydrogenase (FAD-GDH) and O2 reduction catalyzed by bilirubin oxidase (BOD) via a redox polymer, dimethylferrocene-modified linear poly(ethylenimine), FcMe2-LPEI. Initial cyclic voltammetry tests confirm the colocalization of both enzymatic reactions within the potential range of the polymer, indicating an effective electron shuttle mechanism. As a result, we created a hybrid biosensor that operates at open-circuit potential (OCP). It can detect glucose concentrations of up to 100 mM under various O2 conditions, including ambient air. This resulted from optimizing the enzyme ratio to 120 ± 10 mUBOD·UFAD-GDH-1·atmO2-1. This biosensor is highly sensitive, a crucial feature for CGM applications. This distinguishes it from FAD-GDH traditional biosensors, which require a potential to be applied to measure glucose concentrations up to 30 mM. In addition, this biosensor demonstrates the ability to function as a noninvasive, external device that can adapt to changing glucose levels, paving the way for its use in diabetes care and, potentially, personalized healthcare devices. Furthermore, by leveraging the altered metabolic pathways in tumor cells, this system architecture opened up new avenues for targeted glucose scavenging and O2 reduction in cancer therapy.

Nanoscale Spatiotemporal Dynamics of Microbial Adhesion: Unveiling Stepwise Transitions with Plasmonic Imaging.

Understanding bacterial adhesion at the nanoscale is crucial for elucidating biofilm formation, enhancing biosensor performance, and designing advanced biomaterials. However, the dynamics of the critical transition from reversible to irreversible adhesion has remained elusive due to analytical constraints. Here, we probed this adhesion transition, unveiling nanoscale, step-like bacterial approaches to substrates using a plasmonic imaging technique. This method reveals the discontinuous nature of adhesion, emphasizing the complex interplay between bacterial extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) and substrates. Our findings not only deepen our understanding of bacterial adhesion but also have significant implications for the development of theoretical models for biofilm management. By elucidating these nanoscale step-like adhesion processes, our work provides avenues for the application of nanotechnology in biosensing, biofilm control, and the creation of biomimetic materials.

Nanobiosensors: Concepts and Emerging Clinical Applications.

Biosensors have been one of the most fascinating topics for scientists for a long time. This is because biological moieties are multifaceted and are unswervingly related to the presence of a healthy atmosphere. The biosensor approach has also endured profound changes in recent years. Biosensors have been emphasized for various applications, including food quality estimation, surveillance systems, and health and metabolic abnormality diagnostics. The advances in nanotechnology have led to a considerable potential to enhance biosensors' sensitivity, robustness, and anti-interference capabilities. Several new nanomaterials (such as nanoparticles, nanotubes, nanorods, and nanowires) have been fabricated due to the evolution of nanotechnology, and their unique features are gradually being identified, allowing for much faster detection and reproducibility. Biosensor performance has also been enhanced substantially as a result of their use. Because of their capacity to detect a wide range of compounds at deficient concentrations, nanobiosensors have sparked much interest. This article discusses biosensors based on various nanomaterials, their evolution, accompanying features, and their applications in multiple fields.

Potential diagnostic and distinguishing roles of microneedle‐based biosensors in bacterial and aseptic meningitis

AbstractMeningitis, which is defined by inflammation of the meninges, is a major cause of death and morbidity worldwide. Traditional diagnostic approaches, such as imaging procedures and the study of cerebrospinal fluid, are intrusive, time consuming and sometimes non‐specific. The suggested approach entails creating a biosensor based on microneedles that can detect in real time without the requirement for labels. The biosensor uses highly sensitive detection techniques to detect changes in ionic current and modulation of impedance in response to biomolecules that are of interest, such as proteins and nucleic acids, which are linked to meningitis infections. Initial studies have shown that the microneedle‐based biosensor for meningitis diagnosis is both feasible and effective. When it comes to identifying bacterial and aseptic meningitis biomarkers from blood and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples, the biosensor showed excellent sensitivity and specificity. This novel technique has the potential to enhance patient outcomes by facilitating prompt intervention and tailored therapy by offering a quick, safe and accurate way to distinguish between bacterial and aseptic meningitis. To maximise the biosensor's performance and confirm its therapeutic usefulness in various contexts, more investigations and advancements are necessary.

Construction of a sensitive SWCNTs integrated SPR biosensor for detecting PD-L1+ exosomes based on Fe3O4@TiO2 specific enrichment and signal amplification

Programmed cell death-ligand 1 positive (PD-L1+) exosomes play a crucial role in the realm of cancer diagnosis and treatment. Nevertheless, due to the intricate nature of biological specimens, coupled with the heterogeneity, low refractive index (RI), and scant surface coverage density of exosomes, traditional surface plasmon resonance (SPR) sensors still do not meet clinical detection requirements. This study utilizes the exceptional electrical and optical attributes of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) as the substrate for SPR sensing, thereby markedly enhancing sensitivity. Furthermore, sp2 hybridized SWCNTs have the ability to load specific recognition elements. Additionally, through the coordination interaction of Ti with phosphate groups and the ferromagnetism of Fe3O4, efficient exosomes isolation and enrichment in complex samples are achievable with the aid of an external magnetic field. Owing to the high-quality and high-RI of Fe3O4@TiO2, the response signal experiences amplification, thus further improving the performance of the SPR biosensor. The linear range of the SPR biosensor constructed by this method is 1.0 × 103 to 1.0 × 107 particles/mL, with a limit of detection (LOD) of 31.9 particles/mL. In the analysis of clinical serum samples, cancer patients can be differentiated from healthy individuals with an Area Under Curve (AUC) of 0.9835. This study not only establishes a novel platform for exosomes direct detection but also offers new perspectives for the sensitive detection of other biomarkers.

Evaluation of electric field in polymeric electrodes geometries for liquid biosensing applications using COMSOL multiphysics

This work investigates the electrical field distribution in polymeric electrodes, materials composed of polymers and nanoparticles that leverage the physicochemical interactions between constituents to modify mechanical and electrical properties. Polymeric matrices often incorporate carbon nanoparticles to impart specific conductive properties while simultaneously enhancing mechanical stability through a protective polymer layer. The morphology, dielectric properties, and geometric configuration of these materials influence the electric field distribution, which is critical to their functionality. Utilizing finite element modeling, this study not yet explored aims to predict these effects and guide the design of material compositions and structural geometries to optimize functionalities like catalytic activity, adhesion enhancement, and interface energy reduction. Simulations were conducted using COMSOL 6.0 across eight similar geometric configurations, assessing polarization, and electric potential distribution. Results underscore the importance of surface polarization in controlling roughness and optimizing biosensor performance for liquid samples. Notably, controlled surface roughness induces asymmetric electric field distortions at biosensor edges, influencing dipole moments in polarizable nanoparticles. Each tested geometry demonstrated unique characteristics pertinent to its application in 3D-printed biosensors, influenced by surface roughness and wettability. Additionally, modifications in the electrical double layer due to controlled roughness alter charge distributions at the electrode-electrolyte interface, affecting electric field configurations.

Electrochemical detection strategies for cardiovascular disease biomarkers: Applications in troponin I and troponin T assays

Electrochemical biosensors have emerged as promising tools for the sensitive and rapid detection of cardiac troponin I (cTnI) and troponin T (cTnT), essential biomarkers for the diagnosis and management of cardiovascular diseases (CVD). This comprehensive review explores the recent advancements in electrochemical biosensing strategies for cTnI and cTnT detection, focusing on antibody-based immunosensors, aptamer-based biosensors, and the integration of nanomaterials and microfluidic platforms. The biological aspects, diagnostic and prognostic value, and evolution of troponin assays are discussed in detail. The review highlights the remarkable performance of electrochemical biosensors, achieving femtomolar to attomolar detection limits and clinically relevant linear ranges. Signal amplification strategies and the potential for non-invasive monitoring using alternative biofluids are also explored. Although challenges persist in clinical validation and commercialization, the opportunities for multiplexed analysis, integration with digital health technologies, and personalized CVD management are promising.

PdPt@SnS2 Nanosheets for a Novel Ultrasensitive Electrochemiluminescence Biosensor for miRNA-21 Assay.

PdPt nanosheets decorated on SnS2 nanosheets (i.e., PdPt@SnS2 NSs) were fabricated for a novel electrochemiluminescence (ECL) biosensor for ultrasensitive detection of miRNA-21 based on catalytic hairpin assembly (CHA) cycles. The PdPt@SnS2 NSs serve as both the main luminophore and a highly effective coreaction accelerator in the ECL biosensor. In the CHA cycles, more miRNA-21 is captured, and the performance of the ECL biosensor is improved. When miRNA-21 is present, the hairpin chain DNA1 (i.e., H1) is opened, and the ferrocene (Fc)-modified hairpin chain DNA2 (i.e., Fc-H2) hybridizes with as-opened H1 by replacing miRNA-21 to stimulate CHA cycles of miRNA-21. During the CHA cycles, Fc-H2 quenches the ECL signal to monitor miRNA-21. As a result, the ECL biosensor shows ultrasensitive and highly selective detection of miRNA-21 from 1 aM to 1 nM with a detection limit (LOD) of 0.02 aM. In addition, the ECL biosensor exhibits excellent practicality for miRNA-21 detection in human serum samples.

Optimization of metal–organic framework nanozyme activity via histidine modification for simultaneous pesticide detection

Biosensors provide simple, rapid and sensitive detection of a wide range of analytes. Recently, they have been widely used for the rapid detection of pesticides, which makes up for the shortcomings of traditional detection methods. However, the catalytic activity of some nanozymes is not satisfactory in practical applications, limiting the performance of biosensors. Further development of highly active and stable nanozymes is conducive to improving the sensitivity of the sensors and expanding their application in practical detection. Herein we simulated the amino acid microenvironment of natural enzymes and synthesized His-MIL-101(Fe)-X with different histidine (His) modification amounts (X = 0, 25%, 50%, 75%) by regulating the ratio of histidine and terephthalic acid ligands using a one-step solvothermal method. With increasing histidine doping, the peroxidase-like activity of His-MIL-101(Fe)-X was gradually enhanced, and the sensing performance of the sensor arrays constructed by combining His-MIL-101(Fe)-X with three peroxidase substrates was also gradually improved, with a 25-fold increase in detection limit. The His-MIL-101(Fe)-75% sensor array was not only able to accurately discriminate five pesticides in the range of 2-100 μM, but also to quantitatively identify different concentrations of pesticides. Moreover, the His-MIL-101(Fe)-75% sensor array showed good anti-interference capability and was able to discriminate five pesticides at only 2 μM in soil, lake water, seawater, and apple samples, as well as quantitatively detecting diafenthiuron, which has great potential for practical application.

Breast cancer detection based on cancer antigen 15-3; emphasis on optical and electrochemical methods: A review

Cancer antigen 15–3 (CA 15-3) is a crucial marker used in the diagnosis and monitoring of breast cancer (BC). The demand for early and precise cancer detection has grown, making the creation of biosensors that are highly sensitive and specific essential. This review paper provides a thorough examination of the progress made in optical and electrochemical biosensors for detecting the cancer biomarker CA 15-3. We focus on explaining their fundamental principles, sensitivity, specificity, and potential for point-of-care applications. The performance attributes of these biosensors are assessed by considering their limits of detection, reaction times, and operational stability, while also making comparisons to conventional methods of CA 15-3 detection. In addition, we explore the incorporation of nanomaterials and innovative transducer components to improve the performance of biosensors. This paper conducts a thorough examination of recent studies to identify the existing obstacles. It also suggests potential areas for future research in this fast progressing field.The paper provides insights into their advancement and utilization to enhance patient outcomes. Both categories of biosensors provide significant promise for the detection of CA 15-3 and offer distinct advantages compared to conventional analytical approaches.

Impedimetric Single Carbon Fiber Electrode for Ultrasensitive Detection of Staphylococcus aureus Pathogen DNAs in Breast Milk by CRISPR Technology.

This study introduces a novel biosensing approach for the detection of pathogen DNA in breast milk utilizing single carbon fiber electrodes (SCFE) enhanced with MXene nanomaterial layers. The primary innovation lies in the modification of SCFE with MXenes to increase the electrode's surface area, followed by surface activation for the immobilization of dCas9-sgRNA complexes. This modification aims to leverage the unique properties of MXenes and the selective binding capability of the CRISPR technology for efficient and specific pathogen detection. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analyses were employed to characterize the electrode modifications and the immobilization process, demonstrating the successful enhancement of biosensor performance. This study further optimized the chronoimpedimetric detection method to achieve rapid, sensitive, and selective detection of Staphylococcus aureus (SAu) DNA in breast milk, with a notable detection time of 60 s in real samples. The biosensor demonstrated high selectivity and sensitivity, with a linear detection range between 50 and 6000 fM and a limit of detection (LOD) of 14.5 fM. The reproducibility and stability of the biosensor were also confirmed through multiple tests, showing promising potential for clinical and public health applications.

Detection of tetanus toxoid with iron magnetic nanobioprobe

Diagnosis of diseases with low facilities, speed, accuracy and sensitivity is an important matter in treatment. Bioprobes based on iron oxide nanoparticles are a good candidate for early detection of deadly and infectious diseases such as tetanus due to their high reactivity, biocompatibility, low production cost and sample separation under a magnetic field. In this study, silane groups were coated on surface of iron oxide nanoparticles using tetraethoxysilane (TEOS) hydrolysis. Also, NH2 groups were generated on the surface of silanized nanoparticles using 3-aminopropyl triethoxy silane (APTES). Antibody was immobilized on the surface of silanized nanoparticles using TCT trichlorothriazine as activator. Silanization and stabilized antibody were investigated by using of FT-IR, EDX, VSM, SRB technique. UV/vis spectroscopy, fluorescence, agglutination test and ELISA were used for biosensor performance and specificity. The results of FT-IR spectroscopy showed that Si–O–Si and Si-O-Fe bonds and TCT chlorine and amine groups of tetanus anti-toxoid antibodies were formed on the surface of iron oxide nanoparticles. The presence of Si, N and C elements in EDX analysis confirms the silanization of iron oxide nanoparticles. VSM results showed that the amount of magnetic nanoparticles after conjugation is sufficient for biological applications. Antibody stabilization on nanoparticles increased the adsorption intensity in the uv/vis spectrometer. The fluorescence intensity of nano bioprobe increased in the presence of 10 ng ml−1. Nanobio probes were observed as agglomerates in the presence of tetanus toxoid antigen. The presence of tetanus antigen caused the formation of antigen-nanobioprobe antigen complex. Identification of this complex by HRP-bound antibody confirmed the specificity of nanobioprobe. Tetanus magnetic nanobioprobe with a diagnostic limit of 10 ng ml−1 of tetanus antigen in a short time can be a good tool in LOC devices and microfluidic chips.

Odor Biosensors Based on Cell Expressing Olfactory Receptor: Recent Advances

AbstractInspired by the powerful biological olfaction, scientists extracted numerous materials such as olfactory sensory neuron, olfactory receptor (OR) protein, and odorant binding protein from animal olfactory systems, then combined them with transducers to form multiple odor biosensors. These biosensors, despite well inheriting the sensing ability of creatures, have several drawbacks, such as complex preparation process, unstable sensing material characteristics, and high cost. Unlike the biological materials listed above, cell expressing heterologous OR maintains a stable sensing performance after passaging for multiple generations, also its experimental operation is simple, and cost is low. Therefore, odor biosensors based on cell expressing OR have been well developed in recent years. In this review, we first listed several odor biosensors based on cell expressing OR, mainly focusing on fluorescent and electrophysiological measurement methods. Furthermore, we illustrated the techniques to improve the biosensor performance, e. g., wider detection range, longer lifetime, more OR types, and higher quantification efficiency. In addition, we explained the possible prospects such as big sensor array and predicting odor response.

Modulating Electron Transfer between Pt and MOF Support through Pd Doping Promotes Nanozyme Catalytic Efficiency.

Electron transfer is considered to be a typical parameter that affects the catalytic activity of nanozymes. However, there is still controversy regarding whether higher or lower electron transfer numbers are beneficial for improving the catalytic activity of nanozymes. To address this issue, we propose the introduction of Pd doping as an important electron regulation strategy to tune electron transfer between Pt and ZIF-8 carriers (PtxPd1@ZIF-8). We observe a volcano-shaped relationship between the electron transfer number and catalytic activity, reaching its peak at Pt4Pd1@ZIF-8. Mechanism studies indicate that as the electron transfer number from Pt to ZIF-8 carriers increases, the d-band center of the active site Pt increases, reducing the occupancy of antibonding states and enhancing the adsorption capacity of the key intermediate (*O). However, a further increase in the adsorption of *O energy makes it difficult to desorb and participate in the next reaction, thus exhibiting volcanic activity. The optimized Pt4Pd1@ZIF-8 nanozyme is applied to develop an immunoassay for the detection of zearalenone, achieving a detection limit of 0.01 μg/L, which is 6 times higher than that of the traditional enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. This work not only reveals the potential regulatory mechanism of electron transfer on the catalytic activity of nanozymes but also improves the performance of nanozyme-based biosensors.

Visualizing hydrogen peroxide and nitric oxide dynamics in endothelial cells using multispectral imaging under controlled oxygen conditions

The complex interplay between hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and nitric oxide (NO) in endothelial cells presents challenges due to technical limitations in simultaneous measurement, hindering the elucidation of their direct relationship. Previous studies have yielded conflicting findings regarding the impact of H2O2 on NO production. To address this problem, we employed genetically encoded biosensors, HyPer7 for H2O2 and geNOps for NO, allowing simultaneous imaging in single endothelial cells. Optimization strategies were implemented to enhance biosensor performance, including camera binning, temperature regulation, and environmental adjustments to mimic physiological normoxia. Our results demonstrate that under ambient oxygen conditions, H2O2 exhibited no significant influence on NO production. Subsequent exploration under physiological normoxia (5 kPa O2) revealed distinct oxidative stress levels characterized by reduced basal HyPer7 signals, enhanced H2O2 scavenging kinetics, and altered responses to pharmacological treatment. Investigation of the relationship between H2O2 and NO under varying oxygen conditions revealed a lack of NO response to H2O2 under hyperoxia (18 kPa O2) but a modest NO response under physiological normoxia (5 kPa O2). Importantly, the NO response was attenuated by l-NAME, suggesting activation of eNOS by endogenous H2O2 generation upon auranofin treatment. Our study highlights the intricate interplay between H2O2 and NO within the endothelial EA.hy926 cell line, emphasizing the necessity for additional research within physiological contexts due to differential response observed under physiological normoxia (5 kPa O2). This further investigation is essential for a comprehensive understanding of the H2O2 and NO signaling considering the physiological effects of ambient O2 levels involved.

Nanostructured Metal Oxide-Based Electrochemical Biosensors in Medical Diagnosis.

Nanostructured metal oxides (NMOs) provide electrical properties such as high surface-to-volume ratio, reaction activity, and good adsorption strength. Furthermore, they serve as a conductive substrate for the immobilization of biomolecules, exhibiting notable biological activity. Capitalizing on these characteristics, they find utility in the development of various electrochemical biosensing devices, elevating the sensitivity and selectivity of such diagnostic platforms. In this review, different types of NMOs, including zinc oxide (ZnO), titanium dioxide (TiO2), iron (II, III) oxide (Fe3O4), nickel oxide (NiO), and copper oxide (CuO); their synthesis methods; and how they can be integrated into biosensors used for medical diagnosis are examined. It also includes a detailed table for the last 10 years covering the morphologies, analysis techniques, analytes, and analytical performances of electrochemical biosensors developed for medical diagnosis.