Performance In Pakistan Research Articles

Does Governance Quality Enhance Stock Market Performance: Empirical Evidence from Pakistan

The current study examined the impact of governance on stock market performance in Pakistan. The study employed the ARDL model using Pakistani data with complete relevant data for the period spanning from 1996 to 2018. The study reveals that quality of governance as captured by voice and accountability, political stability and absence of violence, government effectiveness, regulatory quality, the rule of law, and control of corruption positively affect stock market performance. The findings suggest countries with better developed political systems would favor stock markets with higher market capitalization, better turnover ratios, higher value in shares traded, and a greater number of listed companies.

The Cost Effectiveness, Performance & Shar¯ı‘ah Supervisory Board Attributes in Islamic Banks

Purpose: This study emphasis on cost, which is the most essential form of efficiency that can be attained when a company identifies inputs that allow it to get the required results at the lowest possible cost. This study concentrates only on the Islamic banking sector in Pakistan and aims to observe the impact of cost efficiency on Islamic banks performance with moderating role of Shar¯ı‘ah Supervisory Board (SSB) attributes such as size, qualification, cross membership, expertise and annual change in composition. Methodology: The study uses data envelopment analysis technique to measure the cost efficiency of Islamic banks. The data has been collected through 13 Islamic banks’ annual reports over the period of 2005 to 2018. Bank performance has been measured using two indicators: return on asset and return on equity and the panel data regression analysis is employed. Findings: The study reports a significant positive association among the cost efficiency and Islamic banks performance. Additionally, the study also establishes that SSB attributes such as size of board, qualification, expertise , and cross membership, annual change in composition moderates the significant association among cost efficiency and Islamic banks performance in Pakistan. Significance: This study has useful implications for managers and investors operating in international settings. In addition, they will act as a source of information for policy makers and the top management of Islamic banking sector. Academic researchers engaged in Islamic banking might get insight from this study by better understanding the importance of efficiency-enhancing components.

Corporate Social Responsibility and Firm Financial Performance: Moderating role of Ethical Leadership and Social Capital

This study examines the relationship between corporate social responsibility (CSR) and the firm financial performance in Pakistan with the mediating role of ethical leadership and social capital between CSR and financial performance. Data was collected by applying random probability sampling from 178 respondents through a survey method from employees of non-financial PSX listed firms. Linear regression was conducted through SPSS to test hypotheses. The regression results confirmed a positive and significant relationship between CSR and financial performance. The results further reveal a positive significant moderating role of ethical leadership between CSR and financial performance but no moderating role of social capital between CSR and financial performance. The study has implications for both scholars and management. The study has implications for both scholars and practitioners. The results reveal the vital role of a leader ethical conduct in implementing CSR practices and its positive effect on financial performance of an organization.

Transformational and Transactional Leadership as a Function of Employee Performance

Purpose: Using responses from 176 employees working in the top leadership role in the FMCG sector of Pakistan, this study aimed to investigate the effect of transformational and transactional leadership on employee performance.
 Design/Methodology/Approach: A quantitative approach was adopted, while a convenience sampling technique was used for data collection. The results were analyzed using the SmartPLS and SPSS, i.e., Partial Least Square, and the Measurement Model included Confirmatory Factor Analysis and Factor Loadings.
 Findings: According to the findings of our study, transactional (TRLS) and transformational leadership (TFLS) are positively correlated with employee performance. Thus, transformational and transactional leadership positively affect employee performance in Pakistan’s FMCG sector
 Implications/Originality/Value: This study shall help the directors, top management, and executives working in the leadership roles to develop better pathways for achieving high objectives in terms of performance.

Monitoring and Efficiency in Governance: A Measure for Sustainability in the Islamic Banking Industry.

Corporate governance is a set of rules, regulations, procedures, processes, and practices through which an organization is controlled and directed. The present study aimed to examine the monitoring methods used in Islamic banking, including standardized measures for better performance, an individual’s aptitude towards Islamic financial markets, risk propensity, and the level of efficiency of the Islamic banking industry in Pakistan and Malaysia. There is room to improve monitoring systems for Islamic banking operations and standardized measures could improve efficiency, leading to more sustainable performance. The study uses a self-developed semi-structured scale based on literature and expert interviews, after content and context validity to gain a wide range of diverse information. In Pakistan and Malaysia, individuals’ perceptions are different because of differences in the banking environment and preferences. Eventually, the Islamic banking growth rate may differ in Pakistan and Malaysia. Thus, there should be regular monitoring to improve banking performance. Similarly, standardized measures for Islamic banking operations and governance performance in Pakistan and Malaysia will result in more sustainable performance. The antecedents of Islamic corporate governance could be improved to enhance banking performance, which helps individuals make decisions based on available product information. The business growth of the banking industry is based on convenient monitoring policies, standardized performance measures, and, most importantly, excellent corporate governance mechanisms. Improved monitoring measures will further enhance these business operations.

GEO and sustainable performance: the moderating role of GTD and environmental consciousness

PurposeCongruent with the world-wide call to combat global warming concerns and advance intellectual capital (IC), organisations are being pressured to ensure that IC is managed effectively to encourage green initiatives. In this regard, green entrepreneurial orientation (GEO) is emerged as a relevant IC. GEO is recognised as a mitigating factor of environmental degradation in the literature. Although prior literature has observed the nexus between GEO and firm performance, the role of GEO in leveraging sustainable performance has been limitedly explored. This study explored the relationship between IC as a GEO and enterprises' sustainable performance through the moderating roles of environmental consciousness and green technology dynamism (GTD) in the context of two developing countries (Pakistan and Malaysia).Design/methodology/approachData provided by 296 respondents from 264 manufacturing small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in Pakistan and Malaysia were analysed through a three-wave research design. AMOS 23 software was used to perform covariance-based structural equation modelling (CB-SEM), while hierarchical regression analysis was applied using the SPSS 25 software to examine the causal relationships in the model.FindingsIC as a GEO significantly influences sustainable performance, akin to environmental consciousness and GTD. Besides, GTD has a significant moderating effect between GEO and financial and environmental performance in Pakistan and Malaysia but not between GEO and social performance. Environmental consciousness has a significant moderating role in the impact of GEO on financial performance in Pakistan and Malaysia, but not on social and environmental performance.Practical implicationsThe study's findings are useful for managers of Pakistani and Malaysian manufacturing SMEs to identify ways to encourage GEO to improve sustainable performance in their firms. The findings suggest that managers should effectively implement GTD and environmental consciousness to strengthen the GEO and sustainable performance relationship. Managers can use GEO concretely as a reference for the companies that intend to support the United Nation SDG-2030 agenda and to find new business opportunities for the implementation of sustainable development.Originality/valueTo the best of the authors' knowledge, this study is the first to examine the link between GEO and sustainable performance in developing countries such as Pakistan and Malaysia. Although the influence of various intangible assets or IC on sustainable performance has been widely examined in the literature, the role of GEO as IC has been limitedly explored. This study extends the literature by adding to the knowledge of GEO as a form of firms' IC that enhances boundary conditions in developing countries.

Mobile Phones, Civic Engagement, and School Performance in Pakistan

The effective governance of local public services depends critically on the civic engagement of local citizens. However, recent efforts to promote effective citizen oversight of the public-sector services in developing countries have had mixed results. This study discusses and evaluates a uniquely designed, low-cost, scalable program designed to improve the governance and performance of primary and middle schools in the Punjab province of Pakistan. The School Council Mobilization Program (SCMP) used mobile-phone calls to provide sustained and targeted guidance to local school-council members on their responsibilities and authority. We examine the effects of the SCMP on school enrollment, and student and teacher attendance, using a “difference-in-difference-in-differences” (DDD) design based on the targeted implementation of the SCMP. We find that this initiative led to meaningful increases in primary-school enrollment (i.e., a 4.0 percent increase), and the improvements were sustained in the months after the program concluded.

Gender-inclusive corporate boards and business performance in Pakistan

Gender-inclusive corporate boards and business performance in Pakistan

Green Supply Chain Management and Corporate Performance Among Manufacturing Firms in Pakistan

A common perception is lowering the environmental consequences of firms’ supply chain activities is a costly idea that poses a challenge to the corporate world. This study aimed to examine the relationship between green supply chain management (GSCM) and corporate performance among listed firms in Pakistan, using the general panel method of moments (GMM) and ANOVA techniques. At the same time, the Granger causality technique provides robust results. The study focused on manufacturing firms, covering periods from 2009 to 2020. The study engaged a modified balanced scorecard framework to adopt five metrics of corporate performance, namely, gross profit ratio, net profit ratio, customer dimension, learning growth dimension, and efficiency dimension. The study incorporated the two measures of the GSCM initiative and two control variables. The findings from the panel GMM estimates reveal that GSCM positively and negatively impacted the five corporate performance metrics explored. ANOVA results indicate significant differences in customer satisfaction, profitability, and efficiency performance metrics among the top and low GSCM practicing corporations. On the other hand, Granger causality results specify a moderate causal association between GSCM implementation and firm performance in Pakistan. Implying that poor GSCM practice may not yield the expected benefits, instead, conscientious efforts should be put in place to ensure that practicing GSCM initiative should be effectively carried out.

Barriers constraining the growth of and potential solutions for emerging entrepreneurial SMEs

Purpose Pakistan has marvellous growth and development capacity, and entrepreneurial small- and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) play a key role in its development. As it is believed that entrepreneurial SMEs make an important contribution to the economy by providing employment and soaring production capacity, the purpose of this study is to investigate the hurdles that affect their performance. Design/methodology/approach A questionnaire-based survey was used to collect data from 225 entrepreneurial SMEs owners and managers in the southern region of Pakistan. Statistical analysis in SPSS was conducted to determine the barriers that limit the growth and development of SMEs. Findings The findings show that factors affecting entrepreneurial SMEs’ performance in Pakistan are lack of finance and infrastructure as well as economic barriers, corruption and management issues. These obstacles are positively and significantly associated with entrepreneurial SMEs’ failure. Originality/value This study’s significance lies in its identification of the barriers that affect the performance of entrepreneurial SMEs in Pakistan. The author also suggests how policymakers can devise better policies for SME growth.

The Perils of the Pandemic for the Tourism and Hospitality Industries: Envisaging the Combined Effect of COVID-19 Fear and Job Insecurity on Employees' Job Performance in Pakistan.

PurposeThis study aims to improve employees’ job performance during COVID-19 pandemic circumstances and demonstrates the impact of COVID-19 fear on hospitality employees’ job performance under the mediating role of job insecurity changes and job loss insecurity.MethodsThe study adopts a quantitative approach, and data were accumulated through a structured questionnaire. In total, 509 valid questionnaires were received from employees working in Pakistan’s hospitality sector. A structural equation model using Smart-PLS software was used to analyze the collected data from the respondents.ResultsThe results have identified that COVID-19 fear has a positive and significant influence on job insecurity changes, job loss insecurity, and a negative and significant relationship with job performance. The mediating relationship of job insecurity changes and job loss insecurity negatively significantly influence job performance. Additionally, results indicate a significant relationship between the moderating effect of the COVID-19 vaccines and job insecurity changes, job loss insecurity, and job performance.ConclusionThe study revealed that employees who perceived their jobs to be insecure during the COVID-19 pandemic tried to cope with the situation, feel healthy, and perform well in their job after getting vaccinated. The study’s findings recommend modifying the employees’ working pattern for organizations. This study enhances the existing literature on the COVID-19 crisis in Pakistan’s hospitality industry. In particular, this study is a novel addition to academia that highlights the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the work performance of front desk employees in the hotel and tourism industry.

Impact of Motivation on Employee Performance working in Private Banks in Hyderabad City

A quantitative research is conducted to determine how motivation affects employee performance and how to it can be practiced, as well as the relationship between motivation and promotion and reward programs in Pakistani private banks. Questionnaires were administered to three levels of staff including high-level, middle-level and frontline managers. A total of 280 closed questionnaires were published among participants to examine motivation and employee performance, and Smart PLS SEM was used to examine the relationship between influences and variables. The results of structural equation modeling show that there is a positive and significant relationship between motivation and employee performance. The results of the current study suggest that Pakistan’s private banking industry should pay attention to rewards and promotions. Employees perform better, but receive less rewards. Prizes and rewards are not based on the number of tasks or workloads. In addition, current research and analysis have increased the importance of motivation and other human resource practices for employee performance in Pakistan’s private banking sector.

The Role of Institutions in Women’s Entrepreneurial Performance

Women entrepreneurs play a crucial role in employment creation and societal and economic development. However, in developing economies like Pakistan, women entrepreneurs' contribution lags behind that in developed ones. Thus, the current study aims to explore the institution's impact on women's entrepreneurial performance in Pakistan by targeting institutional theory. The quantitative-based study focused on women entrepreneurs working in Peshawar, Mardan, and Abbottabad divisions. The simple random sampling technique collects primary data through an adopted 7-point Likert scale research questionnaire. The collected data is empirically tested through the path analysis technique of structural equation modeling (SEM) through SmartPLS 3. The study results indicated that formal and informal institutions positively affect women's entrepreneurial performance. The study suggests that government and concerned departments should pay dire attention to determinants like financial constraints, corruption, and social constraints to boost women's entrepreneurial performance. The presented novel work of this study paved foundations in the theoretical literature that acquired researchers’ dire attention to deeply dig-out institutional determinants, i.e., financial constraints, corruption, and social constraints, to boost women's entrepreneurial performance.

Impact of Societal and Economic Development on Academic Performance: A Literature Review

The impact of societal and economic development on academic performance is a circle that needs to be established by the developing economies. This research aims to identify the factors that are associated with increased academic performance in Pakistan which is found to be challenging. This study collected secondary qualitative data from 30 research studies published in global and international journals which helped in investigating the role of societal and economic development on academic performance. It is suggested that the country invests in its educational sector and provide an improved outlook to the economy and aid the society which will, in turn, benefit the academic performance of the whole country. Therefore, it is concluded that societal and economic development play an important role in determining academic performance.

Asymmetric Effect of Oil Prices on Export Performance: The Role of Export Financing Schemes in Pakistan

This study aims to check the impact of export financing (EF) schemes like EF-25, oil prices, exchange rate, and foreign direct investment on export performance in Pakistan. Study utilized textile exports and non-textile exports to measure the export performance in Pakistan. Data for modeled variables are taken from the State Bank of Pakistan (SBP), and International Financial Statistics (IFS) for the period of 2004 to 2020. This study employed Auto Regressive Distributive Lags (ARDL) and Non-Linear Auto Regressive Distributive Lags (NARDL) models from 2004 to 2020 to check the symmetric and asymmetric impact of modeled variables on export performance in Pakistan. It is observed that there is a positive and significant impact of export financing schemes and oil prices on the performance of the export of Pakistan in both time regimes before and after the world financial crisis 2008. Asymmetric effects showed that positive shock in oil prices leads to a positive change in exports and negative shock also leads to a positive change in exports. The impact of export financing on the textile sector is significant and positive but it is insignificant in the case of oil prices. Whereas the impact of oil prices on non-textile exports of Pakistan is significant and a positive rather insignificant impact of export financing is found for non-textile exports. According to the results, export financing is favorable for Pakistan's export performance so it should be encouraged and more schemes should be introduced.

Smartphone Addiction Factors Effecting University Student Performance

Smartphone addiction is a growing social issue globally, especially among young consumers. Few studies have examined the role of smartphone addiction and student performance in Pakistan. However, how daily life disturbance, positive anticipation, withdrawal, cyberspace orientation, overuse, tolerance, and student academic performance has not been examined in the literature in Pakistan. The purpose of the study is to examine the effect of daily life disturbance, positive anticipation, withdrawal, cyberspace orientation, overuse, and tolerance on student academic performance. The study has adopted a self-administered survey-based approach. A total of 375 responses were gathered from the university students in Pakistan. The study has used SPSS 25.0 version to analyse the data and report the findings. The findings indicate that ‘overuse’ has the most indirect effect on students’ performance, followed by Cyberspace and oriented relationship, tolerance, positive anticipation, and daily life disturbance. The study demands a particular intervention by the students to self-regulate their behaviour. Parents and teachers play their role in controlling mobile addiction. Policymakers may introduce policy-related interventions to control the excessive use of mobile phones. The study lays down future directions and discusses the limitations towards the end.

Investigate the Relationship between Corporate Entrepreneurship with Financial Performance in Pakistan: An Empirical Study

The main purpose of this research is to look into the link between corporate entrepreneurship and financial performance in Pakistani manufacturing firms. Corporate entrepreneurship is becoming increasingly popular among huge corporations. The idea is employed in major corporations to stimulate innovation or to improve the company's performance. Existing companies' new ventures confront numerous obstacles, and data suggests that the majority of them fail. For large corporations, corporate entrepreneurship is very important. This is a quantitative study that used a questionnaire research methodology since it was deemed appropriate for this type of research.The respondents were chosen from the manufacturing sector of the Lahore Chamber of Commerce using simple random sampling. The study's target population was managers in Pakistan's manufacturing industry. This study employed a sample size of 307 people from a population of 10,000. The validity and reliability of the research instruments utilised in the study were tested in a pilot study. The Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) was used to analyse the study's findings (SPSS version 21). For assessing associations between variables, the researchers utilised the Pearson-Correlation Coefficient and the Multiple Linear Regression Model.The study established that corporate entrepreneurship dimensions (innovation, new business ventures, strategic renewal, pro-activeness, risk-taking, and autonomy) were found to have a statistically significant link with financial performance in the study. Strategic renewal and autonomy were also found to have a high relationship with financial performance in the study. According to the findings, corporate entrepreneurship features such as innovation, new business ventures, risk-taking, strategic renewal, pro-activeness, and autonomy have a favourable impact on manufacturing companies' financial performance in Pakistan.The report suggests that managers in Pakistan's manufacturing sector concentrate on corporate entrepreneurship characteristics. You'll need a goal and a plan if you want your corporate entrepreneurship attempts to succeed. Open to risk, encourage partnerships, create skills and expertise, offer management assistance, allow access to critical resources, maintain a supportive organisational structure, and set realistic performance targets are all characteristics of the most successful entrepreneurial cultures. For the best results, don't forget to analyse your entrepreneurial environment on a frequent basis.

Smartphone Addiction Factors Effecting University Student Performance

Smartphone addiction is a growing social issue globally, especially among young consumers. Few studies have examined the role of smartphone addiction and student performance in Pakistan. However, how daily life disturbance, positive anticipation, withdrawal, cyberspace orientation, overuse, tolerance, and student academic performance has not been examined in the literature in Pakistan. The purpose of the study is to examine the effect of daily life disturbance, positive anticipation, withdrawal, cyberspace orientation, overuse, and tolerance on student academic performance. The study has adopted a self-administered survey-based approach. A total of 375 responses were gathered from the university students in Pakistan. The study has used SPSS 25.0 version to analyse the data and report the findings. The findings indicate that ‘overuse’ has the most indirect effect on students’ performance, followed by Cyberspace and oriented relationship, tolerance, positive anticipation, and daily life disturbance. The study demands a particular intervention by the students to self-regulate their behaviour. Parents and teachers play their role in controlling mobile addiction. Policymakers may introduce policy-related interventions to control the excessive use of mobile phones. The study lays down future directions and discusses the limitations towards the end.

Credit Risk Management Practices and Banks’ Performance in Pakistan

The main objective of this study is to investigate whether the credit risk management of Pakistan's commercial banks listed on the Pakistan Stock Exchange is linked to financial performance. For this purpose, the researchers have attempted to analyze the data trends of five major banks of Pakistan as a proxy representation of the entire banking sector of Pakistan. Five (5) years of panel data collected from the State Bank of Pakistan Annual publication and annual reports of respective banks was used to conduct the research. The study found that underperforming Credit Risk Management (CRM) loans and Capital Adjustment Ratios (CDRs) have an impact on the financial achievement of Pakistani commercial banks as measured by return on equity (ROE) and return on assets. For panel data analysis, inferential statistics (regression models) were used in this study. After analyzing the data, the researcher found that CRM has a significant impact on the financial performance of Commercial Banks of Pakistan. Furthermore, the researcher encourages the Pakistani banks to grow their profitability in terms of better CRM. Pakistan's banking sector must develop suitable CRM strategies and policies through a sound credit appraisal before lending to consumers and banks; an appropriate CRM mechanism must be developed, and the credit awards system must be thoroughly reviewed, properly informed and used to repay loans. Pakistani Banks would develop and implement strategies to improve their performance & competitiveness as well as limit their lending risk exposure.

Green Human Resource Practices: A Sustainable Approach To Increase Employee Performance

The research is explanatory about Green Human Resource Management (GHRM) and its Impact on Employee Performance in Pakistan's Small Medium Enterprise sector. PLS Software has been used for statistical research analysis, discriminant validity, loading factors, average variance executor, composite reliability, predictive value, and bootstrapping value from 308 small-medium enterprises (SME) employees. Data has taken as a questionnaire through Google form. The empirical study has explained the positive relationship of Green (HRM) to Employee Performance in SME sector. The previous studies have also determined about positive relation of these variables. Recruitment, training and reward have been selected and explained in research and have clear objectives of the investigation. The results showed a positive relationship between GHRM and employee performance. The finding of this paper has several implications for government officials and policy makers of SME sector to provide the framework to support employee green behavior.