Perfect Order Research Articles

Controls of temperature, alkalinity and calcium carbonate reactant on the evolution of dolomite and magnesite stoichiometry and dolomite cation ordering degree - An experimental approach

Natural and synthetic dolomites exhibit large scatter of structural and compositional characteristics with respect to variations in their stoichiometry and cation ordering degree (COD), but the physicochemical factors controlling dolomitization reactions are still poorly understood and by far not quantified. In the present study, dolomite was synthesized in batch reactors at temperatures of 150°C, 180°C and 220°C by reacting calcite or aragonite with an artificial solution containing MgCl2 and NaHCO3 over a 360day period. The obtained results on the evolution of the stoichiometry of dolomite and magnesite and on the COD of dolomite indicate that the formation of stoichiometric and well ordered dolomite and of stoichiometric magnesite follow a ripening process and proceed through dissolution and re-precipitation of a sequence of intermediate phases, such as Ca-magnesite, huntite, very-high-Mg-calcite (VHMC) and disordered dolomite. The initial occurrence and the metastability of the precursor phases were dependent particularly on reaction temperature and to a lesser extent on the CaCO3 source used. Temperature is the major rate-limiting parameter of the evolution of dolomite and magnesite stoichiometry and dolomite COD, corroborating results from prior experiments and natural deposits. From our data, we determined kinetic rates for the stoichiometric ripening of magnesite and dolomite and for the dolomite COD for the first time using a first-order reaction kinetic approach. The kinetics increase with temperature following the linear Arrhenius equation, in turn allowing for activation energies of the respective processes to be determined (44.0, 57.4 and 9.3kJ·mol−1, respectively). Interestingly we found the reaction rate for magnesite stoichiometric ripening is approximately one third of that for dolomite regardless of the temperature, carbonate alkalinity or CaCO3 phase used for reaction. Furthermore, we see that the activation energies required for the formation of ideal dolomite decreases in sequence from the precipitation of an initial VHMC phase (∼133.5kJ·mol−1; Arvidson and Mackenzie, 1999), followed by stoichiometric ripening (57.4kJ·mol−1) to cation ordering (9.3kJ·mol−1; for perfect ordering).Extrapolation of the obtained dolomitization rates indicates that about 1.4 and 6.8Myr are required to approach ideal dolomite at 50 and 25°C, respectively, explaining the large absence of ordered dolomite in modern sedimentary successions. The present dataset provides new insights into dolomitization pathways and rates and contributes to a better understanding of the wide range of stoichiometries and COD values of dolomite and its evolution versus magnesite observed in the geological record and in laboratory studies.

Logical Thinking of Socialist Core Values into the Internet Legal Construction

<p>In the construction of Internet legal system, the rule of virtue and the rule of law are indispensable. The combination of socialist core values and the construction of Internet rule of law will help consolidate the mainstream ideology of the Internet, lead the trend of correct values with socialist core values, and clarify the socialist direction of the construction of Internet rule of law. In order to promote the better integration of the two, we should push forward the network legislation as soon as possible. And it is important to make sure there are laws to follow, and implement the 16-character policy of "scientific legislation, strict law enforcement, fair justice and law abiding by the whole people". In addition, we need to rely on the Internet to establish effective channels of communication between the government and the people, strengthen the Internet supervision and management right of the people, strengthen international cooperation, build a perfect order of cyber security, and promote harmonious social development.</p>

Two Problems on Interval Counting

Let F be a family of intervals on the real line. An interval graph is the intersection graph of F. An interval order is a partial order (F,≺) such that for all I1,I2∈F, I1 ≺ I2 if and only if I1 lies entirely at the left of I2. Such a family F is called a model of the graph (order). The interval count of a given graph (resp. order) is the smallest number of interval lengths needed in any model of this graph (resp. order). The first problem we consider is related to the classes of graphs and orders which can be represented with two interval lengths, regarding to the inclusion hierarchy among such classes. The second problem is an extremal problem which consists of determining the smallest graph or order which has interval count at least k. In particular, we study a conjecture by Fishburn on this extremal problem, verifying its validity when such a conjecture is constrained to the classes of trivially perfect orders and split orders.

SCOR: Business Process Analysis and Supply Chain Performance in Building Materials Industry

Companies engaged in manufacturing building materials such as nails have never measured supply chain performance. The Supply Chain Operations Reference (SCOR) is a supply chain method to evaluate the supply chain performance proposed by the Supply Chain Council (SCC). SCOR aims to analyze and evaluate the performance of the company’s supply chain. SCOR is divided into business processes using SCOR Thread Diagrams that describe business processes in a simple and systematic way to help analyze the company’s business processes and calculate supply chain performance measurements. The purpose of this study is to provide improvements to business processes and find out the current position of supply chain performance. The results obtained show that there are four performance metrics that are not achieved, namely delivery performance, perfect order fulfillment, order fulfillment lead time, and production flexibility. So, companies must make improvements to performance metrics that have not been achieved so that the company’s supply chain performance will be even better.

Metal–Organic Chemical Vapor Deposition Growth of ZnGeN2 Films on Sapphire

Heterovalent ternary ZnGeN2 thin films were grown on c-, r-, and a-sapphire substrates using metalorganic chemical vapor deposition. The crystal structure of the films was identified by X-ray diffraction spectroscopy. It is consistent with orthorhombic Pna21 assuming perfect ordering of the cations. For a fully disordered cation sublattice, the X-ray diffraction spectra correspond to a wurtzitic crystal. The growth directions were determined to be along the c-axis for the films grown on c- and a-sapphire substrates, and along the orthorhombic [010] axis (wurtzite[112̅0]) for films grown on r-sapphire substrates. The Zn/Ge atomic ratios, determined by energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, were observed to decrease as growth temperatures were increased. Growth rates for all substrates decreased by approximately 10% with changes in growth temperatures from 600 to 710 °C. Broad photoluminescence peaks at ∼2.05 eV were observed at room temperature. These are associated with transitions involving deep level defects. Room temperature photoluminescence excitation spectra showed peaks at ∼3.4 eV associated with enhanced absorption near the band gap of the orthorhombic Pna21 phase. Broad tails in the excitation spectra observed to persist to approximately 2.8 eV may be band tailing due to disorder on the cation sublattice. The unintentionally doped films are n-type with carrier concentrations varying from 2 × 1018 cm–3 to 2 × 1019 cm–3, decreasing with the increase in growth temperature. Room temperature Hall mobilities of up to 17 cm2/V·s were obtained.

Reflections of Medievalism in Utopian Fiction: William Morris's A Dream of John Ball

Bir ütopya yazarı olan William Morris, genel olarak ideal dünya düzenini Ortaçağ döneminde geçen kurgularla yaratmıştır. Yazara göre, Ortaçağ, hiyerarşik yapısından dolayı dönemin örnek teşkil edecek bir topluma ev sahipliği yapmasına engel olan feodalizmin varlığından dolayı nispeten ideal bir toplum düzeni sunmaktadır. Ancak yine de köylülerin yaşamlarındaki uyum ve birlik ile zanaatkârlar ve/veya işçiler arasındaki iş dağılımı Morris'in ütopya algısının temelini oluşturmaktadır. Sonuç olarak feodalizmi yenmek için atılmış başarısız bir adım olsa da Morris 1381 yılında gerçekleştirilen Köylü Ayaklanması'nı dayanışmanın somut bir örneği olarak görmekteydi. Böylece insanların sosyalist ideolojiler çerçevesinde ideal bir toplum düzeni kurabileceğine inanmıştır. A Dream of John Ball (John Ball'un Rüyası) (1886) isimli romanında yazar, kendisini ayaklanmanın olduğu zamanlarda, on dördüncü yüzyılda bulan anlatıcının rüyasını anlatmaktadır. Söz konusu eserinde Morris Viktorya dönemi proletaryasına sanayicilere karşı ayaklanmak için dayanışmanın ne kadar önemli olduğunu göstermektedir. Bu bağlamda bu çalışmada Morris'in Köylü Ayaklanması'nı on dokuzuncu yüzyıl Britanya toplumunun dayanışmayı kuvvetlendirmeleri ve ideal bir dünya kurmalarını teşvik etmek amacıyla sosyalizm propagandası olarak nasıl kullandığı ele alınacaktır.

W poszukiwaniu racjonalnej organizacji społeczeństwa. Tomasz More, Robert Owen a praktyka kibuców

IN SEARCH OF A RATIONAL ORGANIZATION OF SOCIETY: THOMAS MORE, ROBERT OWEN AND THE PRACTICE OF THE KIBBUTZESThe aim of the article is to present and analyze selected organizational solutions based on the same principles thanks to which their creators wanted to create the perfect social order. I will try to demonstrate the rationality of these solutions using the example of the state of T. More, New Harmony of R. Owen and kibbutzes in Israel. Certain regularities can be observed in that the emergence of fundamental assumptions of these communities coincides with the moments of crisis in particular societies, which led to changes in the way people think about the world around them. The object of the research is an understanding of the organization of these communities and the effectiveness of their functioning based on the same rules.

Elements of perfect order rate research in logistics chains

Perfect order rate (POR) is one of the superior measures of the logistics processes quality. POR is at the top of the hierarchy of key performance indicators (KPI) in supply chain and is considered as difficult to define and measure. Perfect order rate is composed of sub-measures touching technical, economic, quality and safety aspects of logistics processes. POR directly defines what the organization considers to be the perfect implementation of its tasks (and thus sets goals for the organization) and, secondly, measures the degree of achievement of these goals. The paper defines the concept of perfect order rate by including new elements to classic definition, so far rarely considered in the literature: possibility of order implementation according to standard procedures in organization and safety aspects. The concept of logistics chain and the impact of its functioning on the POR value have been defined. The picking and replenishment processes were discussed in detail as the basic elements affecting the quality of logistics processes and the value of POR. Next, the issues of logistic processes safety in warehouse facilities were discussed. The large intensity of warehouse operations along with their mechanization and automation very often leads to many hazards in warehouses and logistics chain. These hazard are usually related with warehouse workers safety. However, they can also lead to various delays or downtime in the material flows, as well as damage or reducing the quality of materials. So it was assumed that safety aspects can influencing the value of POR in the logistics chain. Due to conducted research and compiled reports indicate that many accidents in the warehouse are associated with the forklifts use as equipment for material handling. Therefore, in paper main attention was paid to hazards related with forklifts, warehouse safety speed, etc.

Combining IR Spectroscopy and Monte Carlo Simulations to Identify CO Adsorption Sites on Bimetallic Alloys

The atomic distribution on the surface of alloys dictates the nature of the ensembles available as possible active sites during catalytic reactions. In the present work, an infrared spectroscopic study of carbon monoxide adsorption on the surface of AuPd/Pd(111) alloys, combined with Monte Carlo simulations of the surface and bulk atomic distribution, identifies the correct distribution of available surface adsorption sites. For gold coverages >0.9 monolayers (ML), CO adsorbs weakly on top of Au atoms and with higher adsorption energy on top of Pd atoms (COtop), distributed mostly as monomers on the surface. For θAu = 0.8–0.4 ML, Pd–COtop is the predominant species, even though several other sites with multiple coordination are available. The simulations show no perfect ordering of the surface but a slight tendency to form lines of Pd atoms, thus favoring the appearance of bridge but not 3-fold hollow sites. Using 13CO:12CO isotopic mixtures, the frequency shifts due to chemical and intermolecular couplin...

La ley como concepto problemático en el texto shakesperiano. análisis de los discursos sobre derecho en Ricardo II y Enrique V

Traditional jurisprudence, with its roots in the seventeenth century, has been preoccupied with questions of legal legitimacy and the composition of law. In Shakespeare’s history plays, one finds a parallel legal discourse. Shakespeare does not seem persuaded by ideas of a perfect legal order as much as he does by the problematics of law itself. This essay examines two of Shakespeare’s history plays: Richard II [1] and Henry V . [2] These plays are positioned at both extremes of what scholars call the “second tetralogy”. Their narratives are also couched in contrasting terms: the first is built on the image of a beleaguered monarchy, while the second, as it appears, on a more powerful and united polity. Taken together, the range offered by these texts lay ample ground to investigate the positions and promptings of a legal order. This essay’s main argument is that Shakespeare attempts to counter the view that the law is a relatively stable set of principles that can be seen persisting indifferently through turbulent and peaceful times. The argument is developed through three thematic sections. The first section, with two subsections, explores the meaning and implications of justice. Friedrich Nietzsche’s aetiological descriptions of justice are applied to the action of both plays. It is argued that justice is an inherently fractured concept, lending itself to divisive tendencies far more than it does to order and unity. The law’s supposed orientation towards justice, it follows, perils it with the same attributes. The second section, also divided into two subsections, looks at history, ceremony and power and demonstrates how these themes are used in the plays to complicate the image of law as a predictable, stable and unifying device. The third section examines entrenched legal or constitutional principles, on the one hand, and popular politics, on the other, and demonstrates how their interaction reflects the inherent instability of a legal order. The final section concludes. The observations in this essay are rooted in the plays’ texts. Therefore, while conclusions about broad themes like ‘law’ or ‘justice’ are stated in general terms, it would be helpful to view them in light of both plays and their specific narratives, before they are considered as broad inferences. [1] William Shakespeare, King Richard II (C. R. Forker ed., Arden 3) (2002). [2] William Shakespeare, King Henry V (T. W. Craik ed., Arden 3) (1995).

Pornografi Sebagai Sebuah Realitas Sosial (Kajian dari Aspek Filsafat Sosial dan Agama)

Pornography and porno-action are the two words commonly heard and often become the community discourse. Even today the porno-action, which exploits the body of human being-especially the women-, become worse and is covered nicely as marketable entertainment business. It is believed that the growth of pornography and porno-action is not caused by a single Variable but is supported by other variables usually done by the artists as public figure and published by mass media. According to social philosophy paradigm, the great amount of pornography and porno-action today has clearly destroyed the perfect order of social structure. While according to Islam, it depends on how deep the subject's belief to the religious norm is. The more firmly they hold the religious values, the more slowly pornography and porno-action develop, so that the social structure is not very much disturbed. Therefore, the instruments to be applied to slow down the development of pornography and porno-action are establishing social awareness, as well as realizing the regulations for anti-pornography which function as efforts of prevention and cure.

Perancangan dan Pengukuran Kinerja Rantai Pasok Produk Alat Kesehatan dengan Supply Chain Operations Rerenrence (Scor)

In general, good Supply Chain Management (SCM) provides benefits, namely customer satisfaction, increasing revenue, decreasing costs, increasing asset utilization, increasing profits. In a medical equipment company, one of the products produced is Gris Emergency Trolley 3 Drawer. There are products returned by consumers and delays in sending them, indicating that the company's supply chain needs improvement with the first step in measuring performance. The purpose of this study is to design a performance measurement system and measure the supply chain performance of Gris Emergency Trolley 3 Drawer using the SCOR (Supply Chain Operations Reference) method. SCORcards uses 5 perspectives as indicators for measuring SCM performance, namely supply chain reliability, supply chain responsiveness, supply chain agility, supply chain costs and supply chain asset management. Based on the results of SCORcards performance measurement there are 2 perspectives whose performance is still low, namely the perspective of Supply Chain Reliability with the Perfect Order Fullfilment metrics having attainment of 22.29%, metric of Orders Delivered in Full having an achievement of 57.96%, Delivery Performance to Customer Commitment having 66.89%, the overall perspective of Supply Chain Reliability obtained a value of 2.69, which means that this perspective is in fairly good condition. Supply Chain Cost Perspective with Supply Chain Management Cost (as a Precentage of Revenue) metric has 66.70%, Sold Cost of Goods (as a Precentage of Revenue) has 88.41% and metrics Cost to Return has an achievement of 15%, overall perspective Supply Chain Cost has a value of 2.13 which means that this perspective is in a bad condition.

MISQUOTING SOPHOCLES’ OEDIPVS TYRANNVS. A NEW PROOF OF THE INAUTHENTICITY OF PS.-ARISTOTLE, ON THE COSMOS

Chapters 6 and 7 of the pseudo-Aristotelian treatise On the Cosmos (Περὶ κόσμου = De mundo) display ‘a series of well-crafted and carefully organized analogies’ in order to represent the power of god pervading the whole universe. The last analogy (400b14–28), which is by far the most important in this section, compares the rule of god over the world to the rule of the law in a Greek city (ὁ τῆς πόλεως νόμος). As shown by the author in the previous analogies, the perfect order of the universe is the result of the continuous creation and dissolution of single things: this process—based upon the harmony of opposites—is the keystone of the eternity and equilibrium of our world. Similarly, the law is the unmoved (ἀκίνητος) mover of every activity and experience in the city: both positive and negative situations involving single citizens contribute to the supreme order and stability of the city. Positive examples include the activity of rulers, officials and members of the assemblies (ἄρχοντες, θεσμοθέται, βουλευταί, ἐκκλησιασταί), whereas negative examples include those who go to trial defending themselves (ὁ δὲ πρὸς τοὺς δικαστὰς ἀπολογησόμενος) and those who are imprisoned and destined to capital punishment (ὁ δὲ εἰς τὸ δεσμωτήριον ἀποθανούμενος). In spite of their difference, all of these actions are due to one single order (κατὰ μίαν πρόσταξιν), that is, the civic law, which ensures the stability of the city. To stress and illustrate this concordia discors, which characterizes both the city and the universe, the author of the treatise closes the passage with a quotation from Sophocles’ Oedipus Tyrannus (lines 4–5):πόλις δ' ὁμοῦ μὲν θυμιαμάτων γέμει,ὁμοῦ δὲ παιάνων τε καὶ στεναγμάτωνThe author reads these verses as a perfect example of a context characterized by opposite situations: in fact, the city is full of paeans (παιάνων), which are interpreted as ‘songs of joy and relief’, and, at the same time, it is also full of laments and mourns (στεναγμάτων). The same interpretation can be found in the Latin translation of the treatise, which gives even more emphasis to the opposition between life and death: uideasque illam ciuitatem pariter spirantem Panchaeis odoribus et graueolentibus caenis, resonantem hymnis et carminibus et canticis, eandem etiam lamentis et ploratibus heiulantem.

Increasing spanning forests in graphs and simplicial complexes

Let G be a graph with vertex set {1,…,n}. A spanning forest F of G is increasing if the sequence of labels on any path starting at the minimum vertex of a tree of F forms an increasing sequence. Hallam and Sagan showed that the generating function ISF(G,t) for increasing spanning forests of G has all nonpositive integral roots. Furthermore they proved that, up to a change of sign, this polynomial equals the chromatic polynomial of G precisely when 1,…,n is a perfect elimination order for G. We give new, purely combinatorial proofs of these results which permit us to generalize them in several ways. For example, we are able to bound the coefficients of ISF(G,t) using broken circuits. We are also able to extend these results to simplicial complexes using the new notion of a cage-free complex. A generalization to labeled multigraphs is also given. We observe that the definition of an increasing spanning forest can be formulated in terms of pattern avoidance, and we end by exploring spanning forests that avoid the patterns 231, 312 and 321.

Case Study: Supply Chain Transformation in the Mercy Health System.

The Mercy case study documents evidence of a clinically integrated supply chain strategy implemented in the peri-operative programs in three of the 46 hospitals in the Mercy system. Mercy became the first US health system to achieve "the perfect order," a supply chain industry standard with end-to-end integration of supply chain best practice in the Mercy system. To date, the Mercy strategy has demonstrated revenue growth of $8 billion, a 70% reduction in Never Events, a 33.3% reduction in supplies cost/case and a 29.5% reduction in labour costs/case in the perioperative programs in three hospitals.

Engineering bacterial vortex lattice via direct laser lithography

A suspension of swimming bacteria is possibly the simplest realization of active matter, i.e. a class of systems transducing stored energy into mechanical motion. Collective swimming of hydrodynamically interacting bacteria resembles turbulent flow. This seemingly chaotic motion can be rectified by a geometrical confinement. Here we report on self-organization of a concentrated suspension of motile bacteria Bacillus subtilis constrained by two-dimensional (2D) periodic arrays of microscopic vertical pillars. We show that bacteria self-organize into a lattice of hydrodynamically bound vortices with a long-range antiferromagnetic order controlled by the pillars’ spacing. The patterns attain their highest stability and nearly perfect order for the pillar spacing comparable with an intrinsic vortex size of an unconstrained bacterial turbulence. We demonstrate that the emergent antiferromagnetic order can be further manipulated and turned into a ferromagnetic state by introducing chiral pillars. This strategy can be used to control a wide class of active 2D systems.

Fabrication of Ordered 2D Colloidal Crystals on Flat and Patterned Substrates by Spin Coating.

Spin coating is a simple and rapid method for fabricating ordered monolayer colloidal crystals on flat as well as patterned substrates. In this article, we show how a combination of factors, particularly concentration of the dispensed colloidal solution (Cn) and spin-coating speed, influences the ordering process. We have performed systematic experiments on different types of substrates with two types of colloidal particles (polystyrene and silica). We also show that even when perfect ordering is achieved at some locations, there might be a significant spatial variation in the deposit morphology over different areas of the sample. Our experiments reveal that higher Cn is required for obtaining perfect arrays, as the diameter of the colloids (dD) increases. Interestingly, a combination of higher Cn and rotational speed (expressed as revolutions per minute) is required to achieve perfect ordering on a topographically patterned substrate, as compared to that on a flat surface, because of loss of inertia of the particles during outward flow because of impact on the substrate features. Finally, we also identify the relation between the particle diameter and the height of the pattern features to achieve topography-mediated particle ordering.

Exile of Women in Anita Raw Badami’s Can You Hear the Nightbird Call?

Anita Rau Badami is an Indo-Canadian writer who has written four exceptional novels. Her widely praised books are known for the honest portrayal of Indian families and solid disapproved of women. Woman exploitation is one of the disasters defying ladies everywhere throughout the world. This malice is additionally intensified in the event that they are put in precarious political social orders or occasions. Women being greatly defenceless are obvious objectives of any type of abuse, embarrassment, hardship and segregation. Segment writing investigates the sexual injury, sufferings and excruciating encounter of ladies amid and after the Partition. This from multiple points of view substantiates the way that imbalance of genders is neither a natural reality nor a perfect order yet a social develop. The paper deals with the exploitation of women and their horrible encounters through the viewpoint of a female in Anita Rau Badami’s in her novel Can You Hear the Nightbird Call? This novel focuses on the subject of the Partition of India and Pakistan.

THE FISCAL AND ECONOMIC POLICY OF THE RUSSIAN MINISTER OF FINANCE S. Y. VITTE AND CRITICISM OF IT FROM S. F. SHARAPOV (XIX – BEGINNING OF XX CENTURY)

Introduction. In 1842 Russian Finance Ministry was leaded by S. Y. Vitte. On his initiative serious economic reforms were carried out: the implementation of monetary reform, the construction of Siberian railway line and the adoption of the new statutes of the State Bank. However, the fiscal and monetary policy of S. Y. Vitte had its supporters as well as its opponents. Among those who were against the measures taken by S. Y. Vitte a well known (in those days) economist and publicist S. F. Sharapov, who especially defended the rights of the peasantry and argued that the development of Russian economy was different from the way of Eastern Europe. Materias and Methods. Despite many publications on this topic there has not been yet full research on the reorganizations undertaken by S. Y. Vitte and the alternative models put forward by his opponents and which specific direction of the fiscal and monetary policy were criticized. The aim of the given article is the analysis of the major reforms made by S. Y. Vitte, the critique on the part of his adversaries and familiarizing with the alternative suggestions. One can best understand it on the economic activity of S. F. Sharapov, who was the main opponent of most of the reorganizations. Results and Discussion. Among the main directions of the policy carried out by Finance Ministry in 1892–1903 one can single out the following: the preparation and implementation of monetary reform, which became the cornerstone of Vitte economic policy and the construction of railroads. Monetary reform was conducted gradually during 1895–1897. At the moment of its preparation S. F. Sharapov severely criticized the fiscal policy carried out by S. Y. Vitte. Unlike the supporters of the metal money circulation, he considered that the basis of the monetary system of Russia must be a paper rouble, which was pegged neither to gold nor to silver. S. F. Sharapov also came out against the wide range of the construction of railroads. In spite of the popularity of his ideas in the Russian society S. F. Sharapov did not get the support of the representatives of the main socio-political tendencies. There turned out to be more supporters of monetary reform and economic reorganizations. Conclusion. As for the monetary reform – the most important event in the activity of S. Y. Vitte – there is still a difference of opinion who was right: the supporters of introducing gold standard in Russia or its opponents “the nominalists” remains an open question. In 1898 summing up the results of the economic reform S. Y. Vitte ascertained that “money supply in Russia has been put to order and has been performing as soundly as in those states, where this branch of economy has long been in perfect order”. Subsequent events confirmed that “the nominalists” might have been right. Nowadays world monetary systems do not foresee the exchange of monetary units for gold and currencies are not pegged at the exchange rate of gold. The era of gold standard has come to an end and at present exchange rates and the stability of a monetary unit of this or that country depend on the state of the economy of this country. As far as railroad construction is concerned it should justly be noted, that a great deal of railroads as well as the construction of factories and plants in the whole world has caused damage to the environment as was foretold by S. F. Sharapov. Yet, when the territory of Russia was covered by rail network it resulted in a transfer of economic and cultural centres – cities through which railroads were laid began to develop rapidly and the cities without railroad connection started falling into decay. Thus Russia changed greatly.

A study on information sharing mechanism for an opto-electronic company

Information sharing is a precondition for improving supply chain performance such as forecast accuracy, supplier inventory management VMI, supplier innovation, and the flexibility. Information sharing in the supply chain will improve the accuracy of production planning, reduce inventory, reduce the production of sluggish inventory, increase the rate of perfect order, and shorten the lead time. In this paper, the supply chain management for an opto-electronic ACO is studied. The information sharing mechanism is established and proven to mitigate the problems such as high-level-inventory, overstock and forecast inaccuracy.