Perfect Construction Research Articles

Tones and paradigms: a study of grammatical tones in Mande verbal inflection

Abstract This paper explores how grammatical tones (GTs) are organized into inflectional paradigms in a sample of 20 Mande languages (Niger-Congo), where tonal morphology plays a central role in the expression of TAMP meanings. Adopting the Canonical Typology approach, I assess the degree of canonicity in Mande GTs based on their formal and semantic properties. I show that verbal grammatical tones are mainly realized as replacive in Mande; they are independent from segmental morphemes and may be strongly influenced by surface phonology. Verbal GTs tend to be used in idiosyncratic sets of TAMP constructions and form phonologically determined inflectional classes in Mande, as in many other African languages. I argue that GTs attested in Perfective and Irrealis constructions in modern Mande languages are likely to be an old phenomenon already present in Proto Mande. The consistency of morphological tone assignment in Mande verbs suggests that GTs may be genetically quite stable morphological markers.

Digital rural construction under the background of rural revitalization

With the development of modern science and technology and the strategic deployment of national economic development, digital rural construction has become a new and important measure to empower rural revitalization, which has the great significance of stimulating the endogenous power of rural areas and promoting the integrated development of urban and rural areas. This paper through the theory of digital rural construction strategy of policy research, from theory to practice, and specific venture in Jiangsu province, for example, discusses the strategic significance of digital rural development, facing problems, and on the problem from perfect infrastructure construction, strengthen talent introduction, strengthen the masses aspects put forward the targeted opinions of digital rural construction in our country.

Sparse Data Injection Attacks on Smart Grid: An Information-Theoretic Approach

Sparse data injection attacks are data injection attacks that target a limited number of sensors in the smart grid paradigm. In this paper, sparse attack construction strategy is proposed for the information-theoretic stealth attacks, in which the attacker minimizes the amount of information acquired by the operator about the power system from the observations and the probability of being detected simultaneously. For Gaussian distributed state variables, closed-form expression is proposed for the optimal Gaussian sparse attacks when the attacker targets deterministic observations and gets access to the full system information. Based on that, two target observation selection strategies are introduced to find the vulnerable observations in the system, in which the algorithms take different tradeoff strategies between performance and computational time. Furthermore, a locally perfect stealthy attack construction strategy is proposed for the case in which the attacker only has partial system information but gets access to real-time realizations of the local state variables. The optimality of Gaussian sparse attacks and the performance of the selection strategies are validated on the IEEE 30 Bus and 118 Bus test systems.

THE INFLUENCE OF ORGANIZATIONAL SUPPORT AND COLLEAGUE SUPPORT ON ORGANIZATIONAL COMMITMENT AND TURNOVER INTENTION

Abstract Background The research on turnover intention mainly focuses on the relationship between turnover intention, job satisfaction and organizational commitment; Few studies have considered the relationship between turnover intention and commitment, because they may be related to job support. Therefore, this study uses two methods of organizational support and colleague support to study their impact on organizational commitment and turnover intention. More specifically, this study aims to determine: 1. When the two kinds of support are used together, whether it helps to strengthen employees' commitment to the organization, and then affect employees' turnover intention; 2. Which support variables have a greater impact on organizational commitment; Thirdly, as the second-order factor of verification, organizational commitment includes three first-order factors: emotional commitment, continuous commitment and normative commitment. Research Objects and Methods This study was conducted in the hotel industry of the people's Republic of China; This study developed an online questionnaire, which involves organizational support, colleague support, organizational commitment and turnover intention. All questionnaires were measured by Likert five point scale; The responses range from 1 (strongly disagree) to 5 (strongly agree). LISREL8 214 questionnaires were measured, the structural model and four hypotheses were tested. Chi square test, degrees of freedom, approximate root mean square error (RMSEA), non-standard fitting index (nnfi) and comparative fitting index (CFI) were used to evaluate the model data fitting. At the same time, in order to test the relationship between the fitting index and people's emotions, especially depression, the automatic thinking questionnaire (atq) is designed to evaluate the frequency of automatic negative thoughts related to depression. To find out the internal self description of depressive patients to express their cognitive experience. Atq involves four levels of depression: (1) individual maladjustment and desire for change; (2) Negative self-concept and negative expectation; (3) Lack of self-confidence; (4) A sense of helplessness. The questionnaire asked the subjects about the frequency of 30 different ideas in the last week. The frequency is divided into five grades: 1 none; 2 = occasionally; (III) sometimes; 4 = frequent; 5 = persistent. All items were negative experiences of depression, pointing to depression, and their scores were positively correlated with the degree of depression. In other words, the higher the frequency, the heavier the depression (e.g. “I'm worthless”, “my future is hopeless”, “I'm disappointing”) The total score ranges from 30 (no depression or very mild depression) to 150 (extreme depression). In the original literature, hollon & Kendall (1980) did not give a critical value of depression, but only gave a score of 79.6 ± 22.5 3, and 48.6 ± 10.90 in non depressed patients. Results Among the 214 respondents, women accounted for 68.2% (146). In the second-order model, the loads of three specific factors (emotional commitment, continuous commitment and normative commitment) and overall factors (organizational commitment) are 0.86, 0.70 and 0.94 respectively. The four hypotheses are supported by the significance of good model data fitting index and structure coefficient. Conclusion The results of this study show that the combination of organizational support and colleague support will make a great contribution to the cultivation of organizational commitment, and the cultivation of organizational commitment will have a negative impact on turnover intention. In addition, this study also found that the path coefficient of colleague support to organizational commitment is higher than that of organizational support. Organizational commitment is a second-order factor, which can be explained by three first-order factors: emotional commitment, continuous commitment and normative commitment. This study found that colleagues' emotional support has a positive and significant impact on job satisfaction, because appropriate support helps to reduce job stress and naturally improve job satisfaction. The empirical study also found that employees' emotional support and standardization can reduce work pressure and naturally face work pressure. When perfect construction support is provided and appreciated, there will be a sense of job achievement after completing the task, which will help to improve job satisfaction. The survey was conducted in China's hotel industry; The results of this study can be extended to other environments. Training opportunities at work, the organization's personal development policy, encouraging the application of newly acquired knowledge and skills at work and the support of colleagues are important factors to strengthen organizational commitment, which in turn will reduce the willingness to leave. In addition, employees need / desire good working relationships and personal promotion opportunities. This study is one of the few studies that apply the second-order model of three dimensions of organizational commitment to organizational commitment. It also recognizes that the support of organizations and colleagues is an important factor affecting employees' attitudes towards organizational commitment and turnover intention. Acknowledgments Mechanism and Paths of High-quality Development of Henan Manufacturing Industry based on Value Co-creation (Grant No. 2022-ZZJH-052)

“I’ve Always Spoke Like This, You See”: Preterite-to-Participle Leveling in American and British Englishes

Some English verbs use distinct forms for the preterite (i.e., simple past; e.g., I broke the door) and the past participle (e.g., I’ve broken the door). These verbs may variably show use of the preterite form in place of the participle (e.g., I’ve broke the door), which the authors call participle leveling. This article contributes the first detailed variationist study of participle leveling by investigating the phenomenon in perfect constructions using data collected from three corpora of conversational speech: two of American English and one of British English. A striking degree of similarity is found between the three corpora in both the linguistic and the extralinguistic constraints on variation. Constraints on participle leveling include tense of the perfect construction, verb frequency, and phonological similarity between preterite and participle forms. The variable is stable in real time and socially stratified. The article relates the findings to theoretical linguistic treatments of the variation and to questions of its origin and spread in Englishes transatlantically.

Structural Assembly Analysis of Concrete Buildings with Intelligent Finite Element Analysis

In recent years, with the rapid development of China’s construction industry, assembled buildings have become more and more common. In this context, China attaches great importance to the development of assembled buildings and has introduced a series of policies to support the promotion of assembled buildings. Assembled building technology has become relatively mature in some developed countries. From their experience, it can be learned that the construction of an assembled concrete structure technology system is the basis for the promotion of assembled concrete buildings. A factory-based production model enables prefabricated concrete elements to be produced to a good quality. The key to the technical system for the construction of assembled concrete structures is the connection of the prefabricated elements. At the same time, it is essential to consider not only the reliability of the structural performance of the assembled concrete structure but also the cost and safety of the design, production, transport, and construction processes. In fact, the safety of an assembled concrete structure depends to a large extent on whether the nodal connection technology meets the design and quality requirements. Unlike conventional cast-in-place concrete structures, the key nodes of assembled concrete structures have a greater impact on the mechanical properties of the load transfer. In other words, this influence is directly related to the design of the prefabricated elements. Hence, the mechanical properties of precast nodal joints, such as good stiffness, are essential for the structural safety of assembled buildings. In the case of assembled buildings, the correct form of nodal connection is decisive in ensuring that the connection meets the design and service requirements. In addition to this, the correct nodal connection form will ensure that the design life is maintained. The uneven quality of many prefabricated components has limited the promotion of assembled concrete structures and is a key constraint to their development. At this stage, there are no uniform standards for quality control systems and measures on site in China, and the level of technical management is not yet fully mature. What is more, the overall quality of construction personnel is not high enough, which might lead to some frequent issues with the quality of connections in the field during the actual construction process. As a result, the development of assembled concrete structures urgently requires perfect construction management standards as a guide for on-site joint construction, so as to guarantee the quality level of on-site joint construction. In order to study the force performance of assembled concrete structures, this paper establishes an analytical model for assembled concrete buildings based on the intelligent finite element method. To be specific, this research introduces artificial neural network theory into the structural analysis of assembled buildings and transports it into the finite element solution, thus forming an intelligent finite element method.

Design and implementation of an autonomous service robot based on cyber physical modeling systems

An autonomous robot is designed and implemented to support the service works. Many technologies were adapted, namely human-robot interaction order system, path planning and mapping in indoor, Robot Operating System (ROS), and Cyber Physical System (CPS). Many subsystems are developed and constructed based on ROS to implement a human-interaction action in completing service robot tasks. A human-robot interaction order system is designed for the convenient human servicing purpose. Therefore, the customer quickly finds the commodity information through the internet. This system recommends the commodity according to the content of the database. In addition, the customer makes an order by touch screen interface, and then it sends a command to control the robot to deliver the commodity. In the second subsystem, it includes path planning and mapping generation. The well-known simultaneous localization and mapping (SLAM) concept with a Rao-Blackwellized particle filter (RBPF) addresses the appropriated maps after completing the exploration of the indoor environment. In order to reach better robustness and agility, the hybrid path planning algorithm includes a global A* algorithm and local dynamic window approach (DWA) to navigation. In the third subsystem, the Gazebo makes the perfect construction of CPS design. Finally, the simulation and implementation of dual-arm robot navigation with the interactive order situation to efficiently support servicing actions of the robot and finish the required tasks.

Perfect in Lithuanian: A case study based on data from Facebook comments

The aim of this paper is to analyse the semantic values of the Lithuanian perfect construction, putting them into a perspective of grammaticalization. The paper is based entirely on the data from a 2-million-word Facebook comments corpus created ad hoc for this study. The quantitative and qualitative analysis of the semantic values of the perfect tokens extracted from the corpus reveals several previously unidentified features of this Lithuanian construction. A large proportion of structures formally corresponding to the perfect should be described as copular constructions with adjectivized participles. This formal coincidence and the ambiguity generated by it in certain cases should not be seen as accidental but rather considered a likely source of the grammaticalization of the Lithuanian perfect, as the influence of its semantic features can be seen in all the perfect’s other values. Considering it as a source, it seems that the development of the Lithuanian perfect is going in two separate, but also related directions, each of which is based on a gradual abandonment of one of the two core features of the prototypical Lithuanian perfects―the subject-oriented resultatives. In the case of the transitive resultative perfects, the orientation towards the subject is lost, while in the case of the experientials, it is the resultative meaning that is lost. Of these two values, the experientials are twice as frequent, which shows that the resultative meaning is abandoned more readily than the need to express a state or a quality of the subject. However, the experiential perfects seem to present some formal differences from all the other perfect values, namely, a significantly more frequent auxiliary usage which has so far been considered accidental.

On Some Features of the Perfect and Pluperfect Constructions in Pskov Dialects (On the Material of One Opochka Dialect of the Pskov Region)

The paper discusses some features of the use of the perfect and pluperfect constructions in one Opochka dialect. A hypothesis about the origin of the “short” forms in the construction вода принесен is put forward: it is shown that they should be interpreted not as reduced forms of the neutral, but as morphological forms of the masculine. Two types of the pluperfect forms (был пришедши and был ходил) are analyzed: the paper discusses their semantics and place they take in the grammatical system of the dialect. The forms of the first type express, apparently, the grammatical meaning of the result in the past and they are members of the category of the perfect. The forms of the second type are opposed to the “usual” past on the basis of the remoteness / irrelevance. In addition, the question about the origin of the anti-resultative meaning of the pluperfect forms is raised. The data of the analyzed dialect confirm the hypothesis about the origin of the anti-resultative meaning in the history of the Russian language from the resultative meaning and not from the meaning of the remote past, as it often happens in the languages of the world.

British-American Contrasts in the Use of the Past Perfect: Negotiating Ambiguity versus Redundancy?

AbstractThe present study provides an empirical analysis of British-American contrasts in the overall use of the past perfect as well as its functional distribution. Studies on variation according to national variety report a decline of the past perfect spearheaded by American English (cf. Elsness, J. 1997.The Perfect and Preterite in Contemporary and Earlier English(Topics in English Linguistics 21). Berlin: Mouton de Gruyte; Bowie, J., S. Wallis, and B. Aarts. 2013. “The Perfect in Spoken British English.” InThe Verb Phrase in English. Investigating Recent Language Change with Corpora, edited by B. Aarts, J. Close, G. Leech, and S. Wallis, 318–52. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press: 348; Yao, X., and P. Collins. 2013. “Recent Change in Non-present Perfect Constructions in British and American English.”Corpora8 (1): 115–35: 121f.). However, these findings still await an explanation as to possible motivations for the decline. The present study is able to provide novel insights by taking the semantic functions of past perfect structures into account (anteriority, backshifting in indirect speech, hypothetical past). A functional quantitative and qualitative analysis of newspaper corpora comprising 112 million words (27 million British English and 85 million American English) reveals that the overall decline results in a reduction of redundant information at the cost of potential ambiguity. Finally, our findings will be related to the four dichotomies of British-American differences outlined in Rohdenburg and Schlüter (2009 “New Departures.” InOne Language, Two Grammars? Differences between British and American English(Studies in English Language), edited by G. Rohdenburg, and J. Schlüter, 364–423. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press: 421), i.e. progressiveness, formality, consistency and explicitness.

Properties of the full class of quaternary bent-functions of two variables

The development of modern cryptography methods is related in many respects to the research of perfect algebraic constructions which are characterized by the highest level of cryptographic strength indicators. The most important among these structures are bent-sequences, which have a maximum level of nonlinearity. This paper is devoted to the actual issue of research of such perfect algebraic constructions as quaternary bent-sequences. It is shown that in the quaternary case the complete class of affine functions and Vilenkin-Chrestenson functions are different algebraic constructions. The degeneracy of the full class of quaternary bent-functions of one variable is established, and the algorithm for the synthesis of the full class of quaternary bent-functions of two variables is proposed. The structural properties of the full class of quaternary bent-sequences were discovered, on the basis of which the 4428 different IV-sets were found that can be used to construct pseudorandom key sequence generators. The algebraic degrees of nonlinearity of all existing quaternary bent-functions of two variables are determined.

Tectonics of Sukuh Temple as construction structure environmental response (earthquake friendly)

The large number of temples and various forms in Indonesia is a cultural and architectural heritage that is one of the identities of the archipelago. From an architectural point of view, the temple has special tectonic complexities, one of which is the Sukuh Temple. Sukuh Temple is a building with the ability of a perfect structural and construction system and has architectural metaphysical values. The building of Sukuh Temple has existed since the 15th century. This building was built to fulfill the function of worship rituals, therefore this building is sacred. This building is located in an earthquake prone area, namely on the island of Java. The resilience of Sukuh Temple over the years proves that Sukuh Temple can adapt to the environment, from this evidence the tectonics of Sukuh Temple are interesting to study. The research objective was to determine how the ancestors used tectonic science and technology to adapt to nature and the existing environment. This research uses descriptive method with a qualitative approach. data and information collection is done through field observations, in-depth interviews, and related documents. This study found that local wisdom is the main factor that makes Sukuh Temple responsive to the environment.

“Perfect” asymmetry: Variation in Judeo-Spanish as a window into the diachrony of perfect auxiliaries

Examples of variation and change in Romance periphrastic perfects are numerous, from dichotomies between have and be auxiliaries, to the specialization of particular auxiliaries. The current study analyzes periphrastic perfect variation in Judeo-Spanish (JS) auxiliaries. Results suggest that language internal considerations of tense, transitivity, and morphology contribute to the variable selection of two have auxiliaries, aver and tener. While aver appears in 90% of periphrases overall, constructions in the present tense, with transitive verbs, or with irregular participles favored use of the rarer tener auxiliary. The results for present tense relate to different semantic meanings between aver and tener in Old Spanish. The findings for transitivity and irregular participles can be accounted for in terms of retention in the face of analogical change and effects of frequency, respectively. The present study also utilizes the findings on JS auxiliary variation to provide insight into diachronic change in Spanish and Portuguese. Present day Spanish perfects use haber (related to aver) and Portuguese uses ter (related to tener) following centuries of variation between these forms. This diachronic divergence is reflected in JS synchrony, and possibly driven by the specific semantic meanings of perfect constructions in Spanish and Portuguese.

Research on Construction Technology and Management Measures of Urban Road Subgrade

<p>With the rapid development of modern economy, the scale of cities is constantly expanding and the population is constantly growing. Strengthening urban construction has become one of the important work contents of socialist modernization in China. To build a modern city, road construction is the key work of urbanization. Subgrade is the most important construction link in urban road construction and the important foundation of road engineering. In this paper, combined with the specific conditions of urban roads, the construction technology and management measures of urban road subgrade are deeply explored, and perfect construction schemes and management measures are formulated to provide more reliable reference basis for promoting urban development and construction.</p>

The use of the auxiliary verb in 2nd person singular perfect verbal forms in Old Russian documents of the 14–16th centuries

The article analyses 2nd person singular perfect forms in a collection of Old Russian documents of the 14–16th centuries. The main focus is placed on their formal aspects and the transition from an analytic to synthetic form. The process itself is well-known, yet it still lacks a detailed description and fully explained reasons for its occurrence. The author, providing statistical data on the use of the auxiliary verb byti and explicitly expressed subject, proves its great regularity. There is a strong dependence between the two items and usually only one of them is applied with perfect constructions. This shows that the function of the auxiliary verb has been completely changed and in the period described it played only the role of a person indicator. Thus, it became redundant when the use of personal pronouns was increased. All the exceptions to this rule are scarce and can be explained with factors of a syntactical or extra-linguistic character. The author’s assumptions are confirmed with statistical data and examples taken from spiritual and contractual charters of grand princes and appanage princes in the XIV–XVI centuries.

Anatomy is a musical instrument of the most perfect construction but one exceedingly liable to derangement.

In regard to anatomy, Cruveilhier quoted Francis Bacon as saying, “it may be compared, from its complex and delicate organization, to a musical instrument of the most perfect construction but exceedingly liable to derangement” (Pattison, 1853). “And the whole science of medicine is therefore reduced to a knowledge of the means by which that harmonious instrument, the human frame, may be so tuned and touched as to yield correct and pleasing sounds. The organization or structure of man is the object of anatomy, a science which investigates every distinguishable material condition of the different parts that enter into the construction of his frame.” Francis Bacon (1561–1626) (Figure 1) was an English philosopher and statesman. He was Lord Chancellor of England and remembered most for developing the scientific method. His Baconian method or inductive reasoning would influence many during the scientific revolution. Novum Organum would become Bacon's seminal work. Bacon was counsel to Elizabeth I and went on to be knighted by James I who was the son of Mary, Queen of Scots and the great-great-grandson of Henry VIII. Bacon helped establish colonies in Virginia and the Carolinas. Thomas Jefferson considered Bacon, Locke, and Newton as the three greatest men to have ever lived. We believe that Bacon would have appreciated the clinical anatomy found in this current issue of the Journal. Herein, the reader will find articles dealing with the development of the nasopharynx, innervation of the elbow joint, the subtalar joints, and variations of the celiac trunk.

SYNTHESIS METHOD OF TERNARY BENT-FUNCTIONS OF THREE VARIABLES

Context. Such perfect algebraic constructions of many-valued logic as ternary bent-functions and their truth tables which are called as 3-bent-sequences, are used very often in modern cryptographic algorithms, in particular, in pseudorandom sequence generators. However, today there are no methods for synthesizing the ternary bent-functions class for a number of variables greater than two, which significantly limits the ability to scale the number of protection levels of the of pseudorandom sequence generators based on the ternary bent-functions. This circumstance generates the task of developing methods for the synthesis of ternary bent-functions, which is solved in this paper for the case of ternary bent-functions of three variables. The object of this research is the process of efficiency increasing of the cryptographic algorithms based on the functions of many-valued logic.Objective. The purpose of the paper is to construct a method for the synthesis of the set of ternary bent-functions of three variables.Method. The mathematical apparatus of the Reed-Muller transform (algebraic normal form) was used as the basis of the proposed constructive method for the synthesis of ternary bent-functions of three variables. So, on the basis of the established properties of the algebraic normal form of ternary bent-functions and limited enumeration, the search for ternary bent-functions up to affine terms is performed, after which we apply the procedure of reproduction.Results. As a result of using of the proposed method for the synthesis of ternary bent-functions of three variables, 155844 3-bentsequences were found up to an affine term, while the cardinality of the full set of found 3-bent-sequences is 12623364. The research performed made it possible to determine that in this set there are 3-bent-sequences of six different weight structures, on the basis of which 12 different triple sets can be compiled for use in pseudorandom sequence generators. A scheme for a cryptographically stable pseudorandom sequence generator based on the found set of 3-bent-sequences of length N = 27 is proposed. It is shown that the protection levels number of such a generator of pseudorandom sequences is 41 7.041 10    which is comparable with the protection levels number of modern block symmetric cryptographic algorithms, for example, AES-128.Conclusions. The further development of modern cryptographic algorithms, in particular, cryptographically stable pseudorandom sequence generators, is largely based on the use of perfect algebraic constructions of many-valued logic. For the first time, a constructive method for the synthesis of ternary bent-functions of three variables is proposed. For the found set of ternary bent-functions, the distribution of weight structures is found, and the possible triple sets are established. Based on the constructed set of ternary bentfunctions, a pseudorandom sequence generator scheme is proposed that has a protection levels number that is comparable with modern block symmetric cryptographic algorithms. We note that the constructed class of ternary bent-functions can also be used for the synthesis of cryptographically strong S-boxes, codes of constant amplitude, as well as error correction codes. As an actual area of further research, we can note the development of methods for the synthesis of ternary bent-functions of a larger number of variables.

The Association of Metal Frame Construct of ESIN and radiographic bone healing of pediatric forearm fractures

IntroductionThe gold-standard surgical procedure of both-bone forearm shaft fracture repair is elastic stable intramedullary nailing (ESIN). Disadvantages effects of ESIN have suggested to be a consequence of inappropriate surgical techniques, while recommendations are not always followed. The purpose of the study was to analyze the effect of inadequate metal frame construct on impaired fracture healing, refracture and changing alignment. Materials and MethodsIt is a population-based study including all consecutive patients, aged less than 16 years, who had been treated for forearm shaft fracture by ESIN during the ten-year period 2009–2018. Altogether 71 patients were included. Non-union, delayed union, and re-fracture during the following 12 months were taken as the main outcome, while inferior metal frame construct of ESIN and the surgical technique characteristics were taken the explanatory factors. Radiographic loss of reduction was a secondary outcome and a change >5° in alignment at any postoperative follow-up exam was recognized. ResultsTwo out of 71 fractures (3%) failed to unite, and ossifying operation was needed. Five cases (7%) showed delayed bone healing, but they ossified in five months without any intervention. These seven patients (10%) had been treated more often with larger nails (> 0.7x MCD) (p = 0.027) and by open reduction (p = 0.02), compared with thinner nails and closed reduction, respectively. Two (3%) patients had a second fracture; however, they happened 2 years after the initial injury. Other surgery or fracture related factors didn't associate with impaired ossifying.Regarding the secondary outcome, altogether 24 (35%) of the analyzed 67 patients showed >5° change in alignment during the postoperative follow-up but only one patient had clinically significant instability that required re-reduction. The alignment changed more usually in distal-third fractures, compared with middle or proximal third fractures (p = 0.019). ConclusionsESIN resulted in good radiographic bone healing in the vast majority (90%) of the patients and completely perfect metal frame construct was not required.

The Syntax and Semantics of the Perfect Structure: A Comparative Approach

The article covers some issues that concern the syntax and semantics of the present perfect construction in English and other languages. It states that all Present Perfects may be associated with what is considered the canonical construal in which an assertion is located at the present time but reports the existence of a past situation. However, some Present Perfects may, in addition, have a simple past aorist meaning. The author focuses on pluractional and evidential construals of the Present Perfect in some languages, argue that the Passé Composé construal and the Aorist construal of the perfect construction belong to two different modes of discourse, discours and récit, underlines their variability associated with a complex syntactic structure (an auxiliary verb and a verbal participle for Present Perfect, while the Aorist construal is associated with a simple verbal structure). According to the author, the Perfect has both syntactic and analytical ways of realization, thus the analytical syntactic structure of the Perfect is in English, French and German, with both a tensed auxiliary verb and a past participle, whereas it is synthetic in Latin, Russian and Arabic as is presented in the past participle alone; in languages with overt aspectual marking, aspect may vary on either the auxiliary, if it exists, or on the participle.

Віддалені результати фотополімерної реставрації молярів

Abstract: modern dentistry have made serious progress in esthetic restoration using the latest modified composist. Nowadays the composit restoration can be done and look like as a perfect prosthetic construction, that means we can provide high esthetics and function. But sometimes in our country we continue to use composite restoration, using the latest types of adhesive components in vital or devitalized morals, where the prosthetic pestoration is needable. Its very important to notice that most of composite restoration of our patients are done in vital affected morals, or more often, in devitalized morals.