Theory Of Perception Research Articles

Averting the gaze in Eliyahu de Vidas’ Reshit Hokhmah

This article explores the Kabbalistic framework enhancing the sanctity of guarding the eyes ( shemirat ha-eynayim ), a key theme in early modern moralistic literature, particularly in Reshit Hokhmah . De Vidas cautions against severe consequences for transgressors and the personal impairments linked to forbidden gazing, while also promoting the ideal of the prophetic holy gaze at the divine chariot and preparation for the eternal gaze at the divine objects of paradise. He integrates the quasi-scientific extramission theory of visual perception into his theurgical framework, creating a concept of mental–spiritual wasting of seed akin to actual wasting of seed. Analysing de Vidas’ treatment of gazing prohibitions, the study highlights his use of rabbinical sources and the Zohar to enhance the authority of his warnings. This integration of eye-guarding principles within a framework of fear and aspiration significantly shapes the Kabbalistic ethos of sexual sanctity and influences contemporary practices of averting one’s eyes.

Perception, Evolution, and the Explanatory Scope of Scientific Theories

According to the interface theory of perception, our perceptual systems have evolved to provide a species-specific interface to guide adaptive behaviour, and not to provide veridical representations of an observer-independent world. Results of simulations of evolutionary resource games, genetic algorithms, and multiple mathematical theorems have supported and fleshed out this claim in various ways. They indicate that the probability is zero that any perceptual system has been shaped by natural selection to represent the true structure of an observer-independent world. Bagwell (2023) thinks that this argument is self-defeating because it implies that organisms, resources, genes, etc. that are essential constituents of Darwin's theory do not provide an insight into the nature of observerindependent reality. Bagwell's argument relies on a false premise, however — namely, that the mathematical formulation of a scientific theory cannot dethrone its fundamental concepts. More broadly, his argument involves a fundamental misunderstanding of the nature of scientific theories — of their explanatory scope and their necessary limits.

Language Attitudes toward Accented Speech in the Workplace in Switzerland

Purpose: The aim of the study was to analyze the language attitudes toward accented speech in the workplace in Switzerland. Methodology: This study adopted a desk methodology. A desk study research design is commonly known as secondary data collection. This is basically collecting data from existing resources preferably because of its low cost advantage as compared to a field research. Our current study looked into already published studies and reports as the data was easily accessed through online journals and libraries. Findings: Language attitudes toward accented speech in the workplace in Switzerland reveals a nuanced perception influenced by the country's multilingual environment. Studies indicate that individuals with native Swiss German accents tend to receive higher professionalism ratings compared to those with foreign accents, reflecting a bias that aligns with local linguistic preferences. Additionally, accents from non-European languages often face stigmatization, leading to perceptions of reduced competence and credibility. However, some findings suggest that exposure to diverse accents can foster greater acceptance and appreciation over time, particularly in multicultural workplaces. Unique Contribution to Theory, Practice and Policy: Social identity theory, linguistic accommodation theory & perception theory may be used to anchor future studies on the language attitudes toward accented speech in the workplace in Switzerland. Organizations should develop clear guidelines for performance evaluations that eliminate the subjective influence of accent bias. Organizations should establish policies that mandate participation in diversity training for all employees, including during onboarding and ongoing professional development.

Fast updating of stimulus history reveals weak internal representations of faces in autism.

Atypical perception has been widely reported in autism spectrum disorders, and deficits in face recognition, specifically, are argued to be closely associated with social impairment experienced by these individuals. However, it is still debated (a) whether deficits are perceptually based, and (b)what the role is of experience-based refinements of perceptual face representations in autism. We investigated the effect of short- and long-term experienced stimulus history on face processing. Autistic and non-autistic individuals performed same-different judgments in a serial discrimination task where two consecutive faces were drawn from a distribution of morphed faces. Use of stimulus statistics was measured by testing the gravitation of face representations towards, the mean of a range of morphed faces around which they were sampled (regression-to-the-mean). The results show that unlike non-autistic individuals, representations of own- and other-race faces were equally biased by stimulus statistics in autistic individuals. Moreover, autistic individuals used the most recently exposed faces without forming a strong internal representation based on the overall experienced faces, indicating a weaker internal model of the "typical" averaged face. This accumulated history of faces may underlie typical face specialization, and thus may account for the reduced specialization for own-race faces shown in autism. The results shed light on the way autistic people process and recognize faces, and on the basic mechanisms underlying atypical face perception.

The Multiple Aspects of the Given—Ontological Remarks on Ernst Mach’s Empiricism

Philosophers often rely on sciences of their own time. This is especially true for scientists writing philosophical works. In the case of Ernst Mach, the scientific references are mainly to physics, physiology, evolutionary biology and—in a somewhat different manner—the new discipline of psychology. Like so many authors in the late 19th century, Mach had extreme confidence in the methods of the natural sciences. However, this trait, often called scientism or positivism, can easily be used in polemical accounts that obscure other aspects of Mach’s thought. Mach is well-known for both his analysis of sensations and his evolutionary conception of perception and knowledge. The tension between the ambition to clarify the empirical basis of perception on the one hand and the focus on the natural origins of human perception on the other hand is, however, considerable. A comparison of these two perspectives can contribute to an ontological understanding of experience that sheds new light on the much-discussed topic of sense data and at the same time clarifies the difference between experience and observation and the role of experimental science in this context. In some respects, Mach seems closer to William James than to his followers in the Vienna circle. The accusation of idealism made by Lenin in his influential critique of positivism overlooks the implications of this naturalist approach but offers the occasion to dwell on the ontological implications of something that can be called natural historicity. Comparisons with Aristotle, Bacon, Descartes and Kant situate the empiricist theory of perception.

Dark tourism, thana tourism, and ghost tourism: a bibliometric visualization review for the last 23 years (2000–2023)

PurposeThis study uses bibliometric visualization techniques to comprehensively review the intertwined concepts of dark tourism, thana tourism and ghost tourism from 2000 to 2023. The research seeks to clarify the ambiguity and inconsistencies arising from the interchangeable use of these terms and sets forth a roadmap for future research endeavors.Design/methodology/approachThis study meticulously extracts research keywords from 634 scholarly papers in the Scopus database. It undertakes a thorough bibliometric analysis utilizing the visualization of similarities (VOS) viewer and RStudio to map the interconnectedness of these tourism phenomena.FindingsThe study identifies and explores contemporary theories such as self-categorization theory, stimulus-organism-response theory, embodiment theory, self-determination theory, socio-cognitive theory, risk perception theory, services theory, dark tourism theory, social and cultural theory, push-pull theory, performance theory, and wound culture theory. The research reveals four primary clusters through keyword co-occurrence and bibliographic coupling analyses: dark tourism insights, dynamics of dark tourism, dark tourism review and dark tourism experiences, illustrating their interrelationships and robustness.Practical implicationsDark tourism insights can guide ethical practices, ensuring respectful site management and accurate historical representation. Integrating dark tourism into broader destination strategies can diversify offerings, attract niche markets and contribute to preserving historical memory through reflective experiences.Originality/valueThis study's outcomes significantly contribute to tourism literature by enhancing our understanding of the overlapping terminologies associated with dark, thana and ghost tourism. This improved comprehension sheds light on the importance of the research agenda surrounding the concept of dark, thana and ghost tourism.

Help‐seeking and access to care for stroke and heart attack during the COVID‐19 pandemic: A qualitative study

AbstractIn this article we explore how people who experienced a stroke, transient ischaemic attack, or heart attack sought health care during the COVID‐19 lockdown periods. Semi‐structured interviews were conducted with 27 patients admitted to hospital between March 2020 and May 2021, and one carer who was recruited from cardiac and stroke rehabilitation services in two large acute NHS trusts in England. Drawing on concepts of candidacy, illness and moral work, we discuss how people’s sense‐making about their symptoms fundamentally shaped both their decisions about seeking help and the impact of COVID‐19 on help seeking. Risk perception and interactional ritual chain theory allow further exploration of constructing symbols of national identity in times of crises, managing risk and levels of acceptable risk and critique of ambiguous national messaging over accessing health‐care services for people with emergency health‐care needs. Our findings have wider implications for supporting access into health care for those with life‐threatening conditions under highly publicised strain on the health system, including winter pressure and staff strikes, as well as policymaking and public messaging.

A flexible threshold theory of change perception in self, others, and the world.

A flexible threshold theory of change perception in self, others, and the world.

Social cognition and healthy aging: Cross-sectional associations of emotion perception, theory of mind, and emotional empathy

Abstract Objective: Older adults are identified to have reduced social cognitive performance compared to younger adults. However, few studies have examined age-associations throughout later life to determine whether these reductions continue with advancing age. Method: This study assesses cross-sectional associations of emotion perception, cognitive and affective theory of mind (ToM), and emotional empathy in a healthy sample of 157 adults aged 50–89 years (M = 65.31, SD = 9.00, 68% female sex). Emotion perception, cognitive ToM, and affective ToM were measured using The Awareness of Social Inference Test Short Form (TASIT-S), while affective ToM was also measured using Reading the Mind in the Eyes Revised (RME-R). Emotional empathy was measured using the Empathy Quotient. Results: Multiple regression analyses, adjusting for multiple comparisons, revealed a moderate negative association between age and emotion perception for all emotions combined, as well as for sad and revolted expressions, but not happy, neutral, anxious, or angry expressions. Age had a negative, moderate association with first-order cognitive, second-order cognitive, and affective ToM measured using TASIT-S, but not RME-R. Age was not significantly associated with emotional empathy. Conclusions: This study contributes to the limited understanding of age-related associations of social cognitive performance throughout later life. This knowledge can inform future research examining the clinical utility of including social cognitive measures in neuropsychological screening and diagnostic tools for later-life neurological disorders.

Toward a theory of perspective perception in pictures

Toward a theory of perspective perception in pictures

Evaluation and Time Constraint: Impact of Time Processing on Mathematical Performance

This study investigated the impact of a temporal assessment context on children’s mathematical performance and anxiety. Children aged 7- to 9-years-old were given mathematics tasks under three different assessment conditions: no time constraint (NoT), time constraint with an invisible timer (IT), and time constraint with visible timer (VT). Results showed that children performed worse under the time constraint condition when the timer was not visible to them. This supports the resource-based theory of time perception, which suggests that the processing of temporal information is a demanding cognitive task that consumes limited attention resources. Of greater interest, the use of a visible timer improved children’s cognitive efficiency without compromising performance compared to the unconstrained time condition. Additionally, the study found that anxiety levels were lower in the situation with a time constraint with a visible timer compared to the two other assessment contexts. These results suggest that a situation with a pre-established time constraint where children can manage their time could alleviate their anxiety and better cater to their needs during the assessment. Overall, these results underline the benefits of a visible timer in providing an organizational framework for children and helping them process time, thus avoiding draining their attentional resources.

Emerging market dynamics: risk perceptions, perceived usefulness and E-pharmacy adoption

Purpose Despite the digital penetration in the larger consumer market, the adoption of e-pharmacy services is reported to be very low in emerging economies like India. In this context, the purpose of the current study is to examine the influence of consumers’ risk perception on their intention to purchase medicines/pharmaceuticals through online pharmacies. Furthermore, the study seeks to understand to what extent the perceived usefulness of online pharmacy mediates the relationship between different dimensions of perceived risk and purchase intention. Design/methodology/approach The study was conducted among a sample of 800 consumers in India who are familiar with online e-commerce. To ensure the homogeneity of the sample and hence the generalizations of results, inclusion criteria were set as not to include respondents who have made a prior purchase through e-pharmacy services. Self-reporting questionnaires were administered among the respondents, who were selected through a purposive and convenience sampling method. Measurement modeling and path analysis were done using IBM SPSS 23.0 and AMOS 24.0 to test the hypotheses and draw inferences. Findings Results revealed that consumers’ risk perceptions, such as financial, product, source and privacy risks, had a significant direct and indirect effect on their intention to purchase medicines through online pharmacies. India is the major universal provider of generic medicines. The insights gained from this study can help policymakers, corporates, consumers, distributors, retailers and marketing managers to frame effective strategies for improved usage of online platforms for procuring medications. Originality/value This study is pioneering in conceptualizing and testing a theoretical model linking consumers’ risk perceptions, perceived usefulness and intention to purchase through online pharmacies, particularly in the context of an emerging economy like India. Implications regarding facilitating and nurturing a conducive platform for online purchasing medicines and its outcomes are elaborated, thus striving to fill a gap in the existing literature. By examining the proposed framework through the lens of the technology acceptance model and theory of risk perception, this study seeks to add to the emergent literature on online pharmacies, especially in emerging economies with huge market potential.

Persepsi Masyarakat Tentang Instagram PPID Kota Semarang

Instagram is a photo-sharing application that allows users to take pictures, apply digital filters, and share them through various social networking services, including Instagram. Semarang City has an Instagram account, PPID (Information and Documentation Management Officer), which provides information about activities in the city of Semarang. This study uses the theory of mass communication and perception. The method used in this study is qualitative with a descriptive approach. Data collection techniques include interviews and observations. Data analysis techniques consist of data reduction, data presentation, and conclusion. The results showed that the Semarang City PPID account helped the community access information that occurred in Semarang, such as official information from the government, natural disaster warnings, entertainment events, regional assistance, and others. Most people are enthusiastic about the Semarang City PPID Instagram account because it helps them know the information needed.

Hobbes and the ‘great deception of sense’

ABSTRACT In Human Nature, Hobbes argues for what I call the ‘Great Deception Thesis': “whatsoever accidents or qualities our senses make us think there be in the world, they are not there, but are seemings and apparitions only”. I argue that both the thesis and Hobbes’ arguments for it have been misunderstood. Rather than arguing for indirect realism or a primary/secondary quality distinction, Hobbes claims that no sensory experience resembles its object. I conclude by showing how Hobbes can account for the usefulness of images even in the absence of any resemblance between those images and the objects that cause them. If I am right, Hobbes presents a distinctive and intriguing theory of perception, one that emphasizes the dynamic nature of experience.

Effects of color-flavor association on visual search process for reference pictures on beverage packaging: behavioral, electrophysiological, and causal mechanisms.

The visual search for product packaging involves intricate cognitive processes that are prominently impacted by learned associations derived from extensive long-term experiences. The present research employed EEG technology and manipulated the color display of reference pictures on beverage bottles to explore the underlying neurocognitive pathways. Specifically, we aimed to investigate the influence of color-flavor association strength on the visual processing of such stimuli as well as the in-depth neural mechanisms. The behavioral results revealed that stimuli with strong association strength triggered the fastest response and the highest accuracy, compared with the stimuli with weak association strength and the achromatic ones. The EEG findings further substantiated that the chromatic stimuli evoked a more pronounced N2 component than achromatic ones, and the stimuli with strong association strength elicited larger P3 and smaller N400 amplitudes than the ones with weak association strength. Additionally, the source localization using sLORETA showed significant activations in the inferior temporal gyrus. In conclusion, our research suggests that (1) color expectations would guide visual search process and trigger faster responses to congruent visual stimuli, (2) both the initial perceptual representation and subsequent semantic representation play pivotal roles in effective visual search for the targets, and (3) the color-flavor association strength potentially exerts an impact on visual processing by modulating memory accessibility.

Naïve realism and sensorimotor theory

How can we have a sense of the presence of ordinary three-dimensional objects (e.g., an apple on my desk, a partially occluded cat behind a picket fence) when we are only presented with some parts of objects perceived from a particular egocentric viewpoint (e.g., the facing side of the apple, the unoccluded parts of the cat)? This paper presents and defends a novel answer to this question by incorporating insights from two prominent contemporary theories of perception, naïve realism and sensorimotor theory. Naïve realism is the view that perception is fundamentally a matter of obtaining a relation of ‘acquaintance’ with some mind-independent entities (e.g., objects, properties, events). Sensorimotor theory holds that perception involves implicit practical understanding or ‘anticipation’ of the covariance between movements and sensory changes. I argue that perceptual presence is best accounted for in terms of the combination of our direct ‘acquaintance’ with some parts of perceived objects and sensorimotor ‘anticipations’ of how the objects would look different depending on some movements and actions.

Perceptual narrowing continues throughout childhood: Evidence from specialization of face processing

Face recognition shows a long trajectory of development and is known to be closely associated with the development of social skills. However, it is still debated whether this long trajectory is perceptually based and what the role is of experience-based refinements of face representations throughout development. We examined the effects of short and long-term experienced stimulus history on face processing, using regression biases of face representations towards the experienced mean. Children and adults performed same–different judgments in a serial discrimination task where two consecutive faces were drawn from a distribution of morphed faces. The results show that face recognition continues to improve after 9 years of age, with more pronounced improvements for own-race faces. This increased narrowing with age is also indicated by similar use of stimulus statistics for own-race and other-race faces in children, contrary to the different use of the overall stimulus history for these two face types in adults. Increased face proficiency in adulthood renders the perceptual system less tuned to other-race face statistics. Altogether, the results demonstrate associations between levels of specialization and the extent to which perceptual representations become narrowly tuned with age.

PERSEPSI PEREMPUAN GENERASI MILENIAL TERHADAP KEHADIRAN ANAK: KAJIAN PENDAHULUAN

The presence of children is interpreted as the hope of the family, the successor of offspring, the bearer of happiness and blessings. But along with the times, many married couples choose not to have children, this is certainly contrary to the construction of Indonesian society related to the concept of the ideal family. This can be seen from the decline in Total Fertility Rate in Indonesia. This study used descriptive quantitative methods with purposive sampling techniques based on criteria, namely women aged 27-35 years who belonged to the millennial generation a total of 50 respondents. Primary data sources through online penelitians. This study uses Schmitt & Schmitt's theory of direct and constructive perception to see the influence of internal and external factors in the formation of perception. The results show that individual internal and external factors influence millennial women's perceptions of the presence of children in marriage. Then, the millennial generation who prioritizes maturity, stability and readiness from various factors, interprets the presence of children in the family is not a necessity and does not make children the only source of happiness even though it is undeniable that children become a complement to the family. Further studies are needed to obtain more comprehensive data. In addition, premarital education and counseling programs, gender equality campaigns, and community support and social networks can be used as recommendations. Keywords: perception, millennial, child, marriage

Bridging a Gap in Coherence: The Coordination of Comprehension Processes When Viewing Visual Narratives.

Scene Perception and Event Comprehension Theory (SPECT) posits that understanding picture stories depends upon a coordination of two processes: (1) integrating new information into the current event model that is coherent with it (i.e., mapping) and (2) segmenting experiences into distinct event models (i.e., shifting). In two experiments, we investigated competing hypotheses regarding how viewers coordinate the mapping process of bridging inference generation and the shifting process of event segmentation by manipulating the presence/absence of Bridging Action pictures (i.e., creating coherence gaps) in wordless picture stories. The Computational Effort Hypothesis says that experiencing a coherence gap prompts event segmentation and the additional computational effort to generate bridging inferences. Thus, it predicted a positive relationship between event segmentation and explanations when Bridging Actions were absent. Alternatively, the Coherence Gap Resolution Hypothesis says that experiencing a coherence gap prompt generating a bridging inference to close the gap, which obviates segmentation. Thus, it predicted a negative relationship between event segmentation and the production of explanations. Replicating prior work, viewers were more likely to segment and generate explanations when Bridging Action pictures were absent than when they were present. Crucially, the relationship between explanations and segmentation was negative when Bridging Action pictures were absent, consistent with the Coherence Gap Resolution Hypothesis. Unexpectedly, the relationship was positive when Bridging Actions were present. The results are consistent with SPECT's assumption that mapping and shifting processes are coordinated, but how they are coordinated depends upon the experience of a coherence gap.

Persepsi Cantik di Kalangan Karyawan Milenial (Analisis AISAS atas Pengaruh Terpaan Iklan Kecantikan di Kalangan Karyawati Pabrik Cikarang Selatan Kabupaten Bekasi Jawa Barat)

The concept of beauty always changes from time to time. One of the main factor determine is the rapid development of the advertising media industry, which led to the perception of beauty in society. This study aims to describe advertisment element exposure of Wardah “Feel the beauty” version and perceptions of beauty among millennial employees and explain the effect of Wardah advertisement elements exposure that formed the perceptions of beauty among factory employees in South Cikarang, Bekasi, West Java.This research uses AISAS theoretical framework that shows Attata, Attention, Interest, and the desire to search (Search), to decide (Action) and finally encourage customers to share (Share). The concept develop by tow theories with indicators of Frekuensi, duration, visual and audio and perception theory involving sensation, attention, expectations, motivation and memory.This study use positvism paradigm with quantitative approach and causal explanatory research design. The data collected by survey conducted for millennial employees who working in the factory area in South Cikarang District Bekasi West Java. About 381 respondent involved as sample of this research that defined using cluster sampling in the industrial area, i.e.: BIIE Hyundai, Delta Silicon, EJIP, and Jababeka II.