Perceptual Mapping Research Articles

Which One Should We Click? E-Commerce Platforms from a Consumer Perspective: A Study on Türkiye

Increasing competition and the global epidemic of Covid-19, which shook the world deeply, increased the rate of use of electronic commerce (e-commerce) and put companies on an inevitable path. The purpose of this article is to determine the factors affecting the positioning of e-commerce platforms from the consumer perspective and to show the positions of e-commerce platforms operating in Türkiye from the consumer perspective through the help of perception maps. Qualitative and quantitative methods are applied in the research. A qualitative study was first conducted to determine the factors that are important in the branding of e-commerce platforms. Using the data obtained from this study, a questionnaire in which appropriate statements for the scale to be used in quantitative research were included scale was prepared. As a result of the data obtained by applying the prepared questionnaire scale on the target group, the dimensions were determined, and the final questionnaire practice was made to reveal the perception maps. Within the scope of the dimensions formed as a result of the survey practice, the positions of e-commerce platforms are shown through the perception maps. In the study, explanatory factor analysis was used to determine the factors affecting the positioning of e-commerce platforms. As a result of the analysis, a 7-dimensional structure emerged. However, since the factors should be clear in the perception maps, the structure has been handled in 10 dimensions, and perception maps have been created for 9 e-commerce platforms operating in Türkiye.

Intraoperative cortical localization of music and language reveals signatures of structural complexity in posterior temporal cortex

Language and music involve the productive combination of basic units into structures. It remains unclear whether brain regions sensitive to linguistic and musical structure are co-localized. We report an intraoperative awake craniotomy in which a left-hemispheric language-dominant professional musician underwent cortical stimulation mapping (CSM) and electrocorticography of music and language perception and production during repetition tasks. Musical sequences were melodic or amelodic, and differed in algorithmic compressibility (Lempel-Ziv complexity). Auditory recordings of sentences differed in syntactic complexity (single vs. multiple phrasal embeddings). CSM of posterior superior temporal gyrus (pSTG) disrupted music perception and production, along with speech production. pSTG and posterior middle temporal gyrus (pMTG) activated for language and music (broadband gamma; 70-150Hz). pMTG activity was modulated by musical complexity, while pSTG activity was modulated by syntactic complexity. This points to shared resources for music and language comprehension, but distinct neural signatures for the processing of domain-specific structural features.

An Affordance Study on Healing Public Space in University Campus—— A Case Study of Shenzhen Campus of Jinan University

The campus space of universities is an important part of cities’ public environment and the main activity space for college students. This paper takes the self-developed PPGIS mobile terminal as the research tool, the perceptual map combined with a questionnaire as the research method, and 90 college students in Shenzhen Campus of Jinan University as the research objects to investigate the current affordance situation of the healing public space in universities and the affordance of ideal university space for college students. The findings are as follows: (1) The analytical structure of affordance on the healing campus space presents the characteristics: used affordance> perceived affordance > shaped affordance. (2) In the ideal environment, the number of perceived affordances has little change, while that of used affordance and shaped affordance increases, among which the latter increases the most. (3) In an ideal environment, " fitness equipment" is expanded into " activity facilities", " roads" into " characteristic roads", and " plants" into " ecological category". In addition, three types of environmental elements such as " sports venues", " landscape pieces" and " water bodies" are added. (4) The environmental elements that provide different levels of affordance in the current environment are all basic and meet the requirements of normal life, while the depth of those that provide different levels of affordance in the ideal environment has increased.

Domestic Tourist Interest in Lake Toba Tourism Area Destinations

The tourism area around Lake Toba is part of the Indonesian government's super-priority destination program. The goal of this study was to figure out where each destination was on the respondent's mind map. Purposive sampling was used to select 103 participants for this investigation. The results of data processing with SPSS display a three-dimensional perceptual map, with dimension 1 representing the destination image in the Lake Toba tourist area, dimension 2 representing the destination brand experience (Brand experience destination), and dimension 3 representing the attraction in regional Lake Toba tours. Then, based on the Euclidean distance, a destination group was constructed, which was viewed as having a similarity level. Taman Iman Sitinjo, Lae Pandaroh Waterfall, Tuktuk, Hot Springs, and Sipiso-Piso Waterfall have created a single group that is in direct competition with one another. Balige, Sisingamangaraja Palace, and the Salib Kasih are the other groups. Parapat and Tomok, meanwhile, created their own groups. RSQ = 0.76 and Stress = 0.17 are the outcomes.

Real‐time face perception based encoding strategy optimization method for UHD videos

AbstractFace regions containing rich semantic information appear frequently in the videos. As the video resolution increase dramatically, the face regions will inevitably attract more attentions. This paper proposes a face perception based coding scheme to improve the visual quality of the face regions in UHD videos. A specially tailored face perception model is first utilized to precisely and quickly locate the face regions. Then, a face perception map is generated based on a hierarchical mapping algorithm. Finally, the face perception map is employed as a guidance to optimize the encoding process, including mode decision, block partition and bit allocation. The proposed method is implemented on HEVC to demonstrate the effectiveness. Experimental results on a set of 4K test sequences show that the proposed method can obviously improve the objective and subjective quality of the face regions, while causing only slight quality decline over the rest of the frame. Additionally, the computation required for mode decision and block partition is reduced, thereby saving encoding time cost.

Selection of Residence Based on Public Perception of Settlements as an Effort to Support the KOTAKU Program

Currently, there are many programs from the government related to urban villages. One of them is Kampung Kota Baru Tengah in Balikpapan City, which is the location for the Community-Based Settlement Environmental Management program (KOTAKU Program). The socialization program is carried out with an approach to the informal community. Socialization through community media is the mainstay of the government so that existing programs can be realized properly in society. This study aims to see the similarity of perceptions regarding space as a place to live. Considering that a common perception is one of the first steps to achieving the success of the KOTAKU program, where a common perception of where to live will become the vision of development in residential areas so that people will be more consistent in implementing the KOTAKU program. This study uses Multidimensional Scaling (MDS) analysis, which will then map the perceptions of settlements. The results of the perception mapping formed show that individuals in each community have different perceptions of settlements. Based on perceptions of reconciliation grouping, we found that 51% chose identity as the main reason for staying and 48.5% chose location dependence as the main reason for staying. This perception formed in the community suggests that government strategies for environmental and housing improvement programs are advocated to reflect or strengthen people's sense of identity and place dependability. Strengthening this sense of identity can be linked to any development activity that can reflect local wisdom, while the location dependency aspect can be linked to improving settlement infrastructure.

A Radical Embodied Characterization of German Modal Constructions

Abstract This paper starts out from a radical embodied analysis of German modals. The merit of this proposal is that it provides a framework for the conceptualization of these constructions as part of a broader continuity between perception, memory and consciousness. According to the interpretation and defense of this view offered here, I will argue that modal events in German are constructed as instances of the embodied information encoded by specific constructional attachment patterns. The results of the corpus study in the latter part of the paper reveal that syntactic content (rather than lexical information alone) is crucial for the reduction of both surprise and entropy, as it reflects cognitive processes associated with affordance mapping and the speakers’ need to increase epistemic capital. This shows that humans make use of stored perceptual maps, the combination of which allows us to construct and manipulate complex event representations.

Exploring ecosystem-based approaches in MSP through actor-driven perceptual mapping

This paper introduces an interactive method which aims to map out perspectives on the state of ecosystem-based approaches (EbA) in marine spatial planning (MSP). MSP meets a need for organising the allocation of space to maritime uses. MSP should also control and limit the pressures induced by these activities on marine ecosystems. To evaluate how EbA is actually applied, this research proposes a participatory method to assess the effectiveness of current EbA practices within MSP process using perceptual maps. The mapping focuses on two dimensions: relevance and implementation of a set of 13 key elements of EbA. The method was tested on a sample of marine planners from ongoing MSP processes in northern European sea basins. The study shows that perceptual maps provide four main benefits: participatory, visualization capacity, qualitative and quantitative applicability, and easy to use. This tool has undoubtedly the potential to illustrate the state of integration of EbA in MSP and highlight the priority issues to develop in future plans, and consequently to provide keys to revise marine plans in a way that better takes into account EbA principles.

POSITIONING OF ISLAMIC HOTELS: A CORRESPONDENCE ANALYSIS APPROACH

Islamic hotels are defined as those implementing the Islamic model of hospitality and this pioneering study aims to examine the positioning of these hotels compared to conventional hotels. A structured questionnaire was used to collect data and a total of 207 responses were received and analyzed. Correspondence analysis was used to analyze the data and perceptual maps were generated. The results showed that specific hotel attributes relate more to Islamic rather than to conventional hotels and that both types of hotels seem to lack a comparative positioning strategy. Islamic hotels could build on, and strengthen their current positions, while, simultaneously expanding their appeal to the non-Muslim travel market based on its desired attributes. Conventional hotels, on the other hand, could offer key attributes required by Muslim travelers in order to capture the growing Islamic travel market.

Preschoolers' Perceptual Analogical Reasoning and Map Reading: A Preliminary Study on the Mediating Effect of Spatial Language.

Reading and interpreting a map represents an essential part of daily life, enabling appropriate orientation and navigation through space. Based on the idea that perceptual analogical reasoning is critical in aligning the spatial structure of the map with the spatial structure of the space and given the critical role of language, especially spatial language, in encoding and establishing spatial relations among elements in the environment, the present study investigated the joint contribution of perceptual analogical reasoning and spatial language in map reading. The study was conducted with 56 typically developing 4- to 6-year-old children, and the results indicated that perceptual abstract reasoning affected map reading through the mediating effect of spatial language. These findings yielded theoretical and practical implications regarding the role of perceptual abstract reasoning and spatial language in shaping map-reading abilities in the early stages of life, highlighting that domain-specific language competencies are necessary to improve the encoding of spatial relations, to establish object correspondences, and to ensure successful navigation. Limitations and future research directions were discussed.

Using social marketing strategies to develop and pretest PrEP education materials for transgender women

PurposeThe purpose of this study was to develop pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) education materials that directly address the needs of trans women. PrEP medication is an effective HIV prevention strategy, but some groups at high risk of HIV, such as transgender (trans) women, have suboptimal uptake and adherence. Most PrEP marketing has been aimed fat men who have sex with men (MSM) and include trans women as part of that audience, but this strategy ignores important differences in perceptions of and barriers to PrEP.Design/methodology/approachThis study used a social marketing approach grounded in exchange theory to systematically develop and pretest PrEP messaging and communication materials for trans women through qualitative (focus groups: n = 5, 34 participants) and quantitative (surveys: n = 128) methods in Philadelphia and the San Francisco Bay area. Segmentation analysis, perceptual mapping and vector message modeling techniques were used to create three-dimensional visualizations of PrEP perceptions to identify highly targeted messaging. Working with trans artists, the authors developed prototype materials using the targeted messaging and pretested these (n = 11) in both locations for feedback on content, look and insight on appropriate intervention strategies.FindingsUsing segmentation and perceptual mapping, this study identified key PrEP messaging across different subgroups, including by demographic and psychographic variables. Differences by group were determined to not be significant and overall messages that would resonate with all groups were built into the materials. Pretesting sessions indicated high acceptability of the messaging and trans women-centered approach to increase PrEP uptake.Originality/valueTo the best of the authors’ knowledge, this is the first study to use a social marketing framework to create targeted PrEP communication materials for trans women in partnership with trans women.

Women-Oriented Evaluation of Perceived Safety of Walking Routes between Home and Mass Transit: A Case Study and Methodology Test in Guangzhou

Streets are an essential element of urban safety governance and urban design, but they are designed with little regard for possible gender differences. This study proposes a safety perception evaluation method from the female perspective based on street view images (SVIs) and mobile phone data, taking the central city of Guangzhou as an example. The method relies on crowdsourced data and uses a machine learning model to predict the safety perception map. It combines the simulation of women’s walking commuting paths to analyse the areas that need to be prioritised for improvement. Multiple linear regression was used to explain the relationship between safety perception and visual elements. The results showed the following: (1) There were differences in safety perceptions across genders. Women gave overall lower safety scores and a more dispersed distribution of scores. (2) Approximately 11% of the streets in the study area showed weak perceived safety, and approximately 3% of these streets have high pedestrian flows and require priority improvements. (3) Safe visual elements in SVIs included the existence of roads, sidewalks, cars, railways, people, skyscrapers, and trees. Our findings can help urban designers determine how to evaluate urban safety and where to optimise key areas. Both have practical implications for urban planners seeking to create urban environments that promote greater safety.

L1 category precision hypothesis in L2 production: Korean learners’ English front vowels

It has been hypothesized that learners with more precisely defined categories in their native language (L1) are better at learning nonnative sounds in a second language (L2). Some perception studies have supported this hypothesis, but not many production studies have been conducted. Our study aims to fill this gap. Focusing on front vowels in F1/F2 acoustic space, we calculated compactness scores of L1 vowels and distances between learners’ and native speakers’ productions to operationalize category precision and L2 accuracy, respectively. Then, we examined whether learners with a lower compactness score would produce L2 vowels with a closer distance. The learners’ productions were taken from a corpus containing native Korean speakers’ reading and retelling of the North Wind and the Sun in Korean and English and comparable native English speakers’ productions from ALLSSTAR corpus. Results showed that learners with lower compactness scores produced more accurate English /i/ and /ɪ/, but not for /ɛ/ or /æ/, which partially supports the hypothesis's application to L2 production. We speculate that the merger between /e/ and /æ/ in Korean, the Northern Cities Vowel Shift in English, and/or perceptual mapping between native and L2 categories are responsible for the English non-high vowel results.

People's olfactory perception potential mapping using a machine learning algorithm: A Spatio-temporal approach

This research aimed to conduct Spatio-temporal modeling of people's olfactory perception in the Tehran city using a machine learning-based approach considering the importance of people's perception of the urban environment and the effect of the sense of smell in strengthening or weakening the environmental and urban spaces. Therefore, a spatial database containing dependent and independent data was established to model and prepare a potential map of people's olfactory perception in Tehran. The dependent data were collected through a questionnaire among 687 people, which contains three states of sense of smell, including neutral (350 cases), pleasant (247 cases), and unpleasant (90 cases). The independent data consisted of distance to public transport stations, livestock and poultry production centers, streets, fuel stations, fruit and vegetable fields, restaurants, industrial areas, garbage volume, traffic volume, population density, normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), meteorological data (wind speed and direction, and humidity), and air quality index (AQI). The last three criteria were provided temporarily in four seasons. A random forest (RF) algorithm was utilized to model and prepare the potential map of people's olfactory perception in four seasons. Generally, 70% of the information was dedicated to modeling, and the remained 30% was applied for validation. Results of the Gini index revealed the more significant impact of the criteria of distance from fruit and vegetable fields and distance from restaurants in neutral smells, distance from streets and distance from restaurants in pleasant smells, and distance from livestock and poultry production centers and garbage volume in unpleasant smells among spatial criteria. One of the essential spatial-temporal criteria was wind direction in all seasons for neutral smells, in summer, fall, and winter for pleasant smells, and in fall for unpleasant smells. The RF algorithm modeling results indicated the greater effect of distance to public transport stations in spring, garbage volume in summer and winter, and population density in autumn on the sense of smell. The potential maps of olfactory perception were evaluated using the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve and area under the curve (AUC). AUC values were calculated for the spring, summer, autumn, and winter seasons as much as 0.956, 0.955, 0.957, and 0.958 for neutral, 0.944, 0.928, 0.946, and 0.942 for pleasant, and 0.922, 0.931, 0.963, and 0.981 for unpleasant states, respectively. The potential maps of this study help present a more pleasant olfactory space to urban users by urban planners and managers.

Students’ sustainability consciousness with the three dimensions of sustainability: Does the locus of control play a role?

The persistent environmental problems and the growing difficulty to achieve sustainable development require a re-evaluation of person’ sustainable knowledge, attitude, and behaviour. To go to where we want to go, we must first assess where we are now. The study investigated the level of sustainability consciousness of students in India, and sustainability consciousness was expressed in sustainability knowledge, attitude, and behaviour. Sustainability consciousness was further examined using the three dimensions, such as environment, society, and economy. By drawing the perception map of students and studying the role of the locus of control, the reasons why sustainability knowledge does not appear in sustainability behaviour were analyzed. Quantitative analysis was conducted for a sample of 205 students from higher educational institutions across central India (Madhya Pradesh) from January to March in 2022. The data were analyzed using the SPSS 26 and Smart Partial Least Square (PLS) 3.0. The research revealed that sustainability attitude impacts sustainability behaviour more than sustainability knowledge. The results showed that respondents’ sustainability knowledge is higher than their sustainability attitude and behaviour. Moreover, it was discovered that economic concerns can lead to sustainability behaviour. In order to study respondents’ behaviour regarding sustainability consciousness, the study divided respondents into two groups according to the locus of control: the internal and external locus of control. It was found that most respondents thought whatever happened around them was beyond their control. Further, the locus of control influenced sustainability behaviour in groups with the internal locus of control. The study helps to explain why sustainability knowledge and attitude cannot translate into sustainability behaviour and provides a basis for achieving sustainable development. The conclusions of this study are crucial for governments, educational institutions, and organizations that empower youth to change their behaviour.

What tourists perceived? Social media preference in a tourism destination

The tourism industry is a sector that continues to be developed by the Indonesian government. Especially during the current Covid 19 pandemic, tourism must be given a touch of differentiation to adapt to government regulations regarding the safety of tourism objects. The development of social media is essential in the world of tourism, where it can change the behaviour of tourists to enjoy tourism services. This study aims to understand the social media preference in tourist destinations so that tourism destinations can analyze social media marketing competitive strategy according to the target market. This study uses the MDS method and cluster analysis. This study collects data from 240 respondents. Respondents were asked to rate ten social media pairs where the social media observed were Instagram, YouTube, Facebook, Twitter, and Tik Tok. This research found that a perceptual map is essential to define consumer perceptions and preferences on social media.

SensMap R package and SensMapGUI shiny web application for sensory and consumer data mapping: Variations on external preference mapping and stability assessment

AbstractThis work addresses the theory of External Preference Mapping technique (EPM) that reliably gives a mapping of human perceptions' ratings considered as subjective data onto objective descriptions generally obtained from measurable analytic data. An R package named SensMap is made available to facilitate the adoption of the EPM technique in different research fields and to propose, in addition to classical features, advanced strategies for map visualization and its stability enhancement. The novelty of SensMap is to provide options in sensory space dimension reduction methods as well as options in consumers' likings prediction models based on sensory descriptors. The fitting quality of these models can be evaluated using several information criteria. Moreover, SensMap provides a methodology to quantify and assess the stability of preference maps from different employed strategies using a computational algorithm that consists in calculations of distances between maps based on resampling approach. A small part in this paper was devoted to evaluate the efficiency of the implemented stability approach by a simulation study and by application to real data from food science field. To make easier the conduction of the multiple types of analysis without requiring high programming knowledge, a very intuitive Graphical User Interface named SensMapGUI is implemented on the SensMap package. It is an R‐developed shiny web‐tool that produces results and graphics quickly and efficiently. The tool is made available at the following address https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/SensMap/index.html and is dedicated for all sensory practitioners and can be widely used by researchers who need subjective to objective data mapping.Practical ApplicationsResearchers and practitioners frequently require to understand human behaviors by measuring their perceptions and searching for the factors that drive their opinions. The SensMap R package is made available to provide a data visualization map, to allow different analysis strategies and to make available a selection process of the best mapping. The tool can be used through the free and open‐access R software by all sensory scientists and practitioners. SensMap will be regularly updated to allow for changes in dependent R packages and will continue to add new features about mapping. The novelty of the package consists in his incorporation of a nicely designed and easily accessible graphical interface named SensMapGUI that hides all technical complexities for the non‐R users. It is a web‐tool once implemented on line can be used on any device like tablets, iOS applications and Android without need to tedious coding. The tool can also be used by all researchers who need to establish a relationship between subjective and objective data. It can serve in some many investigations such as the evaluation of human state of stress by analogy with their electro‐dermal activity measurements, the explanation of old persons hearing ratings toward road noise on the basis of traffic sound measurements data, the evaluation of consumers' preferences toward some products in the market, etc.

Reverse vending machines vs. other ways of selective waste collection – research results

Purpose: The paper presents outcomes of the qualitative research on the use of reverse vending machines (RVMs) as equipment to facilitate the segregation and disposal of beverage packaging in Poland, in comparison with other ways of selective waste collection. The topic of innovative tools to support waste management gains particular importance in the context of the introduction of the deposit system for packaging in Poland. Design/methodology/approach: Our qualitative research aimed at identifying consumer behaviour and preferences regarding the selective waste collection. Simultaneously we evaluated experiences with the RVMs and related incentive programs. The research technique was focus group interview, supported by perceptual mapping. 5 interviews were conducted with citizens of Malopolska & Silesia Provinces, in localities where recyclomats from the pilot program were installed. Findings: The results show positive attitudes towards the RVMs among participants of pilot testing of such devices. RVMs are perceived as easy-to-use and environmentally friendly. Compared to other methods of selective waste collection, the highest rated in terms of cost to the user and suitability for the user were the containers for segregated waste. When evaluating incentive systems, respondents accepted only financial benefits. It can be assumed that RVMs can support the newly introduced deposit system for beverage packaging in Poland. Research limitations: Most of the focus group participants had been familiar with RVMs from the pilot program, but the mobile app dedicated to the devices was inactive during the study. This affected the overall user experience. Practical implications: The outcomes suggest that the comprehensive waste collection and recycling system in Poland should be supported by RVMs, and that such devices should be popularized. Social implications: RVMs could play an important role in environmental education for children and young people. The dissemination of recyclomats by retail chains and local governments will increase their availability and influence the formation of pro-environmental behavior of other consumer groups. Originality/value: The originality of our study is based on identifying Polish individuals' views toward innovative waste management technologies and demonstrating their influence on sustainable consumption. Keywords: reverse vending machines, recyclomats, consumer behavior, selective waste collection, research, Poland. Category of the paper: research paper.

“Studying the relationship between Perceptual Mapping and Marketing Effectiveness”

“Studying the relationship between Perceptual Mapping and Marketing Effectiveness”

Abstract B007: mychoiceTM User-Testing – Insights from diverse cancer patients

Abstract (A) Although clinical trials (CTs) aim to establish new strategies for reducing cancer morbidity and mortality, participation remains suboptimal, especially for racial and ethnic minorities, and few studies have evaluated tailored communication tools to address barriers/facilitators to CT participation across diverse groups.(B) mychoiceTM is a novel, culturally tailored online CT education tool designed to foster shared decision making between patients (pts) and their providers. The mychoiceTM tool was developed over 5 years utilizing community engagement, perceptual mapping, a clinically based RCT, and in-depth user-testing (UX) which we will discuss further here. UX was conducted to further guide the implementation of mychoiceTM in routine clinical settings and to understand when is the ideal time for patients to receive CT education as well as obtain feedback on the tool’s content and usability. A mixed methods approach was utilized and included a talk-aloud walk through of the mychoiceTM tool, an in-depth interview targeting specific sections, and a post-survey. In order to maintain a representative sample, pts were contacted from reviewing their EMR data that met the enrollment criteria (age≥18 yrs, able to speak and read English, in active or completed treatment ≤ last 6 months), and CT participation status (participated in a CT, offered a CT but did not participate, or were never offered), race, and gender at Fox Chase Cancer Center and Temple University Health System. In total, 27 pts completed UX. 16 participants (59%) were non-white (NW), and nearly 90% of NW participants were black. Participants were 52% female, and 48% male, and split fairly evenly amongst CT participation status (26% participated, 37% offered but never participated, 37% never offered and never participated).(C) Preliminary results showed that responses were generally consistent between NW and W participants. Nearly all patients said that they would use mychoiceTM if it was given to them by their provider, and the majority of both groups (81% of NW pts and 64% of W pts) said that they would like to receive mychoiceTM prior to making a treatment decision. While all pts found that the tool would have been helpful with making a treatment decision, NW pts found the tool generally more helpful than W pts did. 56% of NW pts gave it a 5 (extremely helpful), while only 36% of W pts rated it the same. 45% of W pts gave it a 3 (moderately helpful), while only 36% of NW pts did. Patients across both groups recommended potential content additions including: additional information on side effects, cancer specific resources, and ways to find support which will be included in the next iteration.(D) While mychoiceTM was well received overall, preliminary findings show that the tool is particularly helpful among NW pts. These findings are consistent with those from the previously conducted RCT and will guide the next steps in the tools growing research initiatives and upcoming implementation study. Citation Format: Linda Fleisher, Cassidy Kenny, Shayna Yeates Yeates, Zoe Landau, Patrick Kelly, Sarah Bass, Diane Ammerman, Canan Bilgin, Esprit Ma. mychoiceTM User-Testing – Insights from diverse cancer patients [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 15th AACR Conference on the Science of Cancer Health Disparities in Racial/Ethnic Minorities and the Medically Underserved; 2022 Sep 16-19; Philadelphia, PA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2022;31(1 Suppl):Abstract nr B007.