Perceived Parenting Styles Research Articles

Parenting Style and Personality Correlates of Internet Addiction

Aim: The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence of Internet addiction (IA) and its correlation with personality traits and perceived parenting styles in college-going students. Materials and Methods: The current cross-sectional study was done at a medical college in a semi-urban area near Pune. A total of 623 university students were included in the study with their consent. They completed a questionnaire assessing sociodemographic background and Internet usage pattern, Young's IA scale to assess IA, the Big Five Inventory for assessing personality traits, and Short-Form Egna Minnenav Barndoms Uppfostran (My Memories of Upbringing) scale for measuring perceived parenting styles. Results: The prevalence of IA in medical students was 56.81% (mild IA: 49.59%, moderate IA: 7.22%). Neuroticism showed a significant positive correlation with IA, whereas extroversion, openness to experience, agreeableness, and conscientiousness showed a significant negative correlation. In perceived parenting styles, rejection and overprotection had a significant positive relation and emotional warmth had a significant negative relation with IA. Conclusion: Neuroticism, rejection, and overprotection by parents were positively associated with IA. Personality traits of extroversion, openness to experience, agreeableness, conscientiousness, and emotional warmth by parents were negatively associated with IA.

Changing parenting style between two generations and its impacts on the severity of behavioral and emotional symptoms.

The purpose of this study is to compare the perceived parenting dimensions in mothers and their daughters (differences between two generations), and study the relationship between these dimensions and the severity of daughters' behavioral and emotional symptoms. 300 participants (150 daughters with their mothers) participated in this study. They responded to the perceived parenting styles questionnaire (PSQ), and mothers were additionally asked to answer the child symptoms inventory-4 (CSI-4). Data analysis was done by the SPSS using the paired sample t-test and multiple regressions. The results indicated a significant difference between perceived parenting dimensions in mothers and their daughters; specifically, acceptance and control dimensions increased through generation. It was also found that daughters' acceptance-rejection dimension could predict the severity of the symptoms of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorders, autism spectrum disorders, depression, dysthymia, conduct disorders, and opposite defiant disorders. The control-autonomy dimension could also predict the severity of schizophrenia symptoms. The results indicate the different parenting styles between two generations and the critical role of parenting in developing the children's psychopathology symptoms.

Relationship between Perceived Parenting Styles of Mothers and Emotional Intelligence Among Undergraduate Students

The objective of the study was to find out relationship between perceived parenting styles of mothers and emotional intelligence among undergraduate students. Correlational research was selected as research design. The population of the study was undergraduate students of education department of public and private universities of Lahore. The total population was 1760. Proportionate stratified random sampling technique was used to select the sample. The strata were formed on the basis of nature of the university. The total number of students selected was 528. The instrument consisted of three parts; first part consisted of demographic information (gender, nature of institution, education of mother and working status of mother). The second part consisted of Parenting Authority Questionnaire (PAQ), designed by Buri (1991) which was used to measure parenting styles and the third part consisted of Emotional Intelligence questionnaire (EI) by Schutte (1998) which was used to measure emotional intelligence. Data was collected individually from participants through questionnaires by survey method. Both inferential and descriptive statistics were applied to analyze the data. Multiple regression analysis was used to determine the relationship between the variables and Independent sample t-test was used to determine the difference between the demographic variables.

Perceived Parenting and Perceived Teaching Styles in Relation to Social Maturity of Adolescents

This study aims to investigate the relationship between perceived parenting and perceived teaching styles on social maturity of adolescents. Random sampling technique was used to select the sample which comprised 479 school students of the Union Territory of Chandigarh. The tools used in this study were a) Parenting Style Scale by Bharadwaj, Sharma and Garg (1995), b) Perceived Teaching Styles Scale by the Investigator (2017) and c) Rao's Social Maturity Scale (2011). The results show that the favourable perceived parenting styles with perceived student-centred teaching style yielded higher mean scores of social maturity of adolescents as compared to low favourable perceived parenting styles with teacher-centred perceived teaching style.

The role of personality in the relationship between the perceived parenting style and the choice of coping mechanisms

This study examined the moderating role of personality in the relationship between perceived parenting type and personal coping style. One hundred and fourteen women and 30 men, aged between 16 and 71 years old, participated in the present study. The instruments used were the Parenting Style Inventory-II (PSI-II), the COPE inventory, and Big-Five IPIP-50. Results showed that social coping was the only coping style that was significantly predicted by parenting dimensions. It was found that extraversion negatively moderates the relationship between mothers’ and, respectively, fathers’ parenting styles and social coping. Emotional stability also negatively moderates the link between parenting and social coping, but only for the mother’s parenting. When analysed the separate dimensions of the parenting styles, it was found that emotional stability also negatively moderates the relationship between mother’s, respectively father’s warmth and social coping. Agreeableness was found to moderate the positive link between maternal parenting style and social coping, more specifically, maternal control. Openness to experience negatively moderated the relationship between maternal warmth and social coping. No significant relationships were found for conscientiousness. The present study can contribute to clinical practice by the insight it provides on the interaction between personality and environmental factors in the development of coping styles. This information can be used in tailoring the psychological interventions so that they can best suit each personality type.

The role of personality in the relationship between the perceived parenting style and the choice of coping mechanisms

This study examined the moderating role of personality in the relationship between perceived parenting type and personal coping style. One hundred and fourteen women and 30 men, aged between 16 and 71 years old, participated in the present study. The instruments used were the Parenting Style Inventory-II (PSI-II), the COPE inventory, and Big-Five IPIP-50. Results showed that social coping was the only coping style that was significantly predicted by parenting dimensions. It was found that extraversion negatively moderates the relationship between mothers’ and, respectively, fathers’ parenting styles and social coping. Emotional stability also negatively moderates the link between parenting and social coping, but only for the mother’s parenting. When analysed the separate dimensions of the parenting styles, it was found that emotional stability also negatively moderates the relationship between mother’s, respectively father’s warmth and social coping. Agreeableness was found to moderate the positive link between maternal parenting style and social coping, more specifically, maternal control. Openness to experience negatively moderated the relationship between maternal warmth and social coping. No significant relationships were found for conscientiousness. The present study can contribute to clinical practice by the insight it provides on the interaction between personality and environmental factors in the development of coping styles. This information can be used in tailoring the psychological interventions so that they can best suit each personality type.

Non-Suicidal Self-Injury in Russian Patients with Suicidal Ideation

Background Nonsuicidal self-injury (NSSI) is recognized as a public health concern for its association with unfavorable outcomes, including suicidal behavior. The aim of this study is to identify factors associated with NSSI among patients with nonpsychotic mental disorders (NPMD) and suicidal ideation in Russia. Methods A retrospective cohort study was conducted in the Moscow Research and Clinical Center for Neuropsychiatry between November 2017 and May 2019. The sample was composed of consecutive patients with lifetime suicidal ideation (from the Self-Injurious Thoughts and Behavior Interview) seen in the center’s psychiatric ward for NPMD. The patients were divided into two groups: those with and without lifetime NSSI. Sociodemographic variables, psychiatric diagnosis, family history of mental disorders, history of physical or sexual abuse, sexual behavior, ad-hoc psychiatric treatments, suicidal ideation, plans, and gestures or attempts were investigated. Results Six thousand, two hundred and four consecutive patients were screened for suicidal ideation. Out of a total of 361 patients (87.3% females) with suicidal ideation, 217 (60.1%) reported NSSI. Variables independently associated with NSSI included age <25 years (OR 6.0, CI 2.5–14.7), dissatisfaction with the perceived parenting style (OR 3.3, CI 1.5–7.4), bullying (OR 2.6, CI 1.0–6.5), severe body modifications (OR 11.9, CI 1.1–134.3), experience with illicit drugs (OR 4.4, CI 1.9–10.3), and eating disorders (OR 4.9, CI 2.0–11.8). Limitations Retrospective design, referral population, single center study, and exclusion of psychotic patients. Conclusions NSSI is associated with age <25 years old, dissatisfaction with perceived parenting style, bullying, severe body modifications, lifetime experience of illicit drug-use, and lifetime eating disorders. HIGHLIGHTS Nonsuicidal self-injury is a significant public health concern for its association with suicidal behavior. 60.1% of Russian patients with non-psychotic mental disorders (NPMD) and suicidal ideation reported lifetime NSSI. NSSI in Russian patients with NPMD and suicidal ideation is associated with age less than 25 years, dissatisfaction with perceived parenting style, bullying, severe body modifications, lifetime experience of illicit drug use, and lifetime eating disorders.

Parenting styles, moral identity and prosocial behaviors in adolescents

The present study explores perceived parenting styles, moral identity and prosocial behaviors in adolescents. It was hypothesized that perceived parenting styles are likely to predict moral identity and prosocial behaviors in adolescents. Furthermore, it was hypothesized that moral identity is likely to mediate the relationship between perceived parenting styles and prosocial behaviors. Through purposive sampling, a sample of 236 (boys = 128; girls = 108) adolescents was selected from different schools of Lahore, Pakistan. Parental Authority Questionnaire-Revised (PAQ-R), Self-Importance of Moral Identity Scale and Prosocial Tendencies Measure-Revised (PTM-R) were administered to collect data. SPSS and AMOS were used to analyze the collected data. Results showed that perceived permissive parenting style was negatively related to moral identity and prosocial behaviors in adolescents. Furthermore, perceived authoritative style was positively related to moral identity and prosocial behaviors. However, in the case of authoritarian style, only perceived mother’s authoritarian style showed negative relationship with prosocial behaviors and only perceived father’s authoritarian style showed positive relationship with moral identity. Moral identity (internalization) was positively related to compliant, altruistic, anonymous, dire, emotional prosocial behaviors while moral identity (symbolization) was positively related to compliant, anonymous, dire, emotional and public prosocial behaviors. Mediation analyses showed that moral identity was a significant mediator between perceived parenting styles and prosocial behaviors. The findings showed that parenting plays an essential role in the internalization of moral values in adolescents.

How do Syrian refugee children in Turkey perceive relational factors in the context of their mental health?

Although there has been increasing attention on the impact of risk and resilience factors on refugee children's mental health, there has been limited evidence on the role of parental factors to inform interventions, and this predominantly relies on adult reports. The aim was to investigate the relationship between perceived parenting styles and attachment relationships and child mental health, as reported by 322 Syrian refugee minors aged between 8 and 17 years in Turkey. Child-rated scales included the Children Revised Impact of Event Scale-8 (CRIES-8), Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ), Security Scale and Egna Minnen Betraffande Uppfostran for Children (EMBU-C), and were used as measures of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), general mental health problems, attachment relationships and perceived parenting styles, respectively. Children with secure maternal and paternal attachment perceived their parents as less rejecting, while children with secure paternal attachment also reported their parents as emotionally warmer. Attachment relationships significantly contributed in predicting PTSD after controlling for age and gender, while conduct problems were predicted by lack of emotional warmth, rejection and over-protection by both parents, in addition to insecure attachment relationships. Refugee children's views are essential in establishing their needs and planning interventions. These should address both the impact of trauma and current family relationships.

Effects of perceived parenting styles and mental health on drinking behaviors

ABSTRACTThis study focused on the effects of parenting styles, as perceived by the college student, on drinking behaviors. A total of 36 students between the ages of 18 and 34 were recruited from a small liberal-arts college. Four surveys were counterbalanced and administered: 1) Perceived Parenting Styles, 2) Drinking Behaviors, 3) Mental Health, and 4) Multiple Affect Adjective Check List (MAACL). Findings showed that problem drinking was strongly correlated with mental health concerns, such as depression, anxiety, hostility, and confusion. Parental trust and support were shown to be correlated to mental health, and there was a significant association between problem drinking and parental trust and rules. These findings suggest that perceived parenting styles impact later socioemotional functioning and drinking behaviors. Therefore, future research is warranted on the topic, particularly as it relates to how individuals perceive parenting styles, the degree of subsequent risk-taking behaviors, and how these may differ on larger campuses. Targeting parents with education and early intervention should be explored while also accounting for implications, such as early environmental stressors, whether or not mental health concerns are predecessors or sequelae of perceived parenting styles, and how the order of events may impact subsequent drinking behaviors.

Perceived Parenting Styles among Drug Addict and Non-Addict Medical Students

Current study was planned to find out the difference between the perceived parenting styles of drug addict and non-addict medical students. Total sample of the study was two hundred (N=200) medical students that comprised of one hundred addict (n=100) and one hundred (n=100) non-addict medical students with age range of 18 to 29 years. Data was collected from different medical colleges in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa through convenient and snow ball techniques. Data was collected through adolescent’s alcohol and drug usage scale (Moberg, 1991)and parenting styles questionnaire (Buri, 1991) . The results of the study indicated that authoritative parenting style was significantly reported by non-addict medical students, whereas addict medical students reported higher scores on authoritarian parenting style. It can be therefore concluded from the findings of the study that parenting styles play a significant role in the mental wellbeing and promotion of healthy habits among youth. The study supports the idea that controlling parenting style may contribute to promote mental health problems among youth such as drug addiction.

Perceived Parenting Styles and Adjustment during Emerging Adulthood: A Cross-National Perspective.

The aim of the present study is to determine whether the influence of parenting style on children’s wellbeing is sustained during emerging adulthood. This is a stage in which young people, despite feeling themselves to be adults, often remain in the family home and continue to be financially dependent on their parents. Moreover, since parents’ beliefs, attitudes and behaviors are constructed and interpreted within their cultural milieu, the study also aims to explore the situation in Spain (SP) and Portugal (PT). Those two Southern Europe countries are representative of what is known as the “family welfare regime”, in which the family acts as the main provider of care and security not only during childhood, but also during emerging adulthood. Thus, the present study examines, from a cross-cultural perspective, the relationship between perceived parenting styles and psychological adjustment among a sample of 1047 emerging adults from Spain and Portugal. The results reveal that the most beneficial styles during this stage are the authoritative and permissive ones, with the authoritarian style being more closely related to psychological distress. The study highlights intercultural similarities and the positive role played by more symmetrical relationships in the adjustment of emerging adults in both countries.

The Mediating Role of Resilience in the Relationship Between Perceived Parenting Styles and Anger Management

Background: The study of anger is important from many aspects, one of which is the anger management. Objectives: The current study aimed at examining the mediating role of resilience in the relationship between perceived parenting styles and anger management in high school students. Methods: Using randomized cluster sampling, 395 high school students (females and males) from Babolsar city, Iran enrolled in the school for the academic year of 2017 - 2018 were selected as the study participants. The participants’ ages ranged 12 to 16 years (mean = 13.93, SD = 0.81). The perceived parenting style of the participants was determined, using resilience and anger management scales. Data were analyzed by AMOS version 22. In order to evaluate the proposed model of the study, path analysis was performed. Results: The results indicated that the authoritative parenting style was a positive predictor of anger management (P = 0.006,β= 0.19) and resilience (P = 0.012,β= 0.21). The results also revealed that the authoritarian parenting style was a negative predictor of anger management (P = 0.008,β= -.25) and resilience (P = 0.005,β= - 0.31). Resilience was a positive predictor of anger management (P = 0.011,β= 0.33) and played a mediator role between authoritative and authoritarian parenting styles and anger management. The results showed that the acceptable percentage of anger management variance was explained by the model. Conclusions: Given the results, increase of authoritative parenting style and decrease of authoritarian parenting style are accompanied by strengthened anger management skill in high school students. Therefore, holding workshops for parents can help them to strengthen the management of anger in their children.

أساليب المعاملة الوالدية کما يدرکها الأبناء وعلاقتها بانفعال الغضب لدى طلاب المرحلة الثانوية بمحافظة الليث

هدفت الدراسة إلى الکشف عن مستوى أساليب المعاملة الوالدية المدرکة لدى طلاب المرحلة الثانوية بمحافظة الليث، والتعرف على العلاقة بين أساليب المعاملة الوالدية المدرکة وانفعال الغضب لدى طلاب المرحلة الثانوية بمحافظة الليث؛ ولتحقيق أهداف الدراسة، استخدم الباحث المنهج الوصفي الارتباطي، وقد تمثل مجتمع الدراسة في طلاب المرحلة الثانوية بمحافظة الليث، والبالغ عددهم (2399) طالبا، وتم اشتقاق عينة عشوائية بلغت (350) طالبا، طبق عليها مقياس أساليب المعاملة الوالدية (إعداد: الزبيدي 2015)، ومقياس الغضب (إعداد: الشناوي والدماطي 1993)، وتوصلت الدراسة إلى أن أساليب المعاملة الوالدية من حيث مستوى إدراکها من قبل الأبناء جاءت في صورة الأب على النحو التالي: (التقبل– المساواة– الرعاية– الديمقراطية- التسامح)، وفي صورة الأم (التقبل– الرعاية – المساواة – الديمقراطية - التسامح)، وإلى وجود علاقة ارتباطية عکسية (سالبة) ذات دلالة إحصائية عند مستوى المعنوية (0.01) بين الدرجة الکلية لمقياس أساليب المعاملة الوالدية (صورة الأب، صورة الأم)، وبين الدرجة الکلية لمقياس الغضب، مما يشير إلى أنه کلما ارتفعت درجات مقياس أساليب المعاملة الوالدية لدى الطلاب، انخفض مستوى الغضب لديهم. الکلمات المفتاحية: أساليب المعاملة الوالدية، انفعال الغضب، المرحلة الثانوية. Abstract: Parenting Styles as Perceived by Sons and their Relation to the Anger Emotion among Secondary School Students in Al-Lith Governorate This study set out to investigate the extent of parenting styles as perceived by secondary school students in Al-Lith Governorate, and to examine the relationship between perceived parenting styles and anger emotion among secondary school students in Al-Lith Governorate. In order to achieve these aims, the descriptive correlational approach was employed. The population of the study included all secondary school students in Al-Lith Governorate amounting 2399 students, from which a random sample consisting of 350 students was selected to participate in the study. Data collection was carried out by means of a parenting styles scale (developed by: Al-zubeady, 2015), and an anger scale (developed by: Al-Shennawy and AL-Damaty, 1993). The results revealed that the levels of parenting styles perceived by sons for their fathers were in the following ranking (acceptance, equality, care, democracy, tolerance), and for their mothers were in the following ranking (acceptance, care, equality, democracy, tolerance). Moreover, a statistically significant negative correlation at the level 0.01 of significance was found between the overall score of parenting styles scale (perception of the father and perception of the mother) and the overall score of anger scale, which indicates the higher the scores of the parenting styles among students, the lower their anger levels were. Keywords: Parenting styles- Anger emotion- Secondary school.

The Difference in Job-seeking Stress between Perceived Parents’ Parenting Style and Perfectionism of University Students

The university students have several developmental tasks such as getting an academic goal, getting a job and preparing independence from their parents. But in Korea, those are not easy for university students. Especially, after the economic crisis in 1998, it became harder to find the right job of young people. To be independent of parents economically and psychologically was not easy . So, the purpose of this study is to investigate how university students feel job seeking stress as effects of perfectionism and perceive parenting style to help them effectively preparing as to be employed. The research questions were set up as follow: First, is there a difference in the university students' job-seeking stress according to perceived parenting style? Second, is there a difference in the university students' job-seeking stress according to perfectionism? To gain answers about these questions, a survey targeting the graduate students in Busan, South Korea was made. Five hundred survey questionnaires were distributed, and 423 responses were collected. The data were analyzed by t-test with SPSS 18. Results of this study were as follow. First, the lower-level care group experienced higher job seeking stress, personality stress, family stress and expectation stress than the other. And, the higher level of overprotection group suffered from higher job seeking stress and all of subtypes stress. Second, the higher level of self-oriented perfectionism students experienced more school stress than the lower one. Other-oriented perfectionism students experienced more job seeking stress, personality stress, and academic stress. And social imposed perfectionism group was suffering from all of subtypes stress. Limitations and suggestions for future study were provided.

The association between demographic and familial characteristics and psychological properties of adolescents.

Background:We aimed to investigate the association between demographic and familial characteristics and psychological properties of adolescents including identity style, spiritual intelligence (SI), perceived parenting style (PPS), family functioning, and mental health.Materials and Methods:In this cross-sectional study, high school students aged 15–18 years were enrolled. Demographic characteristics of each student and their parents were recorded. Psychological properties of the students including PPS questionnaire, family assessment device, identity status, mental health status, and SI were assessed. The association between demographic and familial characteristics and psychological properties of adolescents was determined using Multiple Indicators and Multiple Causes (MIMIC) model.Results:In this study, 279 high school students (140 boys and 139 girls) were enrolled. The most common forms of identity style were diffusion and foreclosure with a prevalence rate of 49.1% and 39.5%, respectively. Results of MIMIC model showed acceptable fit with comparative fit index = 0.91, Tucker-Lewis index = 0.87, and root-mean-square error of approximation = 0.05 (0.04–0.06). There was a significant positive association between age and family functioning (P = 0.001). There was a significant positive association between age and mental health (P = 0.003). There was a significant negative association between gender and PPS (P < 0.001). The most common forms of PPS in females and males were authoritative form and uninvolved parenting, respectively. There was a significant positive association between father education and PPS (P = 0.001).Conclusion:Our findings indicated that there is an association between families’ demographic characteristics and identity style, perceived parental style, family functioning, and SI of adolescence. The association of some factors with mentioned psychological variables is more prominent such as age, gender, and father age.

A review of scales of perceived parenting style

Background: Research in the field of parenting has grown in the recent decade. Parenting style scales are used to measure the perception of parenting style either from the child's viewpoint or parent's viewpoint. The previous review of scales affirms the parenting style scales in the western context. The current review examines the scales available to measure the same from a young adult's perspective and throws light on the need to have a scale which can bring out cultural aspect. Methodology: Searches of PubMed, EBSCO, PROQUEST, and Google Scholar to identify scales that focus on the perception of parenting styles and find publications that assess their criterion-related validity. Results: Almost 10 numbers of instruments assessing parenting style among the young adults were located. Searches identified 10 scales and the publication that assesses the validity. The evident approach to item generation was available literature, focus group discussion, and interviews prominently on the foundation of Baumarind's theory of parenting style. Findings raise methodological concerns, which inform recommendation for future development. Conclusion: Scales perceiving parenting styles have been developed in the western context and validated for Indian context, hence there is a need for developing indigenous scales suiting our collectivistic culture.

Relationship between parenting styles and self-esteem among under graduate students

This study examined the relationship between Parenting style and Self-esteem among under graduate students. The study has been carried out on a sample of 90 students (45 males and 45 females). Two instruments were used in the study Parental Authority Questionnaire (PAQ) to determine the perceived parenting styles and Rosenberg Self-esteem scale to determine the level of self-esteem. Pearson product correlation was used to see the relationship between parenting styles and Self-esteem. The findings of the study found that there is a significant positive relationship between Parenting style and Self-esteem.

Estilos parentais, bullying e o papel mediador da sintomatologia psicopatológica em adolescentes e jovens adultos

O bullying constitui um fenómeno que embora tenha vindo a assumir grandes repercussões nas últimas décadas, continua a carecer de uma abordagem compreensiva e relacional face às vivências dos jovens. O presente estudo teve como objetivo analisar os estilos parentais percebidos, quer relativamente à mãe, quer relativamente ao pai, e testar o seu papel no envolvimento em comportamentos de bullying, assim como, analisar o papel mediador da sintomatologia psicopatológica na associação anterior. A amostra foi constituída por 1976 adolescentes e jovens adultos, com idades compreendidas entre os 14 e os 25 anos de idade (M = 17.22; DP = 2.50). Os resultados apontam para uma associação significativa dos estilos parentais dos pais face aos comportamentos de bullying e ainda para existência de um papel mediador da sintomatologia psicopatológica na associação entre estilos parentais e comportamentos de bullying. Os resultados serão discutidos à luz da teoria de Baumrind, assumindo a importância dos estilos parentais para o desenvolvimento psicológico e comportamental nos adolescentes e jovens adultos.

Parenting style as a predictor of music preference

Although previous research has established relationships between perceived parenting styles and children’s deviant behaviours and links between these behaviours and a liking for intense and rebellious music, no research has explored the associations between perceived parenting styles and children’s liking for different music styles. Whereas previous research has considered musical taste by looking at a small number of individual difference variables in isolation from one another, the present research used a cross-sectional correlational design to investigate whether parenting styles, the Big Five personality traits, sensation seeking, age, and gender were associated with a liking for different music styles. In total, 336 Australians completed an online, self-report questionnaire. Analyses demonstrated there were relationships between five of the six parenting style variables and five of the music styles considered. This indicates that various parenting styles were associated with musical taste, and the nature of these associations extends well beyond those concerning rebellious music and neglectful parenting that have been identified by previous research.