Perceived Parenting Styles among Drug Addict and Non-Addict Medical Students

Background: Mothers who were married too young have a higher risk of to experience psychological and emotional problems influencing parenting style, which may have an impact on child development. However, prevalence of parenting style in early marriage mothers in Indonesia is still unknown. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of adopted parenting style on early marriage mothers.Subjects and Method: A cross-sectional study was conducted in Martapura, Banjar Re­gency, South Kalimantan, Indonesia, from April 1 to May 30, 2018. Mothers who were married in early age (<21 years old) were enrolled using simple random sampling. The dependent variable was parenting style. The independent variables were education, family income, and number of children. Parenting style was measured by short version of parenting style and dimension questionnaire (PSDQ). The data were analyzed by Spearman test.Result: Authoritative parenting style is the most common parenting style (54.6%), followed by authoritarian (32.7%), and permissive (12.7%) parenting style. Education level (r= -0.07; p= 0.325) decreased parental parenting style, but it was statistically non-significant. Family income (r= 0.72; p= 0.302) and number of children (r= 0.27; p= 0.700) increased parental parenting style, but it was statistically non-significant.Conclusions: Education level decreases parental parenting style, but it is statistically non-significant. Family income and number of children increase parental parenting style, but it was statistically non-significant.Keywords: parenting style, early marriageCorrespondence: Irwanto. Department of Child Health, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Airlangga. Jl. Prof. Dr. Moestopo 6-8, Surabaya, East Java, Indonesia. Email: Irwanto.idris@gmail.com. Mobile +62­816­500818.Indonesian Journal of Medicine (2019), 4(4): 313-320https://doi.org/10.26911/theijmed.2019.04.04.03

Background: Mothers who were married too young have a higher risk of to experience psychological and emotional problems influencing parenting style, which may have an impact on child development. However, prevalence of parenting style in early marriage mothers in Indonesia is still unknown. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of adopted parenting style on early marriage mothers. Subjects and Method: A cross-sectional study was conducted in Martapura, Banjar Re­gency, South Kalimantan, Indonesia, from April 1 to May 30, 2018. Mothers who were married in early age (<21 years old) were enrolled using simple random sampling. The dependent variable was parenting style. The independent variables were education, family income, and number of children. Parenting style was measured by short version of parenting style and dimension questionnaire (PSDQ). The data were analyzed by Spearman test. Result: Authoritative parenting style is the most common parenting style (54.6%), followed by authoritarian (32.7%), and permissive (12.7%) parenting style. Education level (r= -0.07; p= 0.325) decreased parental parenting style, but it was statistically non-significant. Family income (r= 0.72; p= 0.302) and number of children (r= 0.27; p= 0.700) increased parental parenting style, but it was statistically non-significant. Conclusions: Education level decreases parental parenting style, but it is statistically non-significant. Family income and number of children increase parental parenting style, but it was statistically non-significant.

Background: Mothers who were married too young have a higher risk of to experience psychological and emotional problems influencing parenting style, which may have an impact on child development. However, prevalence of parenting style in early marriage mothers in Indonesia is still unknown. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of adopted parenting style on early marriage mothers.Subjects and Method: A cross-sectional study was conducted in Martapura, Banjar Re­gency, South Kalimantan, Indonesia, from April 1 to May 30, 2018. Mothers who were married in early age (<21 years old) were enrolled using simple random sampling. The dependent variable was parenting style. The independent variables were education, family income, and number of children. Parenting style was measured by short version of parenting style and dimension questionnaire (PSDQ). The data were analyzed by Spearman test.Result: Authoritative parenting style is the most common parenting style (54.6%), followed by authoritarian (32.7%), and permissive (12.7%) parenting style. Education level (r= -0.07; p= 0.325) decreased parental parenting style, but it was statistically non-significant. Family income (r= 0.72; p= 0.302) and number of children (r= 0.27; p= 0.700) increased parental parenting style, but it was statistically non-significant.Conclusions: Education level decreases parental parenting style, but it is statistically non-significant. Family income and number of children increase parental parenting style, but it was statistically non-significant.Keywords: parenting style, early marriageCorrespondence: Irwanto. Department of Child Health, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Airlangga. Jl. Prof. Dr. Moestopo 6-8, Surabaya, East Java, Indonesia. Email: Irwanto.idris@gmail.com. Mobile +62­816­500818.Indonesian Journal of Medicine (2019), 4(4): 313-320https://doi.org/10.26911/theijmed.2019.04.04.03

Background: The study of anger is important from many aspects, one of which is the anger management. Objectives: The current study aimed at examining the mediating role of resilience in the relationship between perceived parenting styles and anger management in high school students. Methods: Using randomized cluster sampling, 395 high school students (females and males) from Babolsar city, Iran enrolled in the school for the academic year of 2017 - 2018 were selected as the study participants. The participants’ ages ranged 12 to 16 years (mean = 13.93, SD = 0.81). The perceived parenting style of the participants was determined, using resilience and anger management scales. Data were analyzed by AMOS version 22. In order to evaluate the proposed model of the study, path analysis was performed. Results: The results indicated that the authoritative parenting style was a positive predictor of anger management (P = 0.006,β= 0.19) and resilience (P = 0.012,β= 0.21). The results also revealed that the authoritarian parenting style was a negative predictor of anger management (P = 0.008,β= -.25) and resilience (P = 0.005,β= - 0.31). Resilience was a positive predictor of anger management (P = 0.011,β= 0.33) and played a mediator role between authoritative and authoritarian parenting styles and anger management. The results showed that the acceptable percentage of anger management variance was explained by the model. Conclusions: Given the results, increase of authoritative parenting style and decrease of authoritarian parenting style are accompanied by strengthened anger management skill in high school students. Therefore, holding workshops for parents can help them to strengthen the management of anger in their children.

PurposeThe primary aim of this study was to investigate the role of attachment styles as intermediaries in the relationship between intimate partner violence (IPV) and parenting styles among Iranian women.MethodsData for this study was collected between September and December 2020. The participants consisted of 102 women who had been referred to Social Emergency Centers in Isfahan due to their experiences with domestic violence. Participants filled out the Haj-Yahia Violence Questionnaire, Baumrind Parenting Styles Questionnaire (BPSQ), and the Attachment Styles Questionnaire (AAQ). To examine the hypothesized relationships, Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) was used.ResultsEconomic IPV victimization was negatively related to secure attachment (β = − 0.309, p = 0.019) and positively related with authoritative parenting (β = 0.422, p = 0.019) and avoidant attachment style (β = 0.563, p = 0.000). There was a significant, positive relationship between sexual IPV victimization with secure and avoidant attachment styles (β = 0.351, p = 0.011; β = 0.407, p = 0.000). Authoritative parenting style was related to avoidant attachment (β = − 0.524, p = 0.015) and secure attachment (β = 0.371, p = 0.000).ConclusionsIranian IPV victims with secure attachment style were more likely to utilize authoritative parenting and those who have avoidant attachment were less likely to use authoritative parenting. Attachment styles may influence the relationship between IPV and parenting styles in Iranian women who have experienced IPV.

Parents and teachers play a key role in developing students' self-regulated learning (SRL), which is closely linked to academic achievement and acts as a protective factor for students from low socioeconomic backgrounds. Research has shown that authoritative parenting style, parental responsiveness, emotional warmth, behavioural control, and autonomy support are associated with better academic performance. In addition, studies have shown that the quality of the teacher-student relationship plays an important role in the development of SRL. However, there is limited research on the relationship between school and home environmental factors, student characteristics, and SRL, especially in primary school. The present study examined the relationship between parenting styles, teaching styles, student characteristics, and SRL. The sample included 328 ninth-grade students in Slovenian primary schools. SRL, parenting styles, and teaching styles were assessed using student self-reports. Using latent profile analysis, three subtypes of parenting styles (discipline-oriented parenting, democratic parenting, and responsive parenting) and three subtypes of teaching styles (autonomy-supportive teaching, diverse teaching, and directive teaching) were identified. Results indicate that students who perceive autonomy-supportive teaching and responsive parenting styles exhibit higher levels of SRL. Autonomy-supportive teaching was positively associated with student achievement. This study highlights the importance of an authoritative parenting and teaching style for the development of SRL in primary school.

Using a sample of third grade middle school students from the forth wave of Children and Youth Panel Survey in 2012, the mediation effects of private educational expenditure between parenting styles and children’s academic performance were investigated by applying factor, cluster, tobit, and two stage regression analysis. The major results were as follows. First, four types of parenting style were identified. The most frequent parenting style was ambivalent parenting (tiger parenting) which was followed by authoritative parenting. Second, compared to permissive parenting style, ambivalent, authoritative, and authoritarian parenting styles were significantly associated with more private educational expenditures. Third, more private educational expenditures were significantly associated with higher academic performance of children. I found both a full mediation effect of private educational expenditure for ambivalent and authoritarian parenting styles, and a partial mediation effect for authoritative parents. Authoritative parenting style has a negative moderating effect on the relationship between household income and private educational expenditure, along with a positive direct effect on the academic performance of children. The results suggested that an authoritative parenting style was related with higher academic performance of children with less private educational expenditures compared to other parenting styles. The results also implied that the public policies to enhance authoritative parenting style among parents would be effective to reduce household’s private educational expenditures.

Aggressive behavior in adolescents is a common problem in schools because it can disrupt learning and social interactions. Factors influencing this include parental parenting styles and the individual's ability to control themselves. Therefore, it is important to understand how parental authoritarian parenting styles and self-control contribute to students' aggressive behavior. This study aims to analyze the influence of maternal authoritarian parenting styles, paternal authoritarian parenting styles, and self-control on aggressive behavior in adolescents. The study used a quantitative approach with a causality method. The sample consisted of 279 students in grades 10 and 11 of SMKN 2 Karawang. The instruments used included the Parental Authority Questionnaire (PAQ) to measure parental parenting styles, the Brief Self-Control Scale (BSCS) to measure self-control, and the Aggression Questionnaire to measure students' levels of aggressiveness. The results showed that maternal authoritarian parenting styles significantly influenced aggressive behavior, as did paternal authoritarian parenting styles and self-control. All three simultaneously had a significant influence on students' aggressive behavior. Quantitatively, authoritarian parenting styles of mothers, fathers, and self-control contributed 23.1% to aggressive behavior, while the remaining 76.9% was influenced by other factors not examined in this study. These findings emphasize the importance of appropriate parenting styles and strengthening adolescents' self-control skills to minimize aggressive behavior at school.

The current study examines the relationships between perceived parenting styles, pro-social behavior, and happiness in university students, focusing on their correlations and predictive impacts. A co relational study design was adopted, involving a sample of 300 university students. The research aimed to see the correlation between perceived parenting styles and happiness, assess regression effects of parenting styles and their subscales, evaluate whether parenting styles predict happiness, and check the mediation role of pro-social behavior in these relationships. Data were collected and three standardized questionnaires as Perceived Parenting Style scale by (Divya & Manikandan, 2013) which included subscales for perceived parenting styles (authoritative, authoritarian, and permissive), Helping Attitude Scale (Nickell, G., 1998) which was used as pro-social behavior, and Oxford Happiness Questionnaire (Hills, P. & Argyle, M., 2002) was used to assess happiness. The procedure involved gathering self-reported responses from participants, ensuring anonymity and ethical considerations. Results revealed significant positive correlations between authoritative parenting and both pro-social behavior (p< .441) and happiness (p< .332), while authoritarian parenting styles demonstrated negative associations i.e., (p< -.256) and (p< -.301). Regression analysis identified authoritative parenting as a significant predictor of happiness, whereas authoritarian and permissive styles had variable effects. Mediation analysis highlighted pro-social behavior as a key intermediary, enhancing the influence of positive parenting on happiness outcomes as it successfully explains 10.7% of happiness variations through its fit statistics which show R = 0.327 and R² = 0.107. These findings emphasize the importance of structured parenting practices, which foster emotional well-being, empathy, and social competence. Perceived parenting styles, pro social behavior and happiness are studied among the university students using demographic and situational factors. Core hypotheses concern the correlations among these variables, parenting styles’ predictive effect on happiness, and the mediating effect of pro-social behavior. The research shows that parenting styles strongly affect how university students feel happy and behave positively towards others. From the researched styles of parenting, it shows that authoritative parenting works best because it uses both high responsiveness and high demandingness. To help students develop better overall they need support from education leaders and policy makers along with their parents and it is recommended to Promote authoritative parenting style and also integrate family support programs in educational institutions.

Aim: The present study aimed to determine the relationship between perceived parenting styles and obsessive-compulsive disorder with the mediating role of perfectionism. Methods: Using a descriptive-correlational study among male and female students of Islamic Azad University of Tonekabon, 258 students were selected by the convenience method and responded to Baumrind's Parenting style Inventory (1972), the Maudsley Obsessive-Compulsive Inventory (MOCI) (1977), and Hill perfectionism Inventory (2004). The collected data were analyzed by structural equation modeling using SPSS26 and AMOS24. Results: The results indicated that the structural model of perceived parenting styles had a fit with obsessive-compulsive disorders with the mediation of perfectionism in students (P=0.01). Furthermore, positive and negative perfectionism also mediated in the relationship between democratic parenting styles; the negative perfectionism mediated in the relationship between authoritarian parenting and obsessive-compulsive disorder; the positive perfectionism mediated in the relationship between authoritarian parenting styles; and finally, negative perfectionism mediated in the relationship between authoritative parenting styles (P=0.01). Conclusion: Given the research findings, parenting styles were involved in the creation of perfectionism personality patterns in a way that consequences and patterns derived from them also affected obsessive-compulsive disorder.

Parenting styles are a psychological construct representing standard strategies that parents use in their child-rearing that can implicate the child's socialization, which plays a significant role in children's development. The study aimed to seek the relationship between the three parenting styles identified by Baumrind (1967) and the preschoolers' socialization with their peers, their kind of play, and the manifestation of problem behaviors. The study used a descriptive method utilizing observation of the six subjects in the preschool level of UB VDTALC, the parenting style, and Dimension Questionnaire is a survey tool for the parents of the six subjects and the Key-informants interviewed among the teachers. It was found that most of the subjects' parents use Authoritarian parenting styles and sometimes use Authoritative and Permissive parenting styles. Five out of six subjects exhibit more positive behavior toward parents who most often use the Authoritative Parenting Style. Only one child exhibits negative behaviors toward parents who most often use the Authoritative Parenting Style but have the lowest overall composite mean in the Authoritative Parenting Style. This study will help parents and early childhood educators know what roles to take in terms of their parenting style.

Associations between Parenting Style and Parent and Toddler Mealtime Behaviors

The effects of a parental intervention on electronic media exposure and sleep patterns in adolescents

Perceived parenting styles, thinking styles, and gender on the career decision self-efficacy of adolescents: how & why?

Background: Dental anxiety is a challenge faced by dental professionals when treating young children and adolescents. It is caused by several complex factors. This study aimed to investigate the association between different parenting styles and the levels of social anxiety and dental anxiety in adolescents. Methods: The present cross-sectional study was conducted on 126 adolescents aged 12-19 and their mothers at a private pediatric dental clinic in Zahedan in 2021. The convenience sampling method was used to select participants. The Dental Anxiety Scale (DAS) and Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI) were employed to measure dental anxiety and social anxiety, respectively. Mothers completed the Baumrind Parenting Styles Questionnaire. Statistical analyses included variance tests, post hoc (Tukey) tests, Pearson’s correlation coefficient, and multiple linear regression analysis. Results: According to the findings of this study, the number of mothers with permissive, authoritarian, and authoritative parenting styles was 4 (3.2%), 9 (7.1%), and 113 (89.7%), respectively. The means±standard deviations (SD) of dental anxiety in the authoritative, permissive, and authoritarian parenting styles were 45.80±28.0%, 45.31±11.83%, and 35.42±18.49%, respectively. In addition, the mean scores±SD of social anxiety in the authoritative, permissive, and authoritarian parenting styles were 22.61±17.71%, 48.81±5.24%, and 38.72 ±11.93%, respectively. According to the results, social anxiety and maternal parenting styles were significant and influential factors in dental anxiety in adolescents (P<0.001). Conclusion: This study highlights the significant relationship between dental anxiety, social anxiety, and parenting styles in adolescents. Addressing social anxiety and understanding the impact of parenting styles can help reduce dental anxiety. Interventions should prioritize creating a supportive environment and attending to psychological well-being alongside dental care.