Perceived Parenting Styles Research Articles

The relationship between perceived parenting styles and anxiety in adolescents

Adolescence is a crucial period of growth and the best time to recognize, rebuild, and improve different psychological and social aspects of a person's life. Anxiety is one of the variables that affect a person's mental health. Also, there is a connection between parenting styles and mental health during adolescence. The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between perceived parenting styles and anxiety of adolescents in Isfahan (Iran). This descriptive-analytical study was conducted with the participation of 197 teenagers in the age group of 12–18 years in Isfahan, Iran. The participants were selected by cluster random sampling. The Parenting Styles Questionnaire (PSQ) and March Children's Anxiety Questionnaire were used to collect information. Data were analyzed using descriptive and analytical statistics through SPSS 26. The mean and standard deviation of anxiety in adolescents were 45.96 and 16.51, respectively (at a low level). The participants evaluated their parenting style in order as permissive (32%), authoritative (24.9%), neglectful (21.8%), and authoritarian (21.3%). A significant difference was observed between the anxiety level of adolescents and their parenting style (p < 0.001). In this way, the highest anxiety was related to the children of permissive parents, and the most minor anxiety was associated with the authoritarian parents (p < 0.001). The findings of this research indicate that there is a significant difference between the perceived parenting styles in terms of the level of children's anxiety. Therefore, considering the importance of parenting styles on children's psychological characteristics, It is recommended to educate parents about the importance of their parenting style on their children's health.

Perceived Parenting Styles, Emotional Intelligence and Conflict Resolution Styles among Young Adults

Purpose: Parenting styles greatly influence the development of emotional intelligence and conflict resolution styles among young adults since the very early years of their lives. The understanding how parenting styles and emotional intelligence impact conflict resolution styles of young adults has become progressively urgent. The existing study purposes to inspect the relationship between perceived parenting styles, emotional intelligence, and conflict resolution styles among young adults. The practical implication of this research will provide the future generations in better upbringing of their children that possess high levels of emotional intelligence. Methodology: The study was carried out in a single phase. The study was quantitative, and it was conducted to assess the perceived parenting styles by young adults including assessing their emotional intelligence and identifying their conflict resolution style. The sample of the study was 280 (M=140, F=140) recruited from different universities in Islamabad, Pakistan. Three scales were used for assessment: The Perceived Parenting Styles Scale (PPSC), The Schutte Self Report Emotional Intelligence Test (SSEIT) and the Conflict Resolution Styles Inventory (CRSI). Findings: The authoritative parenting style positively correlated with emotional intelligence (r = .47, p &lt; .01) and positive problem-solving (r = .17, p &lt; .01), while negatively relating to conflict engagement (r = -.31, p &lt; .01) and self-protection (r = -.26, p &lt; .01). In contrast, authoritarian and permissive styles were negatively related to emotional intelligence (r = -.13 and r = -.19, respectively) and positively associated with conflict engagement. Males scored higher on emotional intelligence (M = 121.96, SD = 13.73) than females (M = 118.35, SD = 15.87), and PhD students exhibited higher conflict resolution scores than Master's and undergraduate students. These findings highlight the impact of parenting styles on emotional intelligence and conflict resolution skills among young adults. Unique Contributions to Theory, Practice and Policy: The study is guided by The Social Learning Theory by Bandura (1977) sets that young adults copy ways of behaving gained from their childhood, particularly from their parents. Parenting styles perceived during childhood and adolescence could impact how people approach conflicts and social interactions. Another theory which backs this study is Emotional Intelligence theory by Daniel Goleman suggests that individuals consist of a bunch of skills and abilities that would help them in recognizing, understanding and managing their own self emotions as well as emotions of other people. The study recommends that research be conducted in other demographic regions or on a broader level. The study also recommends that other variables such as personality traits and changes over tine should be considered as well for better outcomes.

A Study on the Relationship between Parental Parenting Styles and Adolescent Attachment Decision Making Styles

This study investigates the associations between perceived parenting styles, attachment orientations, and decision - making styles among adolescents. Employing a cross - sectional, correlation research design, data were collected from 197 eighth - grade students (111 boys and 86 girls) Participants completed self - reported scales measuring perceived parenting styles, attachment styles, and decision - making styles. The results revealed a significant positive correlation between parental responsiveness and secure attachment, highlighting the crucial role of parental warmth and support in fostering secure attachments during adolescence. Conversely, a significant correlation was found between parental control and fearful attachments, indicating the adverse effects of harsh and inconsistent parenting practices on attachment patterns. . These findings underscore the importance of responsive parenting in nurturing secure attachment bonds and advocate for culturally sensitive approaches to understanding parenting styles. Further research is warranted to explore parental influences on adolescent decision - making across diverse cultural contexts, with implications for tailored interventions aimed at promoting positive outcomes in adolescents' development.

Adolescents' Social Emotional Health, Stress Resilience and Perceived Parenting Styles

The current study adopts a holistic and positive psychological approach to mental health, focusing on the emotional and social health domains of adolescents. The focus is on the correlation between adolescents' social emotional health, stress resilience and their perceived parenting style. Research methodologies: The Social Emotional Health Survey System (SEHS-S, Furlong et al., 2014); Brief Resilient Coping Scale (Sinclaire, Wallston, 2004); The parenting styles questionnaire (EMBU, Arrindell, 1999). Participants: 160 adolescents between 12 and 18 years of age. Research results: all parenting styles (except rejection) perceived by adolescents are significantly positively related to overall social emotional health (SEHS-S) index Covitality; adolescents stress resilience significantly positively correlates with all sub-scales of social emotional health and with the overall Covitality index. Effective communication between parents and children could help prevent or mitigate many problems and stresses during adolescence and contribute to positive development in adulthood.

Impact of Perceived Parenting Styles on Happiness and Aggression among Youth

Abstract: This study explores the complex relationship between perceived parenting styles, aggressiveness, and happiness, with a particular emphasis on how these relationships affect young adults' emotional and psychological health. The home environment, which is frequently regarded as a testing ground for emotional growth, is investigated as a major factor in determining how young people view parents. Happy people experience emotional stability,positive behavioural modelling, and open communication—all of which are essential for a child's healthy development. Happiness is a key motivator for these significant outcomes. On the other hand, family violence has long-term consequences that affect not just the victim's immediate emotional reaction, but also their behaviour patterns and interpersonal relationships. This study sheds light on the complex relationships between these emotionaldynamics, as well as their long-term impact on young people' psychological development. The study's findings pave the way for targeted treatments, support networks, and legislativerecommendations aimed at promoting emotionally supportive family environments

Relationship Between Perceived Parenting Style, Perceived Stress and Emotional Competence Among Young Adults

The purpose of the study is to investigate the relationship between Perceived Parenting Style, Perceived Stress, and Emotional Competence among young adults age ranging between 18-25 years. Parenting style refers to the behaviour of the parents towards their children, it can differ as every parent has a different way of interacting and guiding their children. The perception of children about the parenting style they experienced is referred to as Perceived Parenting Style. Parenting styles play a significant role in a child's emotional, physical, and psychological development. Stress is a bodily reaction to a threatening situation. Emotional competence refers to an individual’s ability to manage and express their emotions in a healthy way. This study attempts to determine the correlation between perceived parenting style, perceived stress and emotional competence. The scales utilised to collect the sample were The Perceived parenting style scale (PPSS) by Divya and Manikandan, The Perceived Stress Scale (PSS) developed by Sheldon Cohen and the Emotional Competence Scale (EC-Scale) developed by R. Bharadwaj and H. Sharma. The methods utilised to analyse the data were descriptive statistics, Independent t-test and Pearson’s Correlation. SPSS software was utilised for the analysis. The result indicates a significant relationship between Perceived Parenting Style, Perceived Stress and Emotional Competence.

Psychological Well-Being Among Adolescents: The Role of Parenting Styles, Causal Attributions of Academic Success/Failure, and Perceived School Performance

We investigated the effects of perceived parenting styles, causal attributions for academic success/failure, and perceived school performance (PSP) on adolescents’ psychological well-being (PWB). Participants were 200 Brazilian adolescents who answered the Parenting Styles &amp; Dimensions Questionnaire, the Psychological Well-Being Scale, and the Rating Scale of Causal Attributions for Academic Success/Failure (RSCA). The results showed that adolescents’ PWB was predicted by authoritative parenting style (APS), internal and controllable attributions (appropriate motivations to cope with academic success/failure; ICASF), and PSP. In addition, we tested a mediation model showing that the ICASF mediated the relationship between APS and PSP, which in turn led to better PWB. These results highlighted the relevance of parenting styles and school-based causal attributions for the understanding of adolescents’ mental health. Our findings can support interventions that enable more effective teaching–learning processes, which are associated with higher levels of mental health for the adolescent population.

Parenting Style and Its Correlates: Perceived among School Going Adolescents

Parents and parenting style have an effect on children’s upbringing. Children learn parenting style from their own parents and modifications are adopted by imitating their own parents. Therefore, parenting styles need to be conducive, encouraging, with minimum control over children. With this background, the present study proposes objectives to find out the perceived parenting style among students in the higher secondary school and to examine the relationship between the variables like authoritative and authoritarian parenting styles. Parenting style constitutes three main types such as authoritarian, authoritative and permissive style of parenting. But for the present study, the researchers have adopted two types of parenting styles, such as authoritative and authoritarian parenting styles. To test the variables, the researcher had selected a school in Kerala, interviewed around 121 respondents studying in high secondary school. The findings showed that there is no significant difference between authoritative and authoritarian parenting styles with the gender. But the mean and standard deviation scores reveal that most of the children felt their parenting style was authoritative rather than authoritarian.

The Relationship between Perceived Parenting Styles and Youth Athletes’ Sporting Achievement in Singapore

The role of parents is key to the success of youth athletes, but not much is known about the influence of parenting styles on sporting achievement in youth athletes. The present study aims to explore whether parents’ perceived parenting style is associated with various areas of sporting achievement. Eighty-three Singaporean student athletes from various local educational institutes and sporting organisations completed an online survey assessing parenting styles (Parental Authority Questionnaire, PAQ) and various levels of sporting achievement (entry to national youth team; medalling at international youth competitions). Cluster analysis was first used to identify the different clusters of youth athletes according to their perceived parenting styles. Subsequent chi-square tests of independence were then conducted to identify whether there was a significant association between the parenting style clusters and different levels of sporting achievement. The results indicated that there were no significant associations between the perceived parenting styles and various areas of sporting achievement in youth athletes. Key takeaways from this study include the need to consider more complex and nuanced parenting style profiles; the cultural differences that youth athletes from Asian contexts might face; and the complexity of sporting achievement, which might not be explained by parenting styles in isolation.

Unravelling the impact of Perceived Parental Styles on Curiosity and Exploration

This study was aimed at investigating the role of perceived parenting styles in predicting curiosity and exploration among university students. It is obvious that personality, behavioral and cognitive characteristics of human are affected by parents and it seems that parenting styles that parents use in rearing their children affect their personality and cognitive characteristics. Data were collected from Bahauddin Zakariya University Multan, Pakistan. Sample of 171 students were selected through convenient sampling. Two research instruments were used to measure the variables. Findings of the study reveal that permissive and authoritative parenting styles are the significant positive predictors of curiosity and exploration among students. Moreover, there is positive correlation among these constructs. Furthermore, results indicate that there is no significant impact of authoritarian parental style in predicting curiosity and exploration. In addition, there was no statistically significant difference of curiosity and exploration between male and female students. In the light of study, parents need to practice the health parenting styles to nourish their children.

The Association Between Parental Generativity and Parent-Child Attitude-Similarity Through Parent- and Child-Reported Authoritative Parenting: A Replication.

Generativity is the desire to pass something on to the coming generations. Through parents' and children's reports on authoritative parenting, parents' generativity is associated with how similar young adults think their attitudes are to those of their parent (Peterson et al., 1997; https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.72.5.1202). The present study represents a direct replication of these results. Altogether, a sample of 365 German parent-child dyads participated in the study (parents' age: M = 52.87, SD = 4.89; children's age: M = 20.81, SD = 2.26). Parents provided information on their generativity (Loyola Generativity Scale) and parenting styles (Parental Authority Questionnaire). Their child provided information on perceived parenting styles (Parental Authority Questionnaire) and attitudinal similarity to the parent (Psychological Separation Inventory). A serial mediation was found for authoritative parenting. It was not found, however, for authoritarian and permissive parenting. This pattern replicates Peterson et al.'s (1997) results. Potential questions for future research on how generative adults transmit their values and attitudes are discussed.

Adolescents’ Problematic Smartphone Use and Depressive Symptoms: A Moderated Mediation Effect of Perceived Parenting Styles on Self-Esteem

Objectives Over the past decade, smartphone ownership has grown rapidly, and problematic smartphone use (PSU) among adolescents has become a significant problem. The primary purpose of this study was to examine whether adolescents’ perceived parenting styles (i.e., warmth, rejection, autonomy support, coercion, structure, and chaos) moderate the relationship between problematic smartphone use (PSU) and depressive symptoms through self-esteem.&#x0D; Methods We used the data of 2,404 eighth-grade students from the 2018 Korean Children Youth Panel Survey. We conducted descriptive and moderated mediational analyses using SPSS 23.0, Amos 23.0, and PROCESS Macro v3.5.&#x0D; Results First, PSU in Korean adolescents was positively associated with depressive symptoms. Second, self-es-teem significantly mediated the relationship between PSU and depressive symptoms. Third, adolescents’ per-ceived parenting styles (warmth, rejection, autonomy support, coercion, and chaos) significantly moderated the mediating effect of self-esteem on the relationship between PSU and depressive symptoms.&#x0D; Conclusions Our results suggest that self-esteem should be considered when intervening in adolescents' PSU and depressive symptoms, and interventions focusing on positive parenting skills can provide a buffer between PSU and depressive symptoms.

ADOLESCENT-PARENT COMMUNICATION ON SEXUAL AND REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH AND ITS ASSOCIATED FACTORS AMONG HIGHER SECONDARY SCHOOL STUDENTS OF TOKHA MUNICIPALITY, NEPAL : A CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY

Background: As compared to other age groups, adolescents are more vulnerable to sexual and reproductive health issues. Parents can become protective and influencing factors for their children to prevent risky sexual behavior. Purpose: This study aimed to assess adolescent-parent communication on sexual and reproductive health and its associated factors. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study among 212 adolescents aged 15–19 in higher secondary schools of Tokha Municipality. A self-administered structured modified questionnaire to assess the communication used the Weighted Topics Measure of Family Sexual Communication tool with a simple random sampling technique. Descriptive statistical analysis and chi-square tests were used to analyze data and assess the association between variables. Data quality was assured through careful questionnaire design, pretesting, and training. Results: The study found that 75.9% of adolescents had communicated on sexual and reproductive health (SRH) topics with their parents, 24.1% never communicated, 47.2% seldom communicated on SRH topics, followed by sometimes (23.6%) and often (5.2%), respectively. Adolescent-parent communication on SRH was significantly associated with the level of knowledge regarding sexual and reproductive health (ꭓ2 = 5.809, p-value = 0.01, df = 1). Similarly, there was a significant association with the perceived parenting style (ꭓ2 =3.932, p-value =0.04, df =1), living arrangements (ꭓ2 =6.376, p-value=0.01, df =1), and adolescent-parent communication. Conclusion: It concluded that adolescent-parent communication on SRH issues is not satisfactory. Creating an adolescent-friendly environment at home and conducting awareness programs with the help of the local government of the respective schools would help to increase adolescent-parent communication.

Parent-Adolescent Conflict: Adolescents' Coping Strategies and Preferred Parenting Styles during the Social Movements in Hong Kong, 2019.

This research investigated parent-adolescent conflict, conflict resolution strategies and perceived parenting styles by adolescents during the social movements in Hong Kong in 2019, a period characterized by considerable social unrest in which many young people participated in demonstrations and protests. The study drew on responses from 866 adolescents aged between 11 and 16 who completed a questionnaire that included a conflict issue checklist and elicited respondents' conflict resolution strategies as well as perceived parenting styles. Correlation analysis was performed to identify the correlation of parent-adolescent conflicts with differences in political stances with their parents and other demographic data. Regression analysis was performed to identify the correlation of perceived parenting styles and conflict resolution strategies adopted by adolescents. Results indicated that early adolescents have a higher intensity of conflicts with their parents than late adolescents in this period. Respondents had more intense conflicts with their parents over political differences and ways of expressing their political views than other issues. Those respondents in conflict or ineffective arguing strategies perceived their parents as more authoritarian than those who adopt positive conflict resolution strategies. However, when asked about their ideal ways of resolving conflicts, adolescents preferred problem-solving rather than conflict strategies.

Self-assertiveness and Perceived Parenting Style among Medical Students in Southern India: A Cross-sectional Study

Introduction: The youth population particularly medical students should have the ability to express their feelings without hurting others and thus develop proper communication with the patients. The way they express and take decision shows their self-assertiveness. The communication potential and the assertivenss skill is developed mainly during the childhood partially through parental guidance. Aim: To assess self-assertiveness and perceived parenting style among medical students and to assess any association between the variables. Materials and Methods: The study was conducted as a crosssectional study among 400 prefinal and final-year medical students (MBBS) from Travancore Medical College, Kollam district Kerala, India for a period of two months from January-February 2020. The data was collected using a self-reported questionnaire method which includes- socio-demographic details, Rathus assertiveness scale to assess self-assertiveness, and parenting bond instrument to assess perceived parenting style. The association was assessed using Chi-square and Fisher's exact test. The data was collected in Microsoft excel and analysed using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 23.0. Results: The mean age of the study population was 21.34±1.71 years, and there were 132 (33%) males, and 268 (67%) females. The study showed that 206 subjects (51.5%) had low assertiveness scores. Among subjects, most of the subjects {236 (59%) in the father and 252 (63%) in the mother} perceived their parents to have optimal parenting style. The male gender perceived the parents to be affectionless and high protection from the parents showed a significant reduction in the assertiveness scores. The study did not found any significant association between perceived parenting styles and the selfassertiveness score of medical students. In case of father, the Chi-square value was 7.27, and p-value was 0.20 and for mother the Chi-square value was 4.93 and the p-value was 0.08. Conclusion: Most of the medical students have low selfassertiveness score and perceived their parents to have optimal parenting styles. Even though the study showed an absence of association between the perceived parenting style and selfassertiveness, the importance of being assertive should be established among students and measures can be adopted to make a family consultation.

Perceived Parenting Styles and Attachment of Adolescents Aged 10 to 15 Years

The study presents conclusions of research on perceived parenting styles and attachment of adolescents attending Slovak state schools. The study aimed to investigate whether the emotional relationship with the child and work with behavioural boundaries that are the basis of parents’ parenting style relate to the degree of adolescents’ attachment. The theoretical background of the research problem was based on the theory of attachment and the theory of parenting styles. The research sample consisted of 1011 adolescents aged 10 to 15 (mean age 12.75 years, standard deviation 1.483) from all Slovak regions. Data were collected using the Parenting Style Questionnaire and the revised version of The Inventory of Parent and Peer Attachment. We assumed that the degree of adolescents’ attachment strongly relates to their perception of their parents’ parenting styles. The results were significant and indicated that the character of parenting affects the perception of the closeness of the relationship between adolescents and their parents.

THE PERCEIVED PARENTING STYLE AS A PREDICTOR OF THE GENERAL FEMALE COMMUNICATION STYLE

Communication is of great importance for all facets of human life. Its role in parenting is manifested in the transfer of values, beliefs, norms, and new skills from parents to the younger generation. As documented in the scientific literature, maternal parenting style has a greater impact on a child’s development than paternal one (Baumrind, 1991; Patock-Peckham, et al., 2006; Barton, 2012). Therefore, understanding the general communication style of women and its relations to the perceived parenting style of their mothers and fathers will allow us to study family dynamics from a more holistic perspective. There is no consensus in the scientific community about the classification of communication and its connection to the perceived parenting styles among females. We aimed to study the interaction between perceived parenting style and general female communication style. To this end, we performed quantitative research using the Communication Style Inventory (Vries, 2011) and the Experiences in Close Relationships – Relationship Structures Questionnaire ECR-RS (Fraley et al., 2011) adapted for the Bulgarian cultural context by Totkova (2014). In our research took part 281 Bulgarian adult females. We have found that both the perceived mother’s authoritarian and perceived father’s permissive parenting styles are strong predictors of the general communication style of adult females. Furthermore, all four perceived parenting styles exhibited a strong correlation with certain communication styles. In conclusion, the perceived paternal parenting style is just as strong a predictor of general female communication style as the maternal one.

Is the Way I was Raised Linked to How I Love? Perceived Parenting and Implicit Theories of Relationships

The current study was aimed at exploring (a) the links between perceived parenting styles (i.e., authoritarian parenting and authoritative parenting) and implicit theories of relationships (i.e., destiny belief and growth belief) and (b) the potential differences in such links based on romantic relationship status among emerging adults. A total of 578 participants aged 18–25 from Taiwan were included in the present study. By utilizing structural equation modeling (SEM), results indicated that perceived authoritative parenting linked to growth beliefs about romantic relationships, whereas perceived authoritarian parenting linked to both growth and destiny beliefs about romantic relationships. Additionally, according to the multigroup analysis of SEM, we found the associations between perceived parenting and implicit theories of relationships significantly varied by romantic relationship status. This study identified the critical relation between perceived parenting and youths’ romantic relationship beliefs and further revealed how these relations varied across young people with different relationship statuses.

Factor structure of the parental bonding instrument for pregnant Japanese women

The parental bonding instrument (PBI) is often used to examine the perceptions of children and adolescents regarding parenting practices. Previous studies have investigated the factor structure of the PBI. However, although it is important to examine the relationships between the perceived parenting practices and perinatal mental health, few studies have included perinatal women. We aimed to accurately clarify which PBI factor structure was useful in assessing perinatal women (n = 4633). Furthermore, we evaluated the measurement invariance between primipara and multipara groups, and between the paternal and maternal PBI forms. Our exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses revealed that a three-factor PBI structure was most plausible for perinatal women. Moreover, we found complete invariance (residual invariance) of the PBI ratings across primipara and multipara women for the paternal and maternal forms. In contrast, we found weak invariance (metric invariance) of the PBI ratings across the paternal and maternal forms. Our participants tended to rate fathers as less caring and less overprotective than mothers. This three-factor structure shows measurement invariance in perinatal women and can be used to accurately determine how the perceived parenting style before adolescence influences women’s mental health in the perinatal period.

Adolescent-Parent Communication on Sexual and Reproductive Health and its Associated Factors among Higher Secondary School Students of Tokha Municipality, Kathmandu, Nepal

Introduction Physical, psychological, and emotional growth are among the changes that define the adolescent stage. As compared to other age groups, adolescents are more vulnerable to sexual and reproductive health issues. Parents can become protective and influencing factors for their children to prevent risky sexual behavior. This study aims to assess adolescent-parent communication on sexual and reproductive health and its associated factors. Methods A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted among 212 adolescents aged 15–19 in higher secondary schools of Tokha Municipality. A self-administered structured modified questionnaire to assess the communication used the Weighted Topics Measure of Family Sexual Communication (WTM) tool with a simple random sampling technique of data collection. We performed descriptive statistical analysis and chi-square tests to analyze data and assess the association between variables. Data quality was assured through careful questionnaire design, pretesting, and training. Results The study found that about 75.9% of adolescents had communicated on SRH topics with their parents. Only 56.1%, 50.1%, 55.2%, and 50.5% of adolescents communicated about choosing a life partner, menstruation, physical and psychological changes during adolescence, and the physical growth and development of reproductive organs, respectively, while topics like using birth controls, when to start having sex, pregnancy, how to handle sexual pressure from a partner, STI and HIV/AIDs, about condoms, and abortion had never communicated by 61.3%, 86.6%, 69.3%, 85.8%, 72.2%, 78.8%, and 82.5% of adolescents, respectively. Adolescent-parent communication on sexual and reproductive health was significantly associated with the level of knowledge regarding sexual and reproductive health (X2 = 5.809, p = 0.01, df = 1). Similarly, there was a significant association with the perceived parenting style (X2 =3.932, p =0.04, df =1), living arrangements (X2 =6.376, p=0.01, df =1), and adolescent-parent communication. Conclusion It concluded that adolescent-parent communication on SRH issues is not satisfactory. Creating an adolescent-friendly environment at home and conducting awareness programs with the help of the local government of the respective schools would help to increase adolescent-parent communication.