Perception Of Orientation Research Articles

АДАПТОВАНА КОНЦЕПЦІЯ ХОЛІСТИЧНОГО МАРКЕТИНГУ ЯК ІНСТРУМЕНТ ЗАЛУЧЕННЯ ТА УТРИМАННЯ СПОЖИВАЧІВ

Conception of holistic marketing as modern approach to the organization of marketing activity, the basic feature of which is integration of basic principles of marketing on all stages of management by the business processes of the enterprise is considered. Importance of the use of holistic marketing principles in the conditions of loss of traditional approach actuality and change of market reference-points. The concept “holistic conception of marketing” is specified, authorial determination of holistic concept of marketing is given; the holistic concept of market and its influence on the change of consumer behavior, the mechanism of its realization is given in details in practice of economic activity of the enterprise are described in the article. Intercommunication between holism as the direction of modern philosophy of business, becoming of integral market and appearance of holistic conception of marketing, as reactions on common change in the structure of market processes is shown. The necessity of market diagnostics is reasonable from the point of view of holism taking into account its multilevel and integrating of internal processes through the prism of integral concept, namely unity of four elements: market understanding, market activity, idea about the market and market subjects is described. Holistic conceptions of marketing and function that is additionally realized in case of its introduction by the enterprise: analysis and authentication of consumer cost, creation of consumer cost and grant of consumer cost are distinguished. Influence of holistic conception of marketing on the processes of bringing in and persuading of clients of the enterprise is described. The range of problems of decline of effectiveness processes of bringing and persuading of consumers in case of complete or partial abandonment of the enterprise from application of the principles of socially responsible marketing that reduces the level of positive perception of customer orientation is diagnosed. The adapted conception of holistic marketing with application of digital- marketing instruments and taking into account basic principles of socially responsible marketing as important constituent of bringing in and persuading of consumers in modern market conditions is offered. The possible set of tools for successful simultaneous adaptation of basic principles of socially responsible marketing realization and digital-marketing is given.

Особливості формування сприйняття почасових уявлень у дітей із порушенням інтелектуального розвитку

The article covers the process of forming perception of time for children with intellectual developmental disorders of primary school age. It is noted that the formation of the perception of time and time orientation is one of the most complex areas of knowledge, skills and abilities included in the content of social experience, as they are quite abstract and their operation requires the performance of complex thought operations. Attention is drawn to the fact that the formation of a sense of time in children with intellectual developmental disabilities is not sufficiently investigated and requires further methodology development. The article covers the main theoretical concepts of the formation and development of time perception of children with normative development and children with mental disabilities. And it is also noted that children with strong intellectual development disorders, understanding of the names of the months, skills and abilities to determine the sequence of terms, the concept of a day, time, are formed slowly and with great difficulty. To make it easier to acquire the material, it is recommended to combine the use of different forms of visualization with practical activities and repetition. Consolidation takes place in the form of didactic games, in various educational classes and in everyday life. This option of learning allows for a personal approach to children in the process of forming a sense of time, and it makes it possible to influence their overall development.

Factors influencing forming foresters' professionalismng foresters' professionalism

The article reveals the factors of formation of readiness of future forestry specialists for professional activity. The purpose of the study is to reveal the factors influencing the formation of the readiness of future forestry professionals for professional activities, in particular its criteria: motivational-personal, information-cognitive, effective-practical. Materials and methods: theoretical – analysis of psychological and pedagogical, scientific and methodological literature to reveal the factors influencing the formation of readiness of future forestry professionals for professional activities, justification of their importance for the formation of readiness criteria: motivational-personal, information-cognitive, effective-practical. External, internal and accidental factors contributing to the formation of readiness of future forestry specialists for professional activity are singled out. The group of external determinants includes: the dynamics of market development; the nature of the projected social order for higher professional education; change of educational paradigms; increasing the complexity of professional activity; development of management as a strategic management culture and professional field of activity, etc. The internal determinants that contribute to the formation of the readiness of future forestry professionals for professional activities include: subject-subject relations in the system "teacher-applicant"; value perception and development of applicants' orientation on their training; the presence of the need for professional activity in the course of training and the motives for its implementation; the desire of applicants to show their own internal (volitional) activity in the process of professional activity; level of readiness for professional activity; intention for creative professional activity in the context of formation of readiness for professional activity. Manifestation and use of random factors contribute to the formation of the readiness of future forestry professionals for professional activities, which depends on the teacher's ability to see a favorable case, a unique situation. The influence of internal factors on the formation of criteria for the readiness of future forestry professionals for professional activities: motivational-personal, information-cognitive, effective-practical. Effective diagnosis of professional and personal development of future forestry specialists allowed to obtain objective information about the state of formation of motivational and personal criteria, outline the main directions of work, determine methods and technologies for forming professional values of future professionals. Such diagnostics allowed to trace in dynamics the real efficiency of influence of various subjects of professional training on personal development of future experts, change of their attitude to realities of social and professional life. Carrying out diagnostic sections in the framework of research and experimental work allowed to obtain the necessary objective information about the state of information and cognitive criteria of readiness for professional activity, outline the main directions and content of this work, determine methods and technologies to provide emotional background for future forestry professionals. This diagnosis allowed us to trace the gradual dynamics of the evolution of information and cognitive criteria for the readiness of future professionals to work, to assess the real effectiveness of the influence of various factors on its development. Effective diagnosis of professional and personal development of future forestry specialists as a factor in the formation of their readiness for professional activity allowed to obtain the necessary information on the status of effective and practical criteria of professional readiness, outline main directions of work, identify methods and technologies activities. We see the prospect of further research in the studied influences of selected factors on the formation of the readiness of future forestry professionals to work.

МЕТОДОЛОГИЯ И СМЕНА ПАРАДИГМ В ИССЛЕДОВАНИИ СОЦИОГЕНДЕРНОГО ПРОСТРАНСТВА И ГЕНДЕРНОГО РАВНОПРАВИЯ

The article considers the evolution of social changes and the peculiarities of the development of socio-gender processes in Russian society in the conditions of Russia’s transition to a market economy, changes in the social structure and in the activities of women’s public organizations. It analyzes transformations in the social space of the activities of women’s non-commercial organizations, their relevance, changes in the social base and political attention of women’s organizations to the changes taking place in the world. The article also reveals the peculiarity of social space as a field for integration of new gender norms in social interaction amid the formation of a new gender order. Based on the results of the repetitive by its nature project sociological study “Women, democratization and gender equality in Russian society 30 years later”, the author discloses the social shifts in the process of forming a new gender order, the degree of understanding of its essence, the perception of certain norms and orientation by the mass consciousness of women and students, the reaction of the population to the changes that have occurred in society over thirty years. The issues of reformatting a number of activities of women’s organizations, taking into account the changed social and political situation, the actions of National projects and Sustainable Development Goals, are raised. Special emphasis is placed on social changes in the structure and leadership of women’s non-commercial organizations, on the potential for expanding the socially active practices of women’s organizations when forming a national gender order.

FACTORS INFLUENCING FORMING FORESTERS' PROFESSIONALISM

The article reveals the factors of formation of readiness of future forestry specialists for professional activity. The purpose of the study is to reveal the factors influencing the formation of the readiness of future forestry professionals for professional activities, in particular its criteria: motivational-personal, information-cognitive, effective-practical. Materials and methods: theoretical – analysis of psychological and pedagogical, scientific and methodological literature to reveal the factors influencing the formation of readiness of future forestry professionals for professional activities, justification of their importance for the formation of readiness criteria: motivational-personal, information-cognitive, effective-practical. External, internal and accidental factors contributing to the formation of readiness of future forestry specialists for professional activity are singled out. The group of external determinants includes: the dynamics of market development; the nature of the projected social order for higher professional education; change of educational paradigms; increasing the complexity of professional activity; development of management as a strategic management culture and professional field of activity, etc. The internal determinants that contribute to the formation of the readiness of future forestry professionals for professional activities include: subject-subject relations in the system "teacher-applicant"; value perception and development of applicants' orientation on their training; the presence of the need for professional activity in the course of training and the motives for its implementation; the desire of applicants to show their own internal (volitional) activity in the process of professional activity; level of readiness for professional activity; intention for creative professional activity in the context of formation of readiness for professional activity. Manifestation and use of random factors contribute to the formation of the readiness of future forestry professionals for professional activities, which depends on the teacher's ability to see a favorable case, a unique situation. The influence of internal factors on the formation of criteria for the readiness of future forestry professionals for professional activities: motivational-personal, information-cognitive, effective-practical. Effective diagnosis of professional and personal development of future forestry specialists allowed to obtain objective information about the state of formation of motivational and personal criteria, outline the main directions of work, determine methods and technologies for forming professional values of future professionals. Such diagnostics allowed to trace in dynamics the real efficiency of influence of various subjects of professional training on personal development of future experts, change of their attitude to realities of social and professional life. Carrying out diagnostic sections in the framework of research and experimental work allowed to obtain the necessary objective information about the state of information and cognitive criteria of readiness for professional activity, outline the main directions and content of this work, determine methods and technologies to provide emotional background for future forestry professionals. This diagnosis allowed us to trace the gradual dynamics of the evolution of information and cognitive criteria for the readiness of future professionals to work, to assess the real effectiveness of the influence of various factors on its development. Effective diagnosis of professional and personal development of future forestry specialists as a factor in the formation of their readiness for professional activity allowed to obtain the necessary information on the status of effective and practical criteria of professional readiness, outline main directions of work, identify methods and technologies activities. We see the prospect of further research in the studied influences of selected factors on the formation of the readiness of future forestry professionals to work.

What Makes Employees Behave Innovatively? Empirical Evidence from South Korea

Although the value of a supportive organizational strategy has been recognized over time, there is a need to better understand its relationship with employees’ psychological and behavioral responses. This study focuses on employees’ innovative behavior as a result of their perceptions of internal market orientation in the organization. It proposes a sequential process model that examines the impact of internal market orientation on employees’ innovative behavior through the ethical climate, psychological ownership, and employee stewardship toward the organization. Using data collected from 310 employees of small and medium-sized enterprises in various industries in South Korea, a linear sequential relationship among the constructs is confirmed. The findings of this empirical study, therefore, suggest that the ethical climate, psychological ownership, and stewardship mediate the effects of internal market orientation on employees’ innovative behavior. The research thus offers a conceptual framework that shows the sequential process of the effect of internal market orientation on innovative behavior. Further, it shows that the perception of an ethical climate can be influenced by management and can develop an employee’s psychological ownership. Implications for managers and directions for future research are also discussed.

Total sugar intake and cognition in community‐dwelling older adults

AbstractBackgroundImpaired glucose metabolism has been implicated in the progression of Alzheimer’s disease. Data from the Rush Memory and Aging Project was used to examine the relationship between sugar intake and cognition.MethodData were included from 837 respondents in the Rush Memory and Aging Project with complete food frequency questionnaire data consisting of 144 items. Cognition was assessed using a battery of 19 cognitive tests. Missing data were imputed using multiple imputation with chained equations. Linear random effects regression models were used to examine the relationship between total calorie‐adjusted quintile of sugar intake and global cognition, working memory, semantic memory, episodic memory, perceptual orientation and perceptual speed. Linear random effect models included race/ethnicity, age, sex, and time interactions for education (years), total energy (kilocalories/day), alcohol intake (grams/week), high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL‐C) and a continuous base term for time. Cox proportional hazards models were used to examine the relationship between total sugar intake and hazard of Alzheimer’s dementia, and to explore potential effect measure modification and confounding by race/ethnicity, age, sex, HDL‐C, total energy, alcohol intake, education and history of diabetes and hypertension. Variables were considered confounders if their inclusion resulted in >10% change in the crude hazard ratio. Effect measure modification was examined by including a time interaction term in Cox models and a performing a Wald test.ResultIn adjusted linear random effect models (Table 1) continuous quintile of sugar intake was inversely related to global cognition (β=‐0.0073; SE=0.0019; p=<0.001), episodic memory (β=‐0.0078; SE=0.0026; p=0.0026), semantic memory (β=‐0.0096; SE=0.0023; p=<0.001), working memory (β=‐0.0056; SE=0.0023; p=0.015) and perceptual speed (β=‐0.0090; SE=0.0025; p<0.001). There were 200 cases of Alzheimer’s dementia over 5,098 person years of follow‐up (IR: 39.2 cases per 1,000 person‐years). In crude Cox proportional hazards models (Table 2), those in the fifth quintile of total sugar intake were 1.84 (95% CI: 1.18; 2.87) as likely to develop Alzheimer’s dementia as those in the first quintile. A significant linear trend relationship was observed (p=0.006).ConclusionThere is some evidence to suggest that total sugar intake may adversely affect cognitive function over time, and it may increase risk of Alzheimer’s dementia.

근대 의병운동의 사상적 지향에 대한 사학사적 분석과 함의 - ‘주자학적 민족주의론’의 정립 과정을 중심으로

This paper analyzes how the perception of the ideological orientation of the righteous army movement during the modern period has changed focused on the establishment process of ‘Neo-Confucian Nationalism’.<BR>First, this article looks into the Sinocentrical thinking structure of commanders of the righteous army during modern period. Sinocentrism is the core concept of the righteous army movement. The commanders of the righteous army such as Ryu In-Seok considered the world in the context of Sinocentrism and developed the righteous army movement on that basis. However, entering the colonial period, the Sinocentrical orientation of the righteous army soldiers was incorporated into the context of the independence movement. This is the context why the Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea designated Ryu In-Seok and other righteous army leaders as patriotic martyrs. After liberation, as the blame on Confucianism as the cause of national ruin continued, the righteous army movement did not receive much attention. However, as nationalism and modernization emerged as dominant discourses in the 1960s, the National Education Charter and national identity education began to be implemented. The righteous army movement, an anti-foreign resistance movement, regained interests in this trend and Confucianism and nationalism were combined into the concept of ‘Neo-Confucian Nationalism’.<BR>The two opposing concepts of Sinocentrism and nationalism were combined in the process of reinterpreting the historical event of the righteous army movement. The long journey of the righteous army movement from Sinocentrism to nationalism went through this process.

Does Regionality Influence Students' Perceived Employability and Career Orientation? A Study of Students at an Australian University

Insufficient access to specialised career development within many rural, regional and remote (RRR) areas contributes to persistent differences in the higher education participation rates of young people from these areas. This paper reports on research conducted with 4,993 students at a university in Western Australia who self-assessed their perceived employability (career capabilities) and career orientation. Data were analysed by year and mode of study, location, gender and discipline. Comparisons were made between RRR students and their metropolitan peers. The findings compare perceptions of employability and career orientation among RRR students in comparison with domestic metropolitan students. This shows a level of commonality between the two groups, with lessons from research on RRR students being applicable to metropolitan students.

Association between vestibular function and rotational spatial orientation perception in older adults.

Spatial orientation is a complex process involving vestibular sensory input and possibly cognitive ability. Previous research demonstrated that rotational spatial orientation was worse for individuals with profound bilateral vestibular dysfunction. Determine whether rotational and linear vestibular function were independently associated with large amplitude rotational spatial orientation perception in healthy aging. Tests of rotational spatial orientation accuracy and vestibular function [vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR), ocular and cervical vestibular evoked myogenic potentials (VEMP)] were administered to 272 healthy community-dwelling adults participating in the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging. Using a mixed model multiple linear regression we regressed spatial orientation errors on lateral semicircular canal function, utricular function (ocular VEMP), and saccular function (cervical VEMP) in a single model controlling for rotation size, age, and sex. After adjusting for age, and sex, individuals with bilaterally low VOR gain (β= 20.9, p = 0.014) and those with bilaterally absent utricular function (β= 9.32, p = 0.017) made significantly larger spatial orientation errors relative to individuals with normal vestibular function. The current results demonstrate for the first time that either bilateral lateral semicircular canal dysfunction or bilateral utricular dysfunction are associated with worse rotational spatial orientation. We also demonstrated in a healthy aging cohort that increased age also contributes to spatial orientation ability.

COMPASS: Computations for Orientation and Motion Perception in Altered Sensorimotor States.

Reliable perception of self-motion and orientation requires the central nervous system (CNS) to adapt to changing environments, stimuli, and sensory organ function. The proposed computations required of neural systems for this adaptation process remain conceptual, limiting our understanding and ability to quantitatively predict adaptation and mitigate any resulting impairment prior to completing adaptation. Here, we have implemented a computational model of the internal calculations involved in the orientation perception system’s adaptation to changes in the magnitude of gravity. In summary, we propose that the CNS considers parallel, alternative hypotheses of the parameter of interest (in this case, the CNS’s internal estimate of the magnitude of gravity) and uses the associated sensory conflict signals (i.e., difference between sensory measurements and the expectation of them) to sequentially update the posterior probability of each hypothesis using Bayes rule. Over time, an updated central estimate of the internal magnitude of gravity emerges from the posterior probability distribution, which is then used to process sensory information and produce perceptions of self-motion and orientation. We have implemented these hypotheses in a computational model and performed various simulations to demonstrate quantitative model predictions of adaptation of the orientation perception system to changes in the magnitude of gravity, similar to those experienced by astronauts during space exploration missions. These model predictions serve as quantitative hypotheses to inspire future experimental assessments.

Visual illusions in Parkinson's disease: an interview survey of symptomatology

BackgroundSeveral types of visual illusions can occur in Parkinson's disease (PD). However, the prevalence and types of specific illusions experienced by patients with PD remain unclear. This study aimed to investigate the types of illusions.MethodsA questionnaire of visual illusions was developed through a literature review in consultation with clinicians and neurologists. Based on the questionnaire, 40 consecutive patients with PD were asked a series of Yes/No questions regarding 20 types of visual illusions since the onset of PD. If participants answered ‘Yes’, they were then asked to detail their experience(s).ResultsIn total, 30 patients with PD had experienced visual illusions since disease onset; among them, 25 were still experiencing them at the time of the study. The most commonly observed illusion types were dysmorphopsia, complex visual illusions, metachromatopsia, and diplopia. Other observed illusions included textural illusions, macropsia, micropsia, teleopsia, pelopsia, kinetopsia, akinetopsia, Zeitraffer/Zeitlupen phenomena, tilt illusion, upside‐down illusion, and palinopsia. Additionally, aberrant perception of surface orientation (inclination) was reported, which is yet to be reported in association with any disease. Visual illusions had detrimental effects on the patients’ daily lives in some cases.ConclusionsSystematic interviews regarding the incidence and details of visual illusions experienced by patients with PD could offer important information regarding their quality of life.

Orientation perception is based on efficient coding and categorical decoding

Orientation perception is based on efficient coding and categorical decoding

Facial structure and perception of sexual orientation: Research with face models based on photographs of real people.

Some evidence suggests that lay persons are able to perceive sexual orientation from face stimuli above the chance level. A morphometric study of 390 heterosexual and homosexual Canadian people of both sexes reported that facial structure differed depending on the sexual orientation. Gay and heterosexual men differed on three metrics as the most robust multivariate predictors, and lesbian and heterosexual women differed on four metrics. A later study verified the perceptual validity of these multivariate predictors using artificial three-dimensional face models created by manipulating the key parameters. Nevertheless, there is evidence of important processing differences between the perception of real faces and the perception of artificial computer-generated faces. The present study which composed of two experiments tested the robustness of the previous findings and extended the research by experimentally manipulating the facial features in face models created from photographs of real people. Participants of the Experiment 1 achieved an overall accuracy (0.67) significantly above the chance level (0.50) in a binary hetero/homosexual judgement task, with some important differences between male and female judgements. On the other hand, results of the Experiment 2 showed that participants rated the apparent sexual orientation of series of face models created from natural photographs as a continuous linear function of the multivariate predictors. Theoretical implications are discussed.

Understanding the Spirit of the Sectors: Exploring Identity in a New Era of Organizing

While sector distinction debates often re-emerge during periods of cultural and institutional upheaval, none have considered an identity-orientation perspective. Identity orientation is a natural domain in which to address these debates as it considers the individualistic, relational, and collectivistic foundations of organizations. This study explores whether organizational members across sectors view their organization’s identity orientation differently. Findings suggest that member perceptions of identity orientation are significantly different across sectors and align with traditional sector values and motivations. However, no one sector can be defined solely as individualistic, relational, or collectivistic. These findings are discussed and future research paths laid out.

To see, not to see or to see poorly: Perceptual quality and guess rate as a function of electroencephalography (EEG) brain activity in an orientation perception task.

Detection of visual stimuli fluctuates over time, and these fluctuations have been shown to correlate with time domain evoked activity and frequency-domain periodic activity. However, it is unclear if these fluctuations are related to a change in guess rate, perceptual quality or both. Here we determined whether the quality of perception randomly varies across trials or is fixed so that the variability is the same. Then we estimated how perceptual quality and guess rate on an orientation perception task relate to electroencephalography (EEG) activity. Response errors were fitted to variable precision models and the standard mixture model to determine whether perceptual quality is from a varying or fixed distribution. Overall, the best fit was the standard mixture model that assumes that response variability can be defined by a fixed distribution. The power and phase of 2-7 Hz post-target activities were found to vary along with task performance in that more accurate trials had greater power, and the preferred phase differed significantly between accurate and guess trials. Guess rate and σ were significantly lower on trials with high 2- to 3-Hz power than low, and the difference started around 250-ms post-target. These effects coincide with changes in the P3 event-related potential (ERP): There was a more positive deflection in the accurate trials versus guesses. These results suggest that the spread of errors (perceptual quality) can be characterised by a fixed range of values. Where the errors fall within that range is modulated by the post-target power in the lower-frequency bands and their analogous ERPs.

\u201cThis course is like a compass to us\u201d \u2013 a qualitative study on newly settled migrants\u2019 perceptions of civic and health orientation in Sweden

BackgroundMigrants face structural, socio-political barriers in their resettlement processes that negatively affect their health. Migration also adversely impacts resources such as social capital and health literacy that are of importance for health and integration into society. Hence, there is a need for health promotion in the early post-migration phase. In Sweden, newly settled refugee migrants who have received a residence permit are offered an Introduction programme including a civic orientation course. The program is intended to facilitate access to the labour market and promote integration. The aim of the study was to explore participants’ perceptions and experiences of a civic orientation course with added health communication.MethodsWe performed six focus group discussions: two in Arabic, two in Farsi and two in Somali. The discussions were facilitated by native speaking moderators. Participants were 32 men and women recruited from civic orientation classes in the county of Stockholm. We used an interview guide with semi-structured questions. The data were analysed using a method for content analysis for focus group discussions.ResultsThree main categories were identified: (1) ‘The course gives valuable information but needs adjustments’, which includes that the civic and health orientation is needed earlier, during the asylum phase, and that planning and course content need adjustments. (2) ‘The health communication inspired participants to focus on their health’, which includes that the health communication was useful and inspired uptake of healthier habits. (3) ‘Participation in the course promoted independence and self-confidence’, which includes that the course gave insights into society and values in Sweden, and promoted independence and new social contacts.ConclusionThis study adds knowledge about the users’ perspectives on the potential of civic orientation to promote the health and integration of newly settled migrants, describing ways in which civic orientation with added health communication promoted health and empowerment. However, the content and delivery of the course need adjustment to better fit the migrants’ life situations and varying pre-existing knowledge.

Implicit visuospatial attention shapes numerosity adaptation and perception

The perception of numerical quantities is susceptible to adaptation: after inspecting a numerous dot array for a few seconds a subsequent dot array is grossly underestimated. In a recent work we showed that the mere appearance of an additional numerically neutral stimulus significantly reduces the adaptation magnitude. Here we demonstrate that this reduction is likely due to a numerosity underestimation of the adaptor caused by a change of numerosity-related attentional resources deployed on the adapting stimulus. In Experiment 1 we replicated previous findings revealing a robust reduction of numerosity adaptation when an additional adaptor (even if neutral) was displayed. In Experiment 2 we used the method of magnitude estimation to demonstrate that numerosity is underestimated whenever a second task-irrelevant numerical stimulus appears on screen. Furthermore we demonstrated that the same experimental manipulations were not effective in modulating orientation adaptation magnitude as well as orientation estimation accuracy. Our results support the hypothesis of a tight relationship between numerosity perception and implicit visuospatial attention and corroborate the notion that numerosity adaptation depends on perceived rather than physical numerosity. However the lack of an effect of visuospatial attentional deployment for orientation perception suggests that attention might differently shape adaptation aftereffects for different features along the visual hierarchy.

Leader Sex and Employee Power Distance Orientation as Boundary Conditions of the Relationship between Leader Humility and Leader-Member Exchange

ABSTRACT This study draws upon social information processing theory to investigate two boundary conditions of the effect of leader humility on follower perceptions of leader-member exchange, namely, leader sex and employee power-distance orientations. Using 496 supervisor-employee dyads from China, we find a positive relationship between leader humility and follower perceptions of leader-member exchange, and confirm the moderating effects of leader sex and employee power-distance orientations. Specifically, the positive relationship between leader humility and follower perceptions of leader-member exchange is enhanced for male leaders but diminished for female leaders, and is also stronger for employees who have lower power-distance orientations. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed.

Conscious perception can be both graded and discrete.

The attentional blink (AB) paradigm has been used to address an enduring debate about the nature of conscious perception: Does the temporary impairment in conscious perception of the second (T2) of two serially presented targets result from a probabilistic all-or-none loss of information, or does T2 transition into consciousness along a continuum of perceptual fidelity? To investigate this question, we presented noisy orientation patterns as targets embedded in a rapid serial sequence of nonoriented noise distractors, and evaluated perception of T2 orientation using a continuous report paradigm. Using discrete mixture models and variable resource models, we evaluated the effects of manipulating both perceptual and central demands on the precision of T2 responses and the estimated frequency of random guessing. When perceptual competition between targets was emphasized by their sharing of a common visual feature (i.e., orientation), the attentional blink was associated with degraded precision of T2 perception. By contrast, when the task required switching between different attended features across two visually distinct targets, T2 awareness was impaired in an all-or-none manner as evidenced by significant increases in guessing responses. Both statistical and model comparison analyses indicated that loss of target information can be graded or discrete, depending on whether perceptual or higher central stages are taxed by processing demands. Our findings provide new insights into the mechanisms underlying the attentional blink and help reconcile conflicting views regarding how information can be lost from awareness. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).