Gender Differences In Perceptions Research Articles

Gender Differences in Perception of Climate Change and Eventual Impacts: An Intra-Household Analysis from Groundwater Depleted Zones of Bangladesh

Gender Differences in Perception of Climate Change and Eventual Impacts: An Intra-Household Analysis from Groundwater Depleted Zones of Bangladesh

Students' perspectives on sexual harassment of genders in public places in the Southeast region

Sexual harassment in public places is a matter of concern in Vietnam. The purpose of this article is to understand and explain gender differences in perceptions of sexual harassment in public places, which is based on Brooks Gardner's gender interaction perspective. The study used both quantitative analysis based on the Chi-square test procedure and analysis of in-depth interview data coded by NVivo software. Research results showed that there were gender differences in the perceptions of students in the Southeast region in terms of the forms, causes, and consequences of sexual harassment in public places. To improve understanding and reduce gender differences, it is necessary to organize communication activities to raise awareness and skills to prevent this evil in universities.

Impact of gender differences in perception of creative identities of artist, creator, manager, entrepreneur and leader on sustainability

Impact of gender differences in perception of creative identities of artist, creator, manager, entrepreneur and leader on sustainability

Gender differences in perceptions of and experiences with remuneration and negotiation among early workers

Gender differences in perceptions of and experiences with remuneration and negotiation among early workers

Understanding gender difference in perceptions toward transit services across space and time: A social media mining approach

Location-based social media data can offer useful insights on the spatial and temporal dynamics of public attitudes. In this study, we aim to investigate the gendered attitudes toward transit services in China, utilizing the case of Shenzhen. We collected 44,257 Weibo microblogs, a major source of social media data in China, and applied a series of text mining and visualization techniques to examine the gender differences among our focused themes. The microblogs reveal a distinct gender gap in terms of quantity, as nearly 74% are posted by women. While women tend to be more concerned about the comfort of transit environment (e.g., temperature, crowdedness, and safety, especially at night), men tend to be more interested in transit systems’ e-payment services and reporting traffic incidents. Overall, this study presents a methodological framework and empirical case study about how we can utilize certain social media mining techniques to investigate gendered, subjective travel experiences, providing researchers and practitioners with an innovative way to gather customer service feedback and build more inclusive service systems.

ГЕНДЕРНІ АСПЕКТИ ФОРМУВАННЯ ЦІННІСНОЇ ПРОПОЗИЦІЇ РОБОТОДАВЦЯ НА РИНКУ ПРАЦІ

In modern conditions, the brand of the employer becomes a tool for differentiation of the company in the labour market, which allows achieving the competitive advantages in the rivalry for skilled workers. The need to develop the employer value proposition focused on the requirements and preferences of different target groups in order to strengthen the brand and increase the attractiveness of the company in the labour market is argued in the article. The priority of the components of the employer brand regarding gender differences is determined due to the survey conducted by the authors. It is proved that the expectations of representatives of different target groups regarding the HR brand may differ due to difference in age, gender, education, culture, employment status. Therefore, forming an HR-brand it is important to understand that it is impossible to attract any employee with one value proposition, i.e. EVP must be special in accordance with the expectations of each target segment. Particularly, the results of our study showed gender differences in perception of the importance of the criteria for selecting a potential job. For example, women prioritize career opportunities and a secure work environment, while men prioritize a company’s reputation in the labour market and personal development opportunities. Employer value proposition must be a real embodiment of the benefits offered by the company to the employee; otherwise, it will be impossible to retain the employees involved and maintain their loyalty to the company. It is proved that the relevant value proposition is one of the strategic directions of the company’s activity on attracting new and retaining existing employees. Prospects for further research in this area are to improve the mechanism of formation and development of HR-brand, taking into account the value propositions of the employer for different (internal and external) target groups in crisis situations.

Effects of School Climate and Parent Support on Academic Performance: Implications for School Reform

This study investigated the associations among school climate domains and how school climate interacts with academic performance. A sample of Kosovan public school students ( N = 855) was assessed using the School Climate Survey. The results showed that students had positive perceptions in the school climate domains of teaching and learning and safety, indicating high school morale. Results further showed a positive correlation between students’ perceptions of school safety and their academic performance. Significant gender differences in perceptions of school safety were noted. Maternal education level was also shown to have an impact on student academic performance.

Stakeholder’s Risk Perceptions of Wild Pigs: Is There a Gender Difference?

Substantial literature indicates that genders differ in terms of risk perception and values regarding wildlife management. Lack of equal stakeholder representation is also documented, which can also impact the effectiveness of human-wildlife conflict resolution interventions and education and outreach efforts. This paper investigates gender differences in perceptions about risks and potential adverse impacts on production, health, environment, safety, and population management posed by wild pigs. A survey was used to collect data from a random sample of adult residents (N = 1221) in Louisiana. We analyzed responses from 226 female and 832 male producers. We observed differences in how these groups perceive production risk and health risk. No distinct differences were found on how the two genders perceive wild pig impact on natural resources and safety. No difference is reported on how the two genders consider the management of the wild pig population.

But how many push-ups can she do? The influence of sexism on peer ratings in a military setting

Perceived gender differences remain salient in occupational settings and biases that arise maintain inequalities. We examined rater behavior of male military cadets to test how hostile sexism impacted occupationally-relevant attributions, namely, perception of peers' physical fitness, social skill, and military demeanor, items from a larger rating system and previously linked to gender bias. Linear mixed models determined how ratings were influenced by raters' own beliefs or performance, ratee performance, and whether these relationships differed by ratee gender (N = 2520 raters and 4154 ratees). Men with sexist beliefs rated women lower on military demeanor and physical fitness. Sexism was further associated with rating women's physical fitness, more so than other men's, according to push-up scores, suggesting sexist men “keep track” of women's upper body capabilities. Physical fitness scores were positively related to military demeanor rating for women but unrelated to men's score, regardless of rater's sexism. Overall, ratings were associated with different performance characteristics for men vs. women, especially for physical abilities, suggesting a mechanism for expression of gender bias in a field setting.

Gender Differences in Perceptions of Family Planning and Fertility Preferences in Northern Nigeria

Gender Differences in Perceptions of Family Planning and Fertility Preferences in Northern Nigeria

Gender differences in perception of the appropriate maturity age for men and women: Age norms of reproduction-related life events between the social context and evolutionary foundations

The paper explores gender differences in the perception of appropriate age for reproduction-related life events. Evolutionary theory suggests that age norms are shaped by gender-specific evolutionary challenges. We tested two hypotheses based on the evolutionary rationale. Hypothesis 1 suggests that both men and women believe that women should reach maturity and experience reproduction-related life events earlier than men. Hypothesis 2 claims that men and women demonstrate this tendency asymmetrically. When women estimate the appropriate/ideal age for men, they suggest a higher appropriate age for men than men themselves. When men estimate the appropriate/ideal age for women, they suggest a younger age for women compared to women themselves. In the second part of the paper, we explored the background of these claims by testing the alternative explanations based on social forces (culture, socio-economic status, education, age, values). The hypotheses were tested using the 9th wave of the European Social Survey (ESS) data, totaling around 47 thousand respondents and the sample of Balkan countries was analyzed in more detail. The appropriate age was measured using ?ideal age? as the concept which reflects the optimal timing expectations for reproduction-related events: living with a partner, marriage, and parenthood. Respondents were also asked to make judgments about the appropriate age of becoming an adult for men and women. The overall results supported the outlined expectations based on the evolutionary approach.

Ethnic identity erosion in the indigenous Nenets population under globalization influence: gender differences between adolescent girls and boys

Research background: Ethnic identity development, while universal, is also recognized as an especially important prerequisite for economic and social life among indigenous populations [1, 2]. Global transformations such as technology, industrialization, global warming and political and economic forces are impacting positive ethnic identity development in indigenous populations around the world. Purpose of the article: The purpose of this study is to examine gender differences in ethnic identity erosion in the adolescent indigenous Nenets population of the Russian Siberian Arctic Region. Methods: The study sample included 78 children in boarding schools from the northern area of Western Siberia. To define ethnic identity, the “Types of Ethnic Identity” questionnaire [3] was used. Findings & Value added: The study results show that across 8th-9th grade as well as 10-11 grade Nenets adolescent boys perceive their ethnic identity positively. However, the same indicators show girls do not view their ethnic identity as positively. There are also several other interesting gender differences that emerge between the students in each grade. This may be the result of specific gender differences in perceptions about the economic and social realities of tundra life, the position of women in traditional societies as well as the impact of global transformations on indigenous populations overall.

Self-affirmation and False Allegations: The Effects on Responses to Disclosures of Sexual Victimization.

The rise of the #MeToo movement highlights the prevalence of sexual victimization and gives a voice to victims who may have been silent before. Nevertheless, survivors or victims of sexual violence who come forward may be blamed or not believed. These reactions are evident both with adult and child victims. Further, fears about false accusations of sexual misconduct may negatively impact responses to disclosures. This study aimed to examine gender differences in perceptions toward the #MeToo movement, and the extent to which these translate into a skeptical response to disclosure. Further, we wanted to explore whether proximity to false allegations of sexual violence was linked with more negative responses and whether use of self-affirmations may decrease the likelihood of such a response. Through an online survey (N = 235) on Amazon’s Mechanical Turk, we assessed participants’ exposure to and perceptions of the #MeToo movement. Further, we asked them about their proximity to sexual violence (victimization or perpetration) and to false allegations. Using a threat manipulation (news article about false accusation) and a self-affirmation exercise, we studied the effects of both variables on responses to disclosure. Results indicated that after reading an article about a false accusation, male participants were more likely to blame a victim of childhood sexual abuse and to perceive the abuse as less harmful, compared with female participants. Further, we found that self-affirmation was linked with more supportive responses to a disclosure. These findings highlight the threatening nature of false accusations of sexual violence for men, and how this threat may shape the narrative regarding sexual violence. Opportunities to use self-affirmation to change this narrative to a more supportive one are discussed.

Functional gender differences in autism: An international, multidisciplinary expert survey using the International Classification of Functioning, Disability, and Health model.

In this study, we explored if professionals working with autistic people in different regions of the world perceive differences between females and males diagnosed with the condition. A total of 131 professionals responded to a survey that included an open question about gender differences in autism. Of these, 32 responded that they do not perceive gender differences in autism. The information provided by the other 99 experts was analyzed to identify common patterns. Three main differences were found, (1) Matching the clinical conceptualization of autism where professionals described differences in core symptoms of autism, and that autistic females were less similar to the conceptualization of autism. In (2) Co-existing problems, professionals described that autistic males display more apparent problems including hyperactivity, while autistic females were perceived as having more internalizing issues such as anxiety and eating disorders. In the last category, (3) Navigating the social environment, experts perceived autistic females as more socially motivated, and more inclined to camouflage social difficulties, making their challenges less evident. Professionals also perceived differences in the social environment, for example, that autistic girls receive more support from their peers while autistic boys are more often bullied. Our results suggest that professionals working in different parts of the world acknowledge gender differences in autism, but also that there might be some regional differences. Finally, we found that gender differences reported by the international professionals could largely be assessed with a shortened version of the International Classification of Functioning by the World Health Organization, specifically developed for autism.

Gender Differences in Perceptions of Technology, Technology Readiness, and Spatial Cognition

With developments in new technologies such as mobile mapping and mixed reality (virtual and augmented reality), there is demand for insight into how individual differences influence technology readiness. We examined the influence of gender, perceived sense of direction, mental rotation, and navigation on the different aspects of technology readiness: discomfort, optimism, innovativeness, and insecurity. The results of an online questionnaire showed that women were equally optimistic about embracing technology. However, they rated themselves higher on discomfort and insecurity and lower on innovativeness. We also examined the perceived usefulness of navigation aids. For example, both men and women found mobile maps useful, but men found paper maps more useful than women. Women were more likely than men to feel that using Google Maps increased safety. Therefore, it is incorrect to say that women are less ready to embrace technology, rather it depends on its usefulness for the task at hand.

Suspicion of Welfare Overuse in Sweden: The Role of Left–Right Ideology, Anti‐Immigrant Attitudes and Gender

In this study, we explore individual differences in suspicion of welfare overuse in Sweden. Focusing on previously underdeveloped areas, we find that the hitherto observed negative relationship between political interest and suspicion of welfare overuse is only valid for those who sympathize with political parties to the left (and to a lesser extent the Green Party). Conversely, individuals who sympathize with centre‐right parties or right‐wing populists differ little internally depending on their level of political interest. We also find a strong positive correlation between anti‐immigrant attitudes and suspicion about welfare overuse. Finally, we find that women are less suspicious of welfare overuse than men are, and that this cannot be attributed to gender differences in material risks or resources, education, experiences of welfare services, general trustfulness, anti‐immigrant sentiment or political orientation. Neither do gender differences vary according to strength of gender identification. Thus, being suspicious about welfare overuse is not likely to be perceived as a typically masculine or feminine posture. Based on our findings, we argue that future studies exploring partisan or ideological differences in perceptions of welfare overuse need to consider these in conjunction with political interest and political context; that rising anti‐immigrant sentiments pose a particularly serious threat to the legitimacy of welfare states, given their strong connectedness to suspicion of welfare overuse; and that gender differences in perceptions of welfare overuse are more fruitfully addressed through a lens of gender relations, rather than gender role stereotypes.

Gender differences in perceptions of policy advocacy activities among top executive leadership: Focusing on two types of South Korean social work organizations

This exploratory study examined gender differences in perceptions of policy advocacy activities performed by top executive leaders in social work organizations. A nationwide survey of 233 top executives from two types of social work organizations in South Korea revealed gender differences in the perception of the level of one’s policy advocacy activities, where male executives were more likely to recognize their policy advocacy performance activities than were female executives. These gender differences were also confirmed in multiple regression analyses, which showed that gender was the only significant determinant for all three dependent variables of policy advocacy activities.

Fathers’ Perceptions of the Availability of Flexible Working Arrangements: Evidence from the UK

A conditional right to request flexible working arrangements (FWAs) has existed for most UK employee parents since 2003. However, there are growing concerns about access, particularly among fathers. Using nationally representative data from the 2015 UK Household Longitudinal Survey, this article examines fathers’ perceptions of the availability of hours reduction, schedule flexibility and working from home. Results show that almost one-third of fathers believe that FWAs that reduce working hours are unavailable to them, compared with one-tenth of mothers. There are no gender differences in perceptions of availability of schedule and location flexibility. Among fathers, those with lower education levels, in lower status occupations, working in the private sector and in workplaces that do not have trade union presence are more likely to believe that FWAs are unavailable. Therefore, even though most employees now have the right to request FWAs, a significant minority of fathers do not perceive FWAs to be available to them.

The experience of health and welfare workers in identifying and responding to domestic abuse among military personnel in the UK

BackgroundAwareness of domestic violence and abuse (DVA) as a problem among military personnel (serving and veterans) has grown in recent years, and there is a need for research to inform improvements in the identification of and response to DVA in this population. This study aimed to explore the experience of health and welfare professionals in identifying and responding to DVA among the UK military population (serving personnel and veterans).MethodsThirty-five semi-structured telephone interviews were conducted with health and welfare staff who work with serving UK military personnel and veterans. Interviews were analysed using thematic analysis.ResultsThree superordinate themes were identified: i) patterns of DVA observed by health and welfare workers (perceived gender differences in DVA experiences and role of mental health and alcohol); (ii) barriers to identification of and response to DVA (attitudinal/knowledge-based barriers and practical barriers), and iii) resource issues (training needs and access to services). Participants discussed how factors such as a culture of hypermasculinity, under-reporting of DVA, the perception of DVA as a “private matter” among military personnel, and lack of knowledge and awareness of emotional abuse and coercive controlling behaviour as abuse constitute barriers to identification and management of DVA. Healthcare providers highlighted the need for more integrated working between civilian and military services, to increase access to support and provide effective care to both victims and perpetrators. Furthermore, healthcare and welfare staff reflected on their training needs in the screening and management of DVA to improve practice.ConclusionsThere is a need for increased awareness of DVA, particularly of non-physical forms of abuse, and of male victimisation in the military. Standardised protocols for DVA management and systematic training are required to promote a consistent and appropriate response to DVA. There is a particular training need among healthcare and first-line welfare staff, who are largely relied upon to identify cases of DVA in the military. Employing DVA advocates within military and civilian healthcare settings may be useful in improving DVA awareness, management and access to specialist support.

Understanding Gender Differences in Students’ Perceptions of Competency Certification for Enhancing Sustainability in Higher Education

This study of 1780 college students in Korea explored gender differences in perceptions of competency certification programs in order to enhance sustainability in higher education. Structural equation modeling explained the optimal validity of the two-factor structure of perceptions between female and male students, and the structural relations between the two factors of competency were invariant across gender groups. A significant difference in latent means was found as well. The findings suggest that, for sustainable development, universities should develop systematic competency certification policies to accommodate students’ needs, as well as those of society, and help bridge the gender gap in the job market.