Perceptions Of Fairness Research Articles

Evaluation of Urban Green Space Based on Residents' Perception of Fairness: A Case Study of Beijing's Central Urban District

Evaluation of Urban Green Space Based on Residents' Perception of Fairness: A Case Study of Beijing's Central Urban District

Medical and Dental Students’ Perception of Online Learning across Pakistan in the COVID Pandemic Era: A Review Article

The widespread lockdowns due to the COVID pandemic led to an abrupt shift in the medical education sector from a conventional to an online education system. The aim of this study was to determine the perception of medical and dental students regarding the acceptance of e-learning in Pakistan. A thorough literature search was conducted on PubMed and Google Scholar; six articles were included in this review. Perceptions of students regarding online medical learning were compiled. These perceptions were related to both non-clinical subjects as well as the attainment of clinical skills through online education. This review also highlights online educational challenges such as the level of student-teacher interaction, internet connectivity issues, and perception of fairness in online assessments. Online learning during covid pandemic has not been a successful mode of learning for undergraduate medical and dental students across Pakistan. This specifically stands true for the learning of clinical and laboratory skills.

Factors impacting consumer's fairness perception in a dynamic pricing context: a systematic literature review

Factors impacting consumer's fairness perception in a dynamic pricing context: a systematic literature review

Context and the Perceived Fairness of Price Increases Coming out of COVID-19.

ObjectiveAs the U.S. economy responds to prolonged COVID‐19 disruptions, it is important to understand what factors affect the perceived fairness of pandemic‐driven price increases.MethodsParticipants read a vignette and rated how fair they found a pandemic‐driven price increase. Versions vary (1) the source (hardware‐store products or bus fare), (2) the magnitude of the price increase (6 percent or 18 percent), and (3) the tone of an initial description of COVID (positive or negative).ResultsThe price increase was perceived to be fairer when it involved the hardware store or when it was smaller. The relationship between fairness and magnitude was context‐specific, as fairness perceptions were insensitive to the magnitude of the price increase in the bus scenario or when the initial description of COVID had a positive tone.ConclusionRetailers and municipalities may face different fairness constraints as they consider pandemic‐driven price increases. The tone of COVID information may affect price fairness through its impact on sensitivity to magnitude.

DOES INTERPERSONAL JUSTICE NEGATIVELY PREDICT OVERALL PERFORMANCE APPRAISAL FAIRNESS? A PAKISTANI STUDY

Building on recent research in organizational justice, this study examined the impact of four factors of justice on perceived overall fairness of performance appraisal (PA) systems. The study used a survey questionnaire to collect data from 259 public servants in Pakistan. Based on fundamental ethical principles that employees desire public managers to be unbiased, we developed the hypotheses that were, subsequently, tested using variance-based structural equation modeling in SmartPLS 3.0. The results of the study revealed evidence that, in the context of PA systems, high interpersonal justice is indeed associated with decreased perceptions of overall fairness. The findings of the study provide guidance to public managers that distributive justice, procedural justice, and informational justice perceptions are more conducive for overall fairness perceptions in the PA system than interpersonal justice. Although the negative effect of interpersonal justice seems plausible, surprisingly, empirical research hitherto has not directly investigated this possibility.

Gender Discriminatory Taxes, Fairness Perception, and Labor Supply

Gender Discriminatory Taxes, Fairness Perception, and Labor Supply

Factors impacting consumer's fairness perception in a dynamic pricing context: a systematic literature review

Factors impacting consumer's fairness perception in a dynamic pricing context: a systematic literature review

Staff nurse’s perception about performance-appraisal fairness and its relation to their work engagement

Background An organization’s performance-appraisal system can be a practical tool for employee engagement, motivation, and development when employees perceive their performance appraisals as fair. Aim To assess staff nurses’ perception about performance-appraisal fairness and its relation to their work engagement at Beni-Suef University Hospital. Design A descriptive correlational design was utilized. Setting Data were collected from Beni-Suef University Hospital. Sample A convenient sample (n=250) of staff nurses who accepted to participate in the study. Tools Two tools were utilized to collect data: (a) performance-appraisal fairness perception questionnaire, (2) Utrecht Work Engagement Scale. Results The results of the study revealed that the majority of staff nurses highly perceived all domains of performance appraisal, interpersonal justice mean-percent score was 86.2% and distributive justice was 79.4%. They also had a high perception of work engagement, with a mean-percent score of 89.5% for the dedication domain, followed by vigor (83.7%) and absorption domain (82.7%). More than two-thirds of staff nurses (67.6%) reported high levels of work engagement, and there was a statistically significant positive correlation between total (r: 0.370, P: 0.00) and all domains of performance-appraisal fairness and work engagement. Conclusion The study findings concluded that staff nurses highly perceived performance-appraisal fairness and work engagement, more than two-thirds of staff nurses had high levels of work engagement, and there was a statistically highly significant positive correlation between staff nurses’ perception of performance-appraisal fairness and their work engagement. Recommendations: the administrator should develop a plan for continuous improvement of performance-appraisal fairness, continuous training of head nurses on how to perform sound performance appraisals, regularly revise, update, and disseminate performance-appraisal forms, suggest a plan to sustain a high level of engagement, and motivate staff to participate in performance-appraisal planning to be more engaged.

Low-income parents' perceptions of a sweetened beverage tax in Philadelphia.

Objective: To characterise perceptions of the Philadelphia Beverage Tax among low-income parents. Design: We conducted semi-structured interviews and administered demographic questions via telephone. We based the interview guide and initial codebook on a conceptual model illustrating perceived fairness and effectiveness as essential for successfully adopting food policies. We performed thematic analysis using NVivo 12. Setting: We recruited from a primary care paediatrics clinic in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania from July to August 2020. Participants: Philadelphia parents/caregivers of 2- to 11-year-old children with Medicaid insurance. Results: Participants were predominantly African American (97 %), female (100 %), and had annual household incomes <$50 000 (80 %). Participants were 26- to 72-years old, with an average aged child of 5 years (range 7 months to 20 years). Themes emerged regarding tax perceptions, revenue use and behaviour change due to the tax. Using revenue for highly valued programmes and accountability of city government to use revenue as promised were critical elements in perceptions of tax fairness. Some parents avoided the tax through cross-border shopping and buying drink powders or concentrates, influencing perceptions of tax effectiveness. The tax signalled the health dangers of sweetened beverage consumption to most parents. Conclusion: Our findings bring to light four key takeaways for policymakers designing sweetened beverage taxes. (1) Dedication of tax revenue to programmes highly valued by parents and (2) transparency in revenue spending may improve acceptability. (3) State or national taxes may be more effective at decreasing consumption due to cross-border shopping. (4) Pairing taxes with health promotion campaigns may enhance behaviour change.

Money and Betrayal: Perceptions of Alimony Fairness in Relation to Infidelity

Alimony is a contentious topic often argued over during a divorce. Individuals getting divorced seek fairness in an alimony settlement, but due to how laws are written this can seem arbitrary. Public policy suggests laws should reflect the suggestions of the people it affects. Thus, public perception of alimony fairness is an important component in the discussion of what is fair for spouses. In addition, infidelity in marriage might change how the public views what is fair. This study collected data from 1,285 individual United States participants. Participants were randomly assigned a vignette condition related to a hypothetical alimony scenario where one of the spouses had committed infidelity. Using logistic regression and multivariate Heckman selection models, we find when the higher wage earner has an affair, they are punished with a higher alimony amount for a longer period. Further, t-tests indicate that men are punished more than women. Finally, comparisons are made to three alimony formulas used across the United States. Financial therapists may be able to use this information to help divorcing couples separate the emotional aspect of an affair and the needs or ability to pay related to alimony. The results of this can be two-fold: keep the marital estate intact and help the couple heal emotionally.

Fairness dimension of goods and services tax

A tax system to be called fair must assess the tax liability of each tax-payer without any biases. Most studies suggest a positive relationship between tax fairness perception and compliance behavior. This relation can only be ascertained if the factors of tax fairness are known. This study investigates the dimensions of tax fairness in India concerning the recently implemented Goods and Services Tax (GST). A survey questionnaire on tax fairness was developed and administered to a sample of 210 business people belonging to the micro, small, and medium enterprises (MSME) sector. Measures of central tendency, factor analysis, and reliability analysis identify five robust tax fairness dimensions: General Fairness, Exchange with Government, Process Equity, Inter-Group Equity, and Tax Rate Structure. By identifying the dimensions of tax fairness, the perception of tax-payers can be understood, and the factors leading to tax evasion can be curbed.

Cultural Impact on Fairness Perception of Inequality — a Study on People with Chinese Roots Living in Germany

Cultural Impact on Fairness Perception of Inequality — a Study on People with Chinese Roots Living in Germany

Undergraduate Students’ Perceptions of Fairness in the Evaluation Systems for Non-Face-to-Face Classes －Focusing on the Case of I University Students

The purpose of this study is to improve the fairness in the evaluation systems for non-face-to-face classes, and to propose improvement plans ensure their quality. It is based on a questionnaire survey regarding the undergraduate students’ perceptions of fairness in the evaluation systems for non-face-to face classes, focusing on the case of I University students. We investigated the undergraduate students’ perceptions of fairness in the evaluation standards, evaluation methods and evaluation results for non-face-to-face classes in order to discover what important factors have an influence on these evaluation criteria.&lt;/br&gt;From the results, we found that students believe that evaluation systems for non-face-to-face classes should be differentiated from those of face-to-face classes. They consider the fairness in the evaluation systems of non-face-to-face classes to be differentiated from face-to-face classes. However, they do not differentiate between the two when it comes to actual evaluation results, and they were even more highly satisfied with the evaluation results under non-face-to-face systems, showing a degree of duplicity in their assessment. Further, they consider evaluation methods to be the most important factor for the fairness in the evaluation system for non-face-to-face classes. These results are also differentiated according to the students’ different class experiences.&lt;/br&gt;From these results we propose that a blended learning system should be adopted for face-to-face and non-face-to-face classes, in order to overcome the problems inherent in the non-face-to-face classes, such as a shortage of actual contact and communication between professors and students. We also suggest that universities develop individualized education and evaluation systems applying various online education techniques to improve the quality of education that must now cope with the problems and challenges of providing non-face-to-face classes.

Political participation and perceptions of justice and fairness: evidence from ESS data

There is a huge gap in research about the connection between political participation and perception of justice and fairness since few authors have analysed this phenomenon. The purpose of this article is to analyse the connection between political participation and people’s perception of fairness and justice, using a representative sample of the European Social Survey (ESS). This article is based on European Social Survey data of the 9th Round. Interviews were carried out with 47,086 respondents aged 15 and over in 27 European countries. The method of statistical data analysis was the correlation analysis of measures of political participation and measures of perceptions and evaluations of justice and fairness (Pearson’s r coefficient). From the results of the study, it was concluded that people participating in all political activities more often agree that society is fair when the political system allows people to have a say in what the government does. Keywords: Distributive justice; Europe; fairness; justice; political participation; procedural justice.

육군 간부사관 장교의 인사공정성이 직무만족에 미치는 영향

The purpose of this study is to examine how the perception of personnel fairness of Special Officer Cadet, who are on the verge of existence due to a recent sharp drop in the number of soldiers, affects job satisfaction, and to empirically analyze the mediating effect of job stress in these interrelationships. The research shows that the personnel Fairness perceived by the Army's Special Officer Cadet recognizes job satisfaction as higher than the job stress. It has also been confirmed that the job stress, in which personnel Fairness affects job satisfaction, plays a mediator role. The policy proposals that underpinned the results of this study are as follows: First, the Special Officer Cadet system, which can be used immediately in field units, must continue to develop. Second, the workforce structure must be designed to ensure professionalism and professionalism. Third, an acquisition policy suitable for army's Special Officer Sheet workforce structure is required. Fourth, the Special Officer Sheet requires a field-oriented, performance-oriented, customized training program to improve job performance.&#x0D;

Value Added Tax and Gender Disparities in the Caribbean

Using a critical tax policy framework, in this article the author probes into the conventional perceptions of taxation fairness, efficiency and equality by examining the extent to which social justice and human rights considerations are reflected within tax policy discourse in the Caribbean Community (CARICOM). By highlighting the regressive nature of Caribbean tax systems exhibited within their use of VAT and the content of their policies, the possible implications of gender bias and disparities produced are discussed. Thereafter, recommendations on how to address gender tax disparities in the region are proposed and reasons are given as to why there is a need for further research.

RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN E-REWARD COMMUNICATION, PROCEDURAL FAIRNESS AND WORK-RELATED ATTITUDES

This research aims to evaluate the relationship between e-reward communication, procedural fairness, and work-related attitudes. Based on an established theoretical framework, this research attempts to provide empirical evidence on the inconclusive findings of the intervening role of procedural fairness in an effective reward system. Self-administered questionnaires were used to collect data from employees in a Malaysian tertiary education sector. The quality of survey data and research hypotheses were analyzed using the SmartPLS. The results show that the ability of administrators to deliver reward information through electronic devices has strongly evoked employees’ perceptions of procedural fairness. As a result, this perception may lead to an upgraded organizational commitment and job satisfaction. This finding offers useful recommendations to be used by practitioners in maintaining and supporting their strategic vision and missions in times of globalization and turbulent economy.

Understanding the Social Licence of Carbon Farming in the Australian Rangelands

Carbon farming has expanded in Australia’s rangelands over recent years, incentivised under the Australian Government’s Emissions Reduction Fund. While this has largely been driven by economic benefits for landholders, the long-term viability of the carbon farming industry depends on its ability to obtain and maintain a social licence to operate in affected communities. Using a combination of survey, interview and focus group methods, involving key stakeholders in far-western New South Wales (NSW), this study reveals that the greatest threat to the social licence of carbon farming is the lack of confidence in governance related to policy complexity and uncertainty. Procedural fairness is a relative strength because of the involvement of trusted community members, and the trust-building strategies employed by the aggregators who recruit landholders to carbon farming. Perceptions of distributional fairness are strengthened by the benefits beginning to flow through rangeland communities, but are weakened by concerns around the equity of eligibility and the land management rules. A focus on participatory policy development, aligning rules with local values and local-scale trust building, is required in order to enhance the social licence for carbon farming in the NSW rangelands.

Students’ Perception of Secondary School Teachers’ Assessment with Specific Reference to the Subject of English

Using research investigating the effect of teacher assessment practices in secondary schooling in Croatia on student perceptions of fairness, this paper1 points out participating students’ perception of fairness of assessment, focusing on teacher assessment in three secondary school subjects, but particularly in the subject of English. The research overall included enquiry into the fairness of teacher assessment practices in three secondary school subjects. The implemented research was both of a quantitative and qualitative nature. The research design was intended to be both empirical, measuring students’ perception, and quasi-ethnographic, seeking to interpret these perceptions through understanding the context. Student questionnaires, involving a total of 330 students, teacher interviews, involving a total of 12 teachers, and analysis of teachers’ assessment documents were used to collect data that were then analysed within case studies. Each case study, totalling six in number, represented a teacher with two classes of students studying one of the chosen three subjects. Classes of secondary school students from two high schools studying the subjects of Biology, Croatian or English as a foreign language formed the sample groups. These students were asked to complete a questionnaire based on Likert response type items founded on the Student Perception of Assessment Questionnaire (SPAQ) and open-ended questions based on a questionnaire developed at the Centre for Schooling and Learning Technologies (CSaLT). The SPAQ items were measured by five scales. The teachers of these students were interviewed and also provided documents that illustrate how they assessed students in these three subjects. The investigation uncovered variations in responses to teachers and subjects and differences in student response between classes of the same teacher which are possibly indicative, among other elements, of the role of teacher personality factors. This investigation revealed that from the three secondary school subjects researched, students’ perception of the secondary school subject of English achieved the most positive rating among the sample of students involved in the research.

Pricing Fairness in a Pandemic: Navigating Unintended Changes to Value or Cost

The recent pandemic has caused many businesses to alter their offerings, at times providing inferior value to their customers or incurring higher costs. Many classes moved online, leading to a lower-value offering without significant cost reductions, and many firms adopted costly hygiene measures, such as stringent cleaning or reducing capacity to maintain social distancing. This article explores consumers’ fairness perceptions regarding pricing decisions made in response to unique scenarios caused by the pandemic. We present three key findings: (i) maintaining prices following a product downgrade is viewed as less fair than maintaining prices following an equivalent decrease in costs; (ii) price decreases following a product downgrade are viewed as more fair when positioned as passing on a cost saving rather than making up for decreased value; and (iii) price increases due to hygiene measures are perceived as more fair when they result from direct (compared with indirect) cost changes.