Corruption Perception Research Articles

Healthcare Professionals’ Perspectives on Euthanasia Legalization in Malaysia

Euthanasia remains a contentious and emotionally charged subject, drawing considerable public debate and scrutiny in research compared to less controversial topics. Its involvement in deliberately ending human lives, albeit with compassionate intentions and the individual’s voluntary consent, has sparked widespread discussions among various stakeholders including academics, religious scholars, politicians, doctors, lawyers, and nurses. The present study seeks to investigate doctors’ and nurses’ attitudes towards euthanasia and its potential legalization in Malaysia. Employing a survey methodology adhering to established quantitative research protocols, participants were administered questionnaires to gather their viewpoints on euthanasia. The research enlisted 481 respondents who completed the 21-item Euthanasia Attitude Scale (EAS) questionnaire. Analysis of the data was conducted using SPSS version 29.0, employing measures such as mean, median, and standard deviation. The study revealed a strong level of reliability among the variables, with Cronbach’s Alpha values of 0.857 for EAS and 0.952 for reasons pertaining to euthanasia legalization. Pearson’s correlation coefficients ranged from 0.570 to 0.642, indicating a moderate and positive association between independent variables and the dependent variable. Furthermore, the study highlights that 81.3% of respondents held opposing views on euthanasia legalization, while 18.7% supported its legalization. Primary reasons for opposing legalization included religious beliefs (85.6%), the sanctity of human life and the belief that it should not be subject to individual authority for termination (80.2%), concerns about potential exploitation for personal gain (76.1%), and perceptions of public corruption (72.3%). These findings underscore the ongoing relevance and necessity for comprehensive examination, reflecting the multifaceted nature of the euthanasia discourse. Despite the prevailing opposition to legalization, the study underscores the enduring complexity of the euthanasia debate and the imperative of embracing diverse perspectives for effective navigation.

Media perception of corruption as a barrier for regulating lobbying and advocacy in India

Media perception of corruption as a barrier for regulating lobbying and advocacy in India

Attitude to corruption practices of Russians and Chinese: Сross-cultural analysis

The article is devoted to a comparative analysis of the attitude of Russians and Chinese towards corrupt practices. The study was conducted anonymously in an online survey using the service https://webanketa.ru. 275 Russians and 105 Chinese took part in it. To determine attitudes towards corrupt practices, the author’s questionnaire was developed, based on the color model of A. Heidenheimer (2015). The questionnaire consisted of 59 hypothetical situations, to assess the corruption of which a 7-point scale was used. For the Chinese participants in the study, a bilingual philologist translated the questionnaire into Chinese. Reliability testing of the instrument confirmed high consistency of the data (Cronbach α = 0.962). The results of factor analysis made it possible to identify three factors and confirm the color model (black, gray, white) of the perception of corruption by A. Heidenheimer. The results of the study made it possible to identify both general features and culturally specific features of the perception of corruption. A comparative analysis of the data showed that deviant actions of officials or persons whose social role is strictly regulated in society and presupposes high moral qualities (judge, doctor, policeman, etc.) were assessed by respondents as highly corrupt in both samples. Also, in both national groups, respondents gave lower ratings to the corrupt actions of holders of such social roles as a flight attendant, teacher, or coach than to the corrupt actions of officials, who were subject to higher moral requirements. At the same time, respondents from China statistically reliably assessed hypothetical situations of black corruption as less corrupt, unlike Russians. White corruption, on the contrary, was condemned by the Chinese significantly more than by the Russians. The results obtained reflect the transcendental legitimation of power inherent in the Chinese mentality and the horizontal responsibility captured in the guanxi phenomenon.

Аналіз сприйняття корупції в період дії воєнного стану в Україні

The article summarizes the main scientific approaches to determining the essence of the category of «corruption». Based on the analyses of domestic and foreign publications, the authors’ own definition of corruption is proposed, which is considered as the purposeful dishonest actions of a person/persons aimed at using their powers not in an officially formally defined way, but in order to obtain unlawful benefits for themselves or a third party/parties, leading to the emergence of potential negative material and non-material losses for other individuals, their groups, the State and society in general. The data on the value of the Corruption Perceptions Index, the scale for assessing its level and sources of information for studying the perception of corruption in Ukraine are systematized. The possible reasons for Ukraine’s lagging behind in terms of the Corruption Perceptions Index compared to neighboring countries are substantiated. The main recommendations on the part of Transparency International Ukraine, an accredited representative of the global movement Transparency International, regarding Ukraine’s further steps for 2024 in the fight against corruption are highlighted as follows: to increase the efficiency of the fight against corruption at the highest levels of big business and public service; improve the system of using the assets of corrupt officials and pro-russian accomplices; improve the system of transparency and monitoring of public procurement. Practical recommendations for reducing the level of corruption in Ukraine during martial law are proposed, which, in turn, will contribute to improving the socioeconomic development of the country and serve as a foundation for further European integration processes in Ukraine. In particular, emphasis is placed on the need to pay special attention to taking into account the recommendations of international partners in a timely manner; further improvement of anti-corruption legislation in Ukraine; creation of «profiled codes of conduct» for public servants; resumption of the processes of competitive selection of managers, heads of executive bodies, and members of supervisory boards of the State-owned enterprises and submission of their financial statements, which is now an urgent task to restore public confidence in the government.

Economic convergence of the Balkan countries towards the European Union

This paper aims to analyze the economic performance of Balkan countries in comparison to the European Union (EU) average, with the objective of assessing the convergence of Balkan nations toward the EU during the period 2000–2019. The economic variables under consideration encompass per capita income, the corruption perception index (CPI), salary levels, and direct foreign investments. Employing β-convergence, rooted in neoclassical growth theories, this study aims to test the hypothesis that economically disadvantaged countries experience more rapid growth in per capita income than their wealthier counterparts. The empirical findings of this investigation reveal a discernible long-term convergence among the Balkan countries themselves, as well as towards the EU member states. The rate of convergence exhibits variations contingent upon the developmental status of the respective countries, along with nuances related to their economic structure and corruption levels. Despite these observed convergences, a substantial gap persists, and the pace of economic integration of Balkan nations into the EU appears to be a gradual process. This study underscores the complex relationship between economic convergence, country-specific characteristics, and the broader context of regional integration.

Perceived Corruption and Informality among Croatian Businesspeople

The pervasiveness of corruption in Croatia is documented by corruption perception indicators and surveys, yet there is no comprehensive knowledge about corruption and informality in the private sector. This quantitative study uses primary survey data of Croatian business actors to determine business perceptions and attitudes towards corruption and informality. The results show that Croatian businesspeople express low trust in institutions, but do not see them as obstacles to doing business. Similarly, Croatia’s EU membership is perceived as insignificant in the fight against corruption and informality. The SMEs are allegedly suffering more due to corruption, whereas the large companies are seen as the main generators of corruption. Corrupt behaviour and informal practices in everyday business are more accepted and used by the owners and managers working in small and micro firms. This study thus contributes to research on doing business and managerial behaviour and offers policy recommendations to mitigate the harmful effects of corruption and informality.

Reassessing the complexities of corruption and inequality: a comparative study of Balkan countries

This article analyses the relationship between corruption and income inequality in western Balkan countries in the period from 2012 to 2023. The International Labour Organization, Transparency International and World Development Indicators are the three sources of data used, while the Arellano and Bond (1991) generalized method of moments (GMM) technique is utilised to estimate the correlation between the Gini Index and the Corruption Perceptions Index. The dependent variable is income inequality measured by the Gini Index, while the vector of independent variables is composed of annual GDP per capita growth, the Consumer Price Index, the unemployment rate, openness to trade and the Corruption Perceptions Index. The regression results are univocal for the whole sample. However, corruption is contributing to the increased levels of income inequality in a couple of Balkan countries. The public might have a complex relationship with corruption, but countries could address the issue by institutional strengthening, denouncing corrupt officials, enhancing public transparency and encouraging media independence.

Do Information Frictions and Corruption Perceptions Kill Competition? A Field Experiment on Public Procurement in Uganda

Do Information Frictions and Corruption Perceptions Kill Competition? A Field Experiment on Public Procurement in Uganda

Corruption Vs Human Development: An Empirical Analysis

Background: Corruption is a significant issue facing the modern world. Corruption hinders social, political, economic, and environmental growth, causing inequality and a decrease in public spending. Research demonstrates that corruption adversely affects human capital improvement, ecological sustainability, and political frameworks, hindering progress at both high and low levels. Method: This paper examines the relationship between corruption and human development and how each influences the other, using 2018 data from 100 countries. This study uses a linear regression model and statistical methods like goodness of fit, hypothesis testing, and correlation coefficients to look into how the Corruption Perception Index (CPI) and the Human Development Index (HDI) affect each other. Result: The corruption perception index (CPI) and the human development index (HDI) have an important positive correlation (0.7708). Models explain 62.08% of HDI variation and 57.28% of CPI variation, depending on regression analysis. This implies that higher CPI (less corruption) notably enhances HDI (human development), and vice versa. Discussion: Findings show a strong correlation between higher human development (higher HDI) and lesser corruption (higher CPI), which has a major impact on social and economic circumstances. Though several countries have progressed with decreasing corruption, perceptions across the world remain unchanged, and numerous fields are still experiencing difficulties. Conclusion: This study's findings demonstrate a significant inverse relationship between corruption and human development. With the goal of fighting corruption and enhancing human development, it emphasizes the importance of a wide range of indicators, including technical developments, institutional reforms, and international cooperation.

Parametric and Statistical Analysis on Corruption Perception Index (CPI) of Countries of the World Based on World Governance Index (WGI) Data of Transparency International (TI)

Parametric and Statistical Analysis on Corruption Perception Index (CPI) of Countries of the World Based on World Governance Index (WGI) Data of Transparency International (TI)

Fighting corruption in West Africa: a comparative assessment of learners and laggards

Corruption is a widespread issue that plagues societies across the globe. It is imperative to address this problem to safeguard human rights and promote sustainable development. By encouraging transparent and responsible governance, we can strengthen democracy and foster a culture of integrity among public officials and civil servants. Since its establishment in 1994, the West African Economic and Monetary Union (UEMOA) has garnered international attention for its commitment to peace efforts and anti-corruption initiatives. Over the past decade, it has become a hub of public and private sector corruption scandals, mainly due to its declining performance on the Corruption Perception Index. This paper aims to evaluate the progress of some West African nations, specifically Ghana, Nigeria, Togo, Cote d'Ivoire, and Burkina Faso, in their battle against corruption. The study will compare their performance and anti-corruption policies implemented in recent years to determine which countries are progressing and which are lagging. This study employed a mixed methods approach, incorporating both quantitative and qualitative methodologies. The primary objective was to evaluate various countries' capacity to combat corruption. Data was sourced from the Transparency International Corruption Perceptions Index and the World Governance Indicator to accomplish this. The gathered information was then classified and assessed using a comparative research design and strategy. By conducting time series analysis, the study aimed to identify commonalities and variations between the countries and draw insightful conclusions. The data will be presented graphically to exhibit trends, which this report will explore further. The paper compares the efforts of different West African countries in fighting corruption. It highlights the countries making significant strides in combating corruption and the laggards falling behind in their efforts. This assessment promotes transparency, accountability, and good governance in West Africa.

Effect of Corruption on Human Capital in Franc Zone Countries: An Opportunity Cost Analysis

The objective of this paper is to analyze the impact of corruption on human capital in African Franc zone countries. Assuming that the representative agent is rational, we develop a theoretical model in which effort, the real component of the human capital accumulation process, encompasses learning time, the learner’s personal resources, and the educational public good. The learner makes a trade-off between effort and corruption according to the opportunity cost of each option. Thus, in an environment where corruption (large and small) is endemic and where there are very few sanction mechanisms, the learner considers it rational to bribe at the expense of effort. Empirical analysis shows that a drop in the corruption perception index (reflecting an increase in corruption) of one-point leads to a drop in the human capital index of 0.175 percentage points. On the other hand, the impact is positive for public spending on education, official development assistance, real GDP per capita, and the management ratio. These variables reduce the opportunity cost of the effort. A number of recommendations are put forward with a view to reducing the cost of effort and increasing the cost of corruption.

Modeling Adaptive Performance of the Academics in Selected Public Universities in Eastern Philippines during the COVID-19 Pandemic

The COVID-19 crisis has prompted the implementation of new measures aimed at containing the virus, given its potential health threats to humanity. Studies indicate that the stringency of these policies is associated with a country’s performance in managing the pandemic. However, the literature still needs more coherent evidence on the relationship between policy stringency, COVID-19 management, and corruption perception, and thus, warrants further investigation. This study used data mining on publicly available datasets from 96 countries worldwide, which include Transparency International’s corruption perception index, COVID-19 stringency measures from the University of Oxford’s Blavatnik School of Government, and COVID-19 management performance scores from the Lowy Institute. The researchers applied clustering techniques to group nations with similar characteristics and mediation analysis to explore the relationship between a country’s corruption perception and its COVID-19 stringency concerning its management performance. Findings revealed four clustered countries. Fourteen countries with less stringent policies and highly transparent tend to manage COVID-19-related indicators better. Thirty-six countries were imposing stricter policies with low scores in the corruption perception level inclined to have lower COVID-19 management performance. Forty-five countries with average stringency and corruption perception levels have average COVID-19 management performance. Meanwhile, the mediation results proposed no mediation effects of the corruption perception on the association of the policy severity and the COVID-19 management performance level of the 96 countries and all clustered countries. With these findings, this study hopes to enlighten policymakers to review the strictness of their policies, as it posits an inverse effect on the COVID-19 management performance of a country.

Transparencia en la gestión pública en el Perú: Avances al 2021

Corruption has been a persistent problem in Peru, and in order to fight it from the public sector, several transparency mechanisms have been implemented with results that are far from what was expected. The objective of this paper is to carry out a theoretical analysis of the most relevant characteristics of transparency in public administration in Peru, for which the main actions developed by the Peruvian State to implement transparency in public administration were reviewed, analyzing their possible influence on the levels of corruption in Peru in the period from 1990 to 2021. As a working method, it was considered appropriate to examine the regulations issued by the Peruvian State, verifying the results obtained in the indicated period. The results show that the measures adopted since the 1990s to institutionalize transparency in the country do not seem to have influenced the level of corruption, thus failing to achieve the goal set in the Plan Bicentenario: Peru al 2021, to position our country as the one with the lowest perception of corruption in all of Latin America. Based on this observation, we conclude that the relationship between transparency and corruption is more complex than commonly believed and requires further research.

Determinan Kejahatan Siber (Cybercrime) di ASEAN Tahun 2015-2020: Pendekatan Panel Data Regression with Random Effect

The use of information and communication technology in ASEAN is massive and growing. This development not only has a positive impact, but also a negative one. In addition to advancements in various fields, criminality is also increasing. ASEAN is the fastest growing digital market in the world. As digital technology becomes more integrated into our lives, cybercrime will increase exponentially. This study aims to determine the overview and variables that affect cybercrime in ASEAN in 2015-2020. This research uses secondary data from ITU, World Bank, UNDP, and Transparency International the Global Coalition Against Corruption. Through descriptive analysis, it is found that the value of the Global Cybersecurity Index (GCI) in ASEAN has increased, but there is still a cybersecurity gap between countries in ASEAN. Through the panel data regression equation formed, it is found that economic growth, mobile broadband users, and average years of schooling significantly affect the GCI in ASEAN in 2015-2020. Meanwhile, the variables of mobile cellular users, technology exports, and corruption perception index do not have a significant effect. Therefore, governments in ASEAN countries are also expected to continue to increase economic growth and allocate budgets for technical implementation of cybersecurity. In addition, the government should maintain the stability of the number of mobile broadband users, and increase the average number of mobile broadband users.

Data-Mining Modeling of Corruption Perception Patterns Based on Association Rules

Corruption is one of the many challenges facing Ukrainian society. After the full-scale war, 89% of Ukrainian citizens consider corruption to be the most serious problem for the stable development of Ukraine. In the article, it is argued that neglecting the problem of corruption in society leads to a decrease in the level of trust in public authorities, economic losses, a decrease in the country’s investment attractiveness, a loss of trust from international partners, as well as other economic and political turbulences. The study aims to develop an economic and mathematical model for determining the patterns of corruption perception in Ukraine based on association rules implemented using data mining methods. The Python Numerical Python library was used to build association rules. The study of the patterns of corruption perception was analysed in terms of the legislative (based on the activities of the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine), judicial (based on the activities of the courts) and executive (on the example of the activities of the President and his Office) branches of government. The source of primary data was the data of a survey conducted by the “Join!” Public Participation Support Program together with the USAID project “Support for Leader Organizations in Combating Corruption in Ukraine”. 38 association rules were determined for the judicial system, among which the most informative consequences were “distrust in the judicial system” and “corruption is widespread in the courts”. For the executive branch of government, 27 association rules were built, where the informative consequence was “citizens can influence, namely participate in public councils or public hearings to monitor state institutions and their decisions”. For the legislative branch, 33 association rules were formed, where the informative consequence was “citizens can influence, namely participate in public councils or public hearings to monitor state institutions and their decisions”. According to the empirical calculations, a regularity was found that Ukrainian society is democratic and believes in its power to overcome corruption in any branch of government, but members of society do not show active desire and only revolutionary manifestations are possible in a critical situation. The Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine can use the results obtained during the improvement of Ukrainian legislation, the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine when approving the State Program for the Implementation of the Anti-Corruption Strategy and other state bodies in developing anti-corruption programs at various levels.

Corruption and its Implications for Politics in South Asian Countries

This study measures corruption using survey data, newspaper reports, court records, anti-corruption agency records, and other sources. Corruption and problems with the government have been significant problems in South Asia since the early 1980s. The Corruption Perception Index (CPI) from Transparency International is recommended because it is a "robust" indicator that looks at many different ways to measure political corruption in each country. The root causes of corruption in South Asian countries, however, are a monopoly of government-controlled institutions, excessive regulations, convoluted tax and licencing systems, numerous government departments with opaque bureaucracies and discretionary powers, and a lack of transparency in laws and procedures. Tax evasion, which helps black money accumulate and lowers public morale, has a substantial negative impact on the economies and politics of South Asian nations. Since the 1980s, Pakistan, Bangladesh, India, and Bangladesh have all been officially charged with corruption. In addition, political rivals and the media frequently accuse the prime ministers of Sri Lanka and Nepal of corruption. In Bangladesh, Pakistan, and other South Asian countries, political bribery is widespread. In 2002, General Pervez Musharraf passed stringent election laws that forbade politicians convicted of a crime from seeking office. The rule's detractors believe that applying it would prevent the civilian community's two most influential political figures from challenging the military administration in elections later this year.

The Obligation of Military Institutions to Comply with the Anti-Corruption Act

The purpose of the study is to respond to the corruption crimes committed by military officials in Indonesia, secondly, to explain the obligation of military institutions to comply with the Anti-Corruption Criminal Act, third, to clarify the internal rules of the Military Institutions on Anti-Criminal Corruption in Indonesia. The type of research used is normative law research, which refers to positive law and uses secondary data from primary, secondary, and tertiary law material. Data is collected through Library Research and processed with descriptive analysis. Corruption perpetrated by military officials is a violation of the Military Discipline Act and the Indonesian Criminal Code of corruption. The normative jurisprudential aspect of the fight against corruption in Indonesia is carried out with the advancement of the basis of legal certainty based on the Anti-Corruption Act. According to the legislation, the legal status is generally applicable, and the index of perception of corruption in Indonesia is deteriorating and spreading throughout the line of life of the nation and the country, so that all parties, without exception in military instances, are obliged to comply with the Penalties of Corruption. The entire component of the Indonesian nation must advance the suppression of corruption under the law, including the military instance obliged to voluntarily submit and obey the orders of the Tipikor Rebellion Act. The authorities have drawn up regulations relating to the obligations of the Military Institutions in combating criminal offences of corruption in Indonesia.

Diversification of good governance in European Union countries using the TOPSIS method

ObjectivesThe main goal of this study is to identify and evaluate the level of good governance in European Union countries and to determine whether there is a relationship between good governance and economic growth.Material and methodsEmpirical materials are based on currently available statistical data from Eurostat. In case of unavailability of unit data in the studied year, they were replaced with data from the nearest period, i.e. 2020. Due to the complexity of the analyzed categories and the possibility of ordering objects from best to worst to achieve the goal, we used the TOPSIS method for multidimensional data analysis.ResultsThe study found that the variable with the greatest impact on the ranking achieved by a given country in the GG range was the Corruption Perception Index, followed by the proportion of the population who trust EU institutions. In the presented comparison, three countries, Luxembourg, Germany, and Sweden, occupied the top positions in the GG scale, while Greece and Cyprus were at the bottom. Countries with very high GG accounted for 11% of the total number of EU countries. No countries were identified as belonging to the fourth class, which is characterized by a very low level of GG. The majority of countries, over 67%, were represented by those with medium to low levels of GG.ConclusionsThe analysis allowed for identifying a significant correlation between Good Governance and Economic Growth in European Union countries. It can be assumed that the higher the level of economic development (measured by many SDGs), the lower the level of corruption in state institutions, and the greater the trust of citizens in public institutions, which translates into a higher level of GG.

Corruption and its Implications for Politics in South Asian Countries

This study measures corruption using survey data, newspaper reports, court records, anti-corruption agency records, and other sources. Corruption and problems with the government have been significant problems in South Asia since the early 1980s. The Corruption Perception Index (CPI) from Transparency International is recommended because it is a “robust” indicator that looks at many different ways to measure political corruption in each country. The root causes of corruption in South Asian countries, however, are a monopoly of government-controlled institutions, excessive regulations, convoluted tax and licensing systems, numerous government departments with opaque bureaucracies and discretionary powers, and a lack of transparency in laws and procedures. Tax evasion, which helps black money accumulate and lowers public morale, has a substantial negative impact on the economies and politics of South Asian nations. Since the 1980s, Pakistan, Bangladesh, India, and Bangladesh have all been officially charged with corruption. In addition, political rivals and the media frequently accuse the prime ministers of Sri Lanka and Nepal of corruption. In Bangladesh, Pakistan, and other South Asian countries, political bribery is widespread. In 2002, General Pervez Musharraf passed stringent election laws that forbade politicians convicted of a crime from seeking office. The rule’s detractors believe that applying it would prevent the civilian community’s two most influential political figures from challenging the military administration in elections later this year.