Perception Of Coaches Research Articles

Exploring the Digital Frontier in Sports Training: Coach's Perspectives, Influential Factors, and Case Study in Indonesia

This study aims to determine the perception of coaches in the entry of digitalization of sports and the effect of gender, age, region, educational background, and training experience on the perception of the entry of digitalization of sports. This research is a quantitative research with a cross-sectional survey method. The data collection instrument uses a questionnaire that has been tested for validity and reliability using the corrected item-total correlation test and the Cronbach'Alpha test. Percentage analysis was used to determine the coach's perception, while ordinal regression was used to determine the effect of the independent variable on the dependent variable. The study results found that 39.9% of coaches agreed, and 39.4% strongly agreed with digital technology in sports. Two independent variable indicators influence coaches' perception of the inclusion of digitalization in the world of sports: the level of education and training experience. This study concludes that it is essential to develop the digitalization of training programs; this is related to the convenience of coaches and athletes in monitoring the development of student-athlete training programs. Keywords: digital, training program, coach's perception.

Perceptions of near-peer teaching in a pharmacy skills-based laboratory

ObjectiveTo assess the perception of students, faculty, and previous lab coaches on a near-peer teaching model integrated into a skills-based laboratory. MethodsAs part of a longitudinal near-peer teaching experience, third professional year students are utilized as lab coaches in a skills-based laboratory course. Lab coaches deliver lectures, provide feedback, facilitate activities, and assist with class preparation spanning 2 semesters for first and second professional year students. Students enrolled in the courses received an anonymous 12-question survey to assess the comfort and helpfulness of feedback when working with a lab coach and faculty during the 2021–2022 academic year. Statistical analysis was conducted using descriptive and inferential statistics for survey questions, and thematic analysis for open-ended responses. Semi-structured interviews with previous lab coaches and faculty were conducted, and thematic analysis was utilized for the responses. ResultsThe student survey had an 81.4% response rate (n = 114). Students were significantly more comfortable working with and asking questions to a lab coach than a faculty instructor (mean [SD] of 4.78 [0.66] vs 4.44 [0.75]). Nine (75%) previous lab coaches and 6 (43%) faculty members were also interviewed. A total of 6 themes regarding perceptions of the lab coach position emerged: positive impact on personal and professional development; relationship building; rewarding experience recommended to others; robust teaching experience; struggles and challenges faced by both faculty and lab coaches; appreciation of the position by faculty. ConclusionImplementing near-peer teachers into a pharmacy skills-based laboratory was very well received by students, previous lab coaches, and faculty.

Evaluation of the Leisure Boredom Perception of Coaches from Different Sports Branches

The aim of this study is to evaluate the perceptions of leisure boredom of coaches working in different sports branches. The sample group of the study consists of 224 coaches, 173 men, and 51 women, actively working in different sports branches. In the study, in order to determine individuals' perceptions of leisure boredom, a method developed by Weissinger and Iso-Ahola, "Leisure Boredom Scale (LBS)," which was adapted to Turkish culture by Kara et al. (2014), was applied. When the internal consistency coefficients of the Leisure Boredom Scale were examined, it was determined that α = .721 for the boredom sub-dimension and α = 721 for the satisfaction sub-dimension. In order to compare the boredom perceptions of the participant group in terms of different variables, t-Test for Independent Samples and One-way ANOVA were applied. As a result of the analyses, no difference was detected in the coaches' perception of leisure boredom in terms of gender variable (p>.05). No significant difference was detected as a result of the single-factor analysis of variance performed, according to the coaching branch variable of the participant group (p>.05). However, when the results of the single-factor analysis of variance for the coaching experience variable were examined, it was seen that there was a significant difference in the "boredom" and "satisfaction" sub-dimensions according to the experience of the coaches (p

Senior high school athletes’ perception of coach’s leadership behaviour in terms of sex

The objective of the study was to investigate whether males and females differed in their perception on coaches’ leadership behaviours in senior high school (SHS) in the Ashanti Region of Ghana. One hypothesis was generated to guide the research. A descriptive cross-sectional survey was used to conduct the research. A sample size of 1,002 respondents selected using multi-stage sampling from a population of 16,200 Senior High School Athletes in Ashanti Region who participated in organised inter-school sports competitions in the 2022/2023 academic year were used for the study. Adapted version of leadership scale for sports and adapted version of athletes’ satisfaction questionnaire were the instruments used for the study. The data was subjected to multivariate analysis of variance. Results revealed that a noteworthy difference in perceived coaches’ leadership behaviours for male and female SHS athletes {F (5, 995) = 14.11, P <. 001}. In light of the results, it is recommended that the coaches/PE teachers should assess and determine the type of coaching behaviour that is appropriate for a particular sex during training and competitions.

الإدراك البصري للمدربين لبعض المتغيرات الكينماتيكية لمهارة القفز على جهاز القفز

Aim: To examine the visual perception of sports coaches for some kinematic variables of the gymnastic vaulting table. Methods: The researcher used the descriptive method in this study. and used Ten Sports Coaches of gymnastic as subjects of this study from the physical education faculty at Yarmouk University. Study tools :The researcher prepared a special questionnaire, including 38 items related to kinematic variables and some random mistakes for the Vaulting Table skill phases. The coaches watched players' performance, then after every player's vault attempt, the questionnaire was distributed directly to sports coaches. The researcher placed three sunny digital video cameras in different locations perpendicular to the vault table apparatus, ten undergraduate male gymnastic players from Yarmouk University - physical education department was recorded while they performed vault skills. The researcher analyzed the videotaped of the vaults of gymnastic players, then the researcher compared the videotape with the responses of Sport Coaches on questionnaires to identify the ability of sports coaches' visual perception. To analyze the player's vault videotape, the researcher used a computer program called (Super decoder) for Vaulting Tables kills analysis. The researcher computed statistics in SPSS statistic software, like percentages and repetitions. Results: Study results were: "the weakest percentage in visual perception ability was in the pre and post-flight phases. The strongest percentage in visual perception ability was in the approach phase. Watching kinematic variables of sports skills is not enough to distinguish skills, especially fast ones. Feedback by watching the performance does not improve the skill level in fast movements". Recommendations : The researcher of this study recommends coaches focus on recruiting more senses and different coaching aids in increasing coaching visual perception ability and proper understanding of movement and thus motor learning. Coaches should familiarize themselves with different coaching and training sources related to their sport, and learn how to recruit them in different training situations. أهداف البحث : هدفت الدراسة إلى التعرف على الإدراك البصري للمدربين لبعض المتغيرات الكينماتيكية لمهارة القفز على جهاز القفز. منهجية البحث : استخدم الباحث المنهج الوصفي في هذه الدراسة، اشتملت عينة الدراسة على (10) من مدربي الجمباز من جامعة اليرموك في كلية التربية الرياضية, وتم استخدام استمارة خاصة تحتوي على 38 فقره ترتبط ببعض النواحي الكينماتيكية والأخطاء الشائعة لمراحل مهارة الوثب على جهاز القفز، قام مدربو الجمباز بمشاهدة أداء لاعبي الجمباز وبعد أداء كل لاعب كان يتم توزيع الاستلانة بشكل مباشر على المدربين ليتم الأجابة على الاستبانة مباشرة ثم تجمع بنفس الوقت، قام الباحث بوضع ثلاث كاميرات رقيمة سوني في مواقع مختلفة بشكل عمودي مع اتجاه جهاز الجمباز اي مرحلة الحركة كاملة ، عشرة لاعبي من لاعبي الجمباز في جامعة اليرموك تم تصوير اداء مهارة الوثب على جهاز القفز. ثم تم تحليل شريط التصوير للمهارة حيث قورن التصوير مع إجابات المدربين على الاستمارة لمعرفة الإدراك البصري لدى مدربي الجمباز للمتغيرات الكينماتيكية لمهارة الوثب على جهاز القفز في الجمباز، تم استخدام برنامج ( سوبر ديكودر) في للتحليل الحركي لتحليل الصور وتقطيعها لمقارنة الإدراك البصري للمدرب مع ما تم فعلا من مهارات الجمباز. استخدم الباحث التكرارات والنسب المئوية في التحليل الإحصائي . النتائج : وقد أظهرت نتائج الدراسة أن أضعف نسبة في قدرة الإدراك البصري للمدربين كانت في مرحلتي الطيران الأول والثاني، وأقوى نسبة في قدرة الإدراك البصري للمدربين كانت في مرحلة الاقتراب، مشاهدة العوامل الكينماتيكية لا تكفي لتميز المهارات وخصوصا السريعة، التغذية الراجعة من خلال مشاهدة الأداء لا تكفي للتقدم بالمستوى المهاري في الحركات السريعة. الخلاصة : يوصي الباحث على تركيز المعلمين لتوظيف حواس أكثر ووسائل تدريبية مختلفة لزيادة نسبة قدرة الإدراك البصري للمدربين والاستيعاب السليم للحركة وبالتالي التعلّم الحركي. أن يتعرف المدرس على مختلف المصادر التي تتعلق بمادة تخصصه، وكيف يوظفها في المواقف التعليمية المختلفة.

축구 코치의 코치 입문 경험에 관한 연구

Objectives This study aims to explore the process and experiences of soccer coaches who engage in sports coaching activities targeting elementary, middle, and high school student-athletes becoming a coach. The pur-pose of this study is to suggest the direction of future coach education by analyzing in-depth changes in the per-ception of soccer coaches, environmental factors, and social factors.
 Methods To achieve the purpose of the study, eight soccer coaches were selected as research participants. Research participants were selected as coaches with more than 10 years of experiences as a soccer player and more than 10 years of experiences as a soccer coach. Data were collected through in-depth interviews, and the collected data were analyzed by applying open coding and paradigm models based on grounded theory methods. By classifying information through open coding, categories of information about the phenomenon being studied were formed. Afterwards, axial coding was performed to connect subcategories around the central axis of the category.
 Results As a result of the study, a total of three top categories were derived: ‘Motivation for choosing a coach as a career’, ‘Influence of athlete experiences’, and ‘A gap between ideal and reality’. The sub-categories of ‘motiva-tion to be a leader as a career’ were ‘an interest in coaching activities’, ‘mind for nurturing the next generation’, ‘a challenge to advance to a higher league’, and ‘recommendation from a teacher’. The subcategories of ‘influence of athlete experiences’ were ‘use of experiential knowledge’, ‘pride of athlete experiences’, and ‘narrow career consciousness’. The subcategories of ‘the gap between ideals and reality’ were ‘trial and error in coaching meth-ods’, ‘formal coach education’, and ‘essential problems of competition’.
 Conclusions Based on the research results, the role and qualifications of athletics coaches as educators for stu-dent athletes were presented. Structural problems were pointed out in the coaching introductory process and the employment system of sports coaches to perform their roles simply as conveyors of exercise skills.

Athlete and coach’s perspectives on sports nutritionists’ role in enhancing sports performance in Indonesia Sports Training Centers

The role of a nutritionist as a sportsman was a legal mandate listed on Law No. 3 of 2005 in Article 63 concerning the National Sports System, stated that nutritionists are one of the sports personnel. However, the implementation of the nutritionist's role in the athlete training center was still lacking. The importance of nutritionist existence ought to be assessed to explore the perception of athletes and coaches. Qualitative approach was used to analyze focus group discussions on 15 athletes and 10 coaches located in 3 cities in Indonesia (Jakarta, Yogyakarta, Malang). Results, the acceptance of the food in the training center are satisfactory even though some still eat out. More knowledge concerning nutrition, performance, and posture are obtained from in-class education, brochure, personal counselling, and small talk by the presence of nutritionists. Conclusion, athletes and coaches perceive that nutritionists are urgently necessary for optimum nutrition support to enhance sports performance.

Association of Selected Fitness Variables with Perceived Performance Levels in Lawn Tennis Players

Abstract Objectives Lawn tennis is an explosive sport that involves various fitness parameters such as explosive strength, endurance, power, and agility. Improved physical fitness leads to superior athletic performance. The coach's perception is contingent upon his perception of the player at the time the athlete is comparing himself to the coach. Thus, this study aimed to determine the association between chosen fitness factors and perceived performance by coach in lawn tennis players. Thus, the study aims to detect the relationship between different fitness variables and perceived level of performance in lawn tennis player. Materials and Methods Fifty-two lawn tennis players from two sports academies were measured for various parameters of fitness and perceived performance level as rated by the coach. Statistical Analysis The association between selected fitness metrics and perceived performance in lawn tennis players was investigated using Pearson's correlation test. Furthermore, the data were analyzed with paired t-test for male and female group, and ANOVA was used to analyze the difference between the levels of performance. Results Fatigue index, closed kinetic chain upper extremity stability (CKCUEST) test, and peak power and energy expenditure taken by metabolic equivalent (MET) calculation was found to be statistically different between males and females. While comparing BMI with the peak power, there was a weak positive correlation for males, while for female there was no correlation. Metabolic equivalent, energy expenditure, and peak power were positively correlated with the level of performance; however, fatigue index and level of performance had a negative nonsignificant correlation. Conclusion Peak power, fatigue index, energy expenditure, and BMI were found to be associated in males, but not in females. Peak power and energy expenditure were connected to performance in both genders.

Menstrual cycle and hormonal contraceptive phases' effect on elite rowers' training, performance and wellness.

Objectives: To investigate the effect of menstrual cycle (MC) and hormonal contraception (HC) phases in elite rowers training, performance and wellness monitoring. Methods: Twelve French elite rowers were follow-up for 4,2 cycles on average in their final preparation for the Olympics and Paralympics Games in Tokyo 2021 through an on-site longitudinal study based on repeated measures. Daily self-reported evaluation using Likert rating scales of wellness (sleep quality, fitness, mood, injuries' pain), menstrual symptoms and training parameters (perceived exertion and self-assessment of performance) were collected (n = 1,281) in parallel to a coach evaluation of rowers' performance (n = 136), blinded to theirs MC and HC phases. Salivary samples of estradiol and progesterone were collected in each cycle to help to classify the MC into 6 phases and HC into 2-3 phases depending on the pills' hormone concentration. A chi-square test normalized by each rower was used to compare the upper quintile scores of each studied variable across phases. A Bayesian ordinal logistic regression was applied to model the rowers' self-reported performance. Results: Rowers with a natural cycle, n = 6 ( + 1 amenorrhea) evaluate their performance and wellness with significant higher score indices at the middle of their cycle. Top assessments are rarer at the premenstrual and menses phases, when they more frequently experience menstrual symptoms which are negatively correlated with their performance. The HC rowers, n = 5, also better evaluate their performance when taking the pills and more frequently experience menstrual symptoms during the pill withdrawal. The athletes self-reported performance is correlated with their coach's evaluation. Conclusion: It seems important to integrate MC and HC data in the wellness and training monitoring of female athletes since these parameters vary across hormonal phases affecting training perception of both athlete and coach.

U.S. High School Coaches’ Knowledge, Perception, and Current Practices Regarding Exertional Heat Illness

Exertional heat illness (EHI) is a dangerous, but preventable and treatable condition that affects approximately 9,000 athletes each year in the United States. Unfortunately, less than 30% of schools in the United States have access to an athletic trainer, making coaches responsible for the safety of the athletes during practices and games. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the knowledge, perception, and procedures of high school coaches in the United States regarding heat illness recognition, prevention, and treatment. An online survey including Likert items and open-ended questions was completed by 1,676 coaches from 16 states and compared between age, coaching experience, gender, education level, experience handling EHI, state, and the completion of either a general coaching certification or a heat safety certification. Average knowledge score among coaches was 74%. Coaches with experience handling or witnessing EHI, more years of coaching experience, older age, and the completion of a coaching certification had significantly higher level of knowledge than others. Results revealed that evidence-based strategies and state mandates aimed at preventing EHI are not being implemented. More training in prevention, recognition, and treatment of EHI is necessary for all individuals involved with high school athletes to prevent avoidable deaths.

코칭에 대한 코치의 주관적 인식 연구

The purpose of this study is to investigate the subjective perception of coaches on the concept of coaching. By applying the Q methodology, the perception types and characteristics of each type of coaching were examined. Through this study, we tried to determine how coaches actually perceive coaching beyond the definition of academic coaching. Through this, we tried to prepare a way to narrow the gap between the academic concept and the practical perception of coaching. As a P sample, 33 certified coaches from the Korea Coach Association were selected and 31 statements were Q-sorted. As a result of analyzing the main factors using the Quanl program, the perception of the coaching concept was sorted into four types. The first type was ‘Practical culture emphasis type’, the second type was ‘Good influence expanded type’, the third type was ‘Self-reflection awareness type’, and the fourth type was ‘Realistic tool type’. Through this, it is possible to look at the perception of fundamental coaching in micro and macro aspects and realistic and ideal aspects.

A Study on the Perception of Learning Coaches about Dyslexia

The purpose of this study was to examine the perceptions about dyslexia of the learning coaches working at the basic education support center, and to identify what personal variables affected those perceptions. In K-Province, 122 learning coaches at 7 centers were surveyed about their perceptions of the causes, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment of dyslexia. Descriptive statistics and a regression analysis were used to examine the accuracy level of learning coaches' perceptions of dyslexia, and what individual variables affected those accuracy level. The results showed that learning coaches had an inaccurate perception of the cause, diagnosis, and treatment of dyslexia, except for the symptoms of dyslexia (correct answer rate of 58.2%). Second, among the individual variables of learning coaches, teaching experience, training experience, and course completion about dyslexia had a positive effect on their perceptions of dyslexia, while self-confidence in teaching students with dyslexia had a negative effect on their perceptions. The results of this study also indicated that training about dyslexia for learning coaches should be continuously provided because the training experience had the most positive effects on their accurate perceptions of dyslexia.

The Perception of Grassroots Coaches of Spanish Professional Clubs on the Process of Training Young Players.

(1) The aims of this study were to find out the perception of the coaches of male and female football players in the initiation stage of Spanish professional clubs about different factors of the training process (context, talent development, and methodology), and to identify possible differences according to age/category (U10s: 8–10 years old, and U12s: 10–12 years old) and gender (male and female). (2) For this purpose, a questionnaire of 57 questions grouped into seven dimensions was applied, selecting for this work those related to talent development, training methodology, and social context. A total of 153 coaches from top-level Spanish professional clubs participated in the study: the first and second male division and the first female division. (3) The coaches consider that genetic inheritance is more important than contextual variables in the development of sporting talent. On the other hand, they do not show a clear consensus on whether players who perform better in the initiation stage have a greater chance of reaching the elite. (4) In addition, they value decision-making and technical qualities as fundamental factors in the development of talent rather than physical preparation.

ANTRENÖRÜN KİŞİLERARASI DAVRANIŞLARININ DEĞERLENDİRİLMESİ: GEÇERLİK VE GÜVENİRLİK ÇALIŞMASI

The aim of this study was to test the validity and reliability of Turkish version of Tripartite Measure of Interpersonal Behaviors-Coach (TMIB-C) which was developed by Bhavsar et al. (2019). The scale measures athletes' perception of coaches' need-supportive, need-thwarting and need-indifferent behaviors. Two hundred twenty-five male and 125 females, a total of 350 (Mage=18.74±4.35) athletes participated in the study. Personal information form, Tripartite Measure of Interpersonal Behaviors-Coach along with positive and negative behavior sub-dimensions of Coaching Behavior Scale for Sport were administered to the participants. Data were analyzed by confirmatory factor analysis in AMOS 20. Pearson correlation coefficients among the variables and average variance extracted (AVE) values were calculated for convergent and discriminant validity. Reliability was tested by Cronbach’s alpha and composite reliability coefficients. Model fit indices reached the acceptable level with deletion of the items 9 and 10 which had low factor loadings (χ2/df=453.372/165=2.75; RMSEA=.07, NFI=.90; NNFI=.92, CFI=.93, AGFI=.85; SRMR=.046). “Need thwarting” and “need indifference” behaviors negatively correlated with positive coaching behaviors (p<.05, discriminant validity), whereas these behaviors positively correlated with negative coaching behaviors (p<.05, convergent validity). While “need supporting behavior” positively correlated with positive coaching behaviors (p<.05, convergent validity), it negatively correlated with negative coaching behaviors (p<.05, discriminant validity). AVE values were between .51 and .56. Cronbach's alpha and composite reliability coefficients were between .86 and .91. The findings suggest that, Turkish version of Tripartite Measure of Interpersonal Behaviors-Coach can be used to measure athletes’ perception of coaches’ interpersonal behaviors.

GENDER DIFFERENCES IN THE PERCEPTIONS OF SPORT COACHING STANDARDS AMONG MALAYSIAN SPORT COACHES

This study examined the perception of Malaysian sport coaches on the sport coaching standards (SCS). A total of 384 coaches (age = 28.84+4.02 years; male = 67.7%, female = 32.3%) responded to the survey via an online google document. Almost 59% of the respondents were club level coaches with 42% having 1-3 years coaching experience. Majority (56.2%) of the coaches was involved in soccer, frisbee, dodgeball, and futsal. The adopted research instrument consisted of 40 coaching standards and were categorized into eight domains. The items were measured through an 11-point (0-10) Likert scale. The results suggested that Malaysian coaches perceived the 40 standards (minimum = 6.94 and maximum = 9.00) as knowledge and abilities that effective coaches must possess. As for the domains, Malaysian coaches ranked the top three domains to be ‘Growth and Development’, ‘Teaching and Communication’, and ‘Skills and Tactics’ respectively. Similar ranking of the domain was also reported according to gender. Even though coaching education in terms of sport specific and sport science programs is in place in Malaysia, it is imperative for Malaysian Sport Coaching Academy and National Sport Associations to incorporate some coaching standards in their relevant coaching education curriculum.

Coach competence, justice, and authentic leadership: An athlete satisfaction model

This study analyzed the relationship between athletes' perception of coach competence and their satisfaction, mediated by the influence of authentic leadership and perceived justice in team sports players. A cross-sectional study carried out with 115 (49.6% women and 50.4% men; 17.96 ± 2.85 years old; 8.18 ± 4.67 years of experience), soccer (53.9%), and handball (46.1%) players, all members of performance teams. The player's perception of coach competency, authentic leadership, justice, and satisfaction with the coach was measured. Correlation between variables and comparison throughout gender, sport, and experience were analyzed. Also, a multiple sequential mediation model was tested (coach competence → authentic leadership → coach justice → satisfaction with the coach, 95% CI 10,000 bootstrapping). There was a significant relationship ( p < 0.05) between all the variables, differences in the perception of satisfaction with the coach based on sport, and the perception of coach justice related to the years of experience in the sport. The multiple sequential mediation model (ɖ21 = 0.468; p < 0.001; IE = 0.098; CI = 0.020; 0.183), and the total indirect effect (IE = 0.310; CI = 0.138; 0.479) were significant. In conclusion, the results suggest that athletes emphasize that if the coach is competent and promotes justice to achieve the athlete's satisfaction without neglecting the influence of their authentic leadership style, this can strengthen their relationship and satisfaction with the coach.

The relationship between coach criticism and athletes' anxiety: The role of mindfulness and self-judgment

Background and Aim: The sample included 184 adolescent athletes (150 boys and 34 girls), aged between 12 and 18 years old, who completed a protocol of self-report instruments assessing sports anxiety (SAS-2), the perception of coach’s critical attitudes (APoCCAS), mindfulness (CAMM) and self-compassion (SCS). Method: The sample included 184 adolescent athletes (150 boys and 34 girls), aged between 12 and 18 years old, who completed a protocol of self-report instruments assessing sports anxiety (SAS-2), the perception of coach’s critical attitudes (APoCCAS), mindfulness (CAMM) and self-compassion (SCS). Results: Sports anxiety showed a positive association with critical coach attitudes and self-judgment and a negative association with mindfulness. Mindfulness revealed a negative association with self-judgment and the athletes’ perception of the coach’s critical attitudes. Self-judgment was positively associated with the athletes’ perception of the coach’s critical attitudes. The regression model explained 45% of the variance in sports anxiety, with mindfulness and self-judgment being the only predictors. Path analysis results indicated that the athlete’s mindfulness and self-judgment fully mediated the effect of the athletes’ perception of the coach’s critical attitudes on sports anxiety. Conclusions: Results suggest that athletes who perceive more critical attitudes from the coach, who have more self-judgmental attitudes, and fewer mindfulness skills tend to have higher levels of sports anxiety. The present study is innovative in showing how these variables are associated, suggesting that the development of mindfulness skills and the reduction of self-judgmental attitudes can help decrease the impact of the coach’s critical attitudes on competitive anxiety.

Coach's Perception of Parent's Attitudes in School-Age Sports.

The coach-parent relationship can significantly influence the sport participation, personal development, and sports performance of young athletes. This study aimed to investigate the coach’s perception of parent’s attitudes regarding competition attitude, the communication with the coach, and the environment during training sessions, taking into account the coaches’ sex, type of institution, or sport modality grouped into individual and collective sports. For this, a total of 159 coaches (22 females and 137 males) responded to the Questionnaire for Sports Coaches about their Opinion on the Attitudes of Fathers and Mothers in Sports (CTPMD). It analyses three factors: (1) competition attitude, (2) communication, and (3) environment. A Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) was necessary to assess the model’s goodness of fit on each factor and to calculate the Cronbach’s Alpha, the average variance extracted, and the composite reliability to analyze the instrument reliability. Descriptive and inferential analysis was performed through the Mann-Whitney U and Rosenthal r statistical tests. The results showed significant differences in the competition attitude factor regarding type of institution (U = 1964.500; p-value < 0.001; r = 0.31), in favour of public institutions. There were also significant differences in the communication factor according to the coaches’ sex (U = 1112.000; p-value = 0.04; r = 0.16), with females’ coaches perceiving worse communication with parents than male coaches. This could be relevant because it negatively influences adherence to physical activity in children and adolescents, and therefore, their health.

Psychological Distress and Psychosocial Factors in the Non-Formal Context of Basketball Coaches in Times of the COVID-19 Pandemic.

Psychological distress and psychosocial factors are studied in the sports context in players of various specialties, but are only little studied with coaches who carry out their work with these athletes; that is where we put the emphasis, trying to determine the perception of coaches on psychological distress and psychosocial risk factors that may influence their sports work in times of a pandemic. It is an ex post facto study with a single-group retrospective design, with a representative sample of 94 coaches out of a possible 109. The Kessler Psychological Distress Scale and the short version of the ISTAS21 Psychosocial Risk Assessment at Work Questionnaire were adapted to the sports context. The results show that the youngest, those with the least experience and level 1 and level 2 coaches show the highest levels of stress. According to the psychosocial risk assessment, level 1 and 2 coaches, with experience between 6 to 10 years, are in the risk zone. Therefore, it is important to work with a group of coaches who are in the psychosocial risk zone and with high levels of psychological discomfort in order to avoid mental, emotional and physical stress, for the good performance of their work in the best possible conditions.

A critical discourse analysis of the dominant discourses being used to portray parasport coaches in the newspaper media

ABSTRACT The media is a powerful outlet capable of influencing our thoughts, feelings, and behaviours about a particular phenomenon, including parasport. Despite the limited empirical research, parasport coaches play an active role in raising awareness, education, and exposure for parasport, and thus it is important to study how they are portrayed in the media. The purpose was to examine how newspaper media portrayed dominant discourses surrounding parasport coaches. Data were collected using the LexisNexis Academic database to search for full-text newspaper articles from 1 January 1999 to 1 January 2019. Eighty-three articles were included for review from 66 print and online newspaper sources. We conducted a critical discourse analysis to examine the social, political, and/or cultural discourses surrounding parasport coaches in the media. Through an iterative analytical process, three discourses were revised over time. The first discourse offered contrasting views of what it meant to be an effective parasport coach. The second discourse encompassed the ways that parasport coaches were portrayed in terms of their personal characteristics and motives. The third discourse described the working environment for parasport coaches, including the challenges and facilitators for progressing the Paralympic Movement. Overall, our media analysis provided an overarching view of how the media shapes our perception of parasport coaches. We believe our results will raise awareness to the underrepresented voices of parasport coaches, which ultimately has the potential to promote parasport participation at recreational and competitive levels around the world.