Perception Of Coaches Research Articles

Coaching the Coach: A Program for Development of Faculty Portfolio Coaches

ABSTRACTProblem: Faculty coaching is recognized as an essential element for effective use of portfolios in undergraduate medical education, yet best practices for training these coaches are uncertain. Intervention: New portfolio coaches participated in a multifaceted training program that included orienting modules, a 7.5-hr training workshop featuring analysis of reflective writing, an Observed Structured Teaching Exercise (OSTE), and subsequent longitudinal coaches’ meetings for timely task training. Four desired coaching skills were emphasized in the initial training: creating a safe environment, explicitly using performance data, asking questions that elicit reflection, and guiding the student to develop future goals and plans. We collected and analyzed several outcomes: (a) coaches’ self-assessment at key intervals, (b) open-ended written responses to three coaching vignettes, (c) video recordings of the OSTE, and (d) subsequent student evaluation of the coach. In an attempt to capture learning from the workshop, both the responses to written vignettes and the video-recorded encounters were coded for presence or absence of the four desired skills. Context: Our portfolio and coaching program was instituted as part of a major undergraduate medical education reform. A new cohort of 25 coaches is enrolled with each matriculating student class, and each coach is assigned to work individually with 8–10 students, forming a coaching relationship that continues over 4 years. Coaches are compensated at 5% full-time equivalent. Outcome: On coach self-assessment, the majority of coaches reported significant improvement in their perceived ability to assess a student's level of reflection, enhance reflection, use performance data, and guide a student to develop goals and plans. After two semesters, coach perception of improved abilities persisted. Students rated coaches as excellent (82%), reporting that coaches created safe environments (99%), promoted insight (92%), and aided in goal setting (97%). Written responses to vignettes before the OSTE found that several coaches omitted desired behaviors; however, posttraining responses showed no discernable pattern of learning. Coding of the OSTE, in contrast, documented that all coaches demonstrated all four of the desired skills. Lessons Learned: Although coaches reported learning related to key skills, learning was not apparent when responses to written vignettes were examined. In contrast, skills were demonstrated in the OSTE, perhaps due to the added structured tasks as well as anticipation of feedback. In conclusion, this portfolio coach training program achieved its desired aim of providing students with portfolio coaches who demonstrated the desired skills, as reported by both coaches and students.

La Inclusión laboral de personas con discapacidad: Un estudio etnográfico en cinco Comunidades Autónomas de España

Objetivo: Describir y comprender las fortalezas, temores, percepciones y barreras que se presentan en el proceso de inclusión laboral de personas con discapacidad en cinco Comunidades Autónomas de España. Materiales y métodos: Estudio cualitativo, abordado a través de técnicas como la observación participante, cuestionarios y entrevistas en profundidad, que buscaban identificar las fortalezas, motivaciones y temores que suscita el proceso de inserción laboral de las personas con discapacidad adscritas a un programa de inclusión laboral. Así, como, dar a conocer la percepción de los empresarios y los preparadores laborales sobre este proceso, y develar las barreras que debe sortear la población con discapacidad para obtener un empleo. La muestra estuvo constituida por 161 personas, de las cuales 80 pertenecían al colectivo de personas con discapacidad, 70 empresarios y 11 preparadores laborales. Resultados: A través del estudio, las personas con discapacidad o diversidad funcional fortalecieron competencias laborales y personales, lo que les permitió una mejora ostensiblemente en la posibilidad de empleabilidad. Pese a ello, el resultado fue de 0,01 de empleabilidad del colectivo en mención. Conclusiones: Es complejo abordar y dar soluciones concretas en el proceso de inserción laboral de las personas con discapacidad, no obstante, la existencia de políticas europeas y españolas que estimulan e incentivan tanto a la empresa pública como privada, para contratar a estas personas. Incluso, se evidenció que a cambio de emplear a este colectivo, las empresas prefieren comprar productos elaborados por personas que trabajan en los Centros Especiales de Empleo, posiblemente por el desconocimiento sobre el proceso de inclusión laboral de este colectivo y además, la presencia constante de acciones y actitudes de discriminación hacia esta población

How perceived autonomy support and controlling coach behaviors are related to well- and ill-being in elite soccer players: A within-person changes and between-person differences analysis

ObjectivesGrounded in Basic Psychological Needs Theory (Ryan & Deci, 2002), this study examined the temporal relationships between perception of coaches' autonomy support and different facets of controlling behaviors, the satisfaction-frustration of athletes' basic needs, and subjective vitality, self-esteem and burnout in elite sportsmen. MethodsParticipants (N = 110 males) from three elite youth soccer academies in northwest France completed a questionnaire on three occasions during the last three months of the competitive season. ResultsLinear mixed models revealed that perceptions of coach-autonomy support and only two facets of controlling coach behaviors (excessive personal control and negative conditional regard) were related to basic need satisfaction-frustration, which in turn were related to the indices of well- and ill-being. In most cases, the relationships were observed both at the within- and between-person levels, but some were observed only at one level. ConclusionsThe findings highlight the importance of considering the different facets of controlling coach behaviors separately and disaggregating the between-person and within-person effects.

Rating preferred predisposition personal trainer

Services provided by personal trainers in Poland are becoming more popular. The legal situation of this professional group in Poland is unregulated, which creates many doubts about the competence and suitability personal trainer. The essence of the work presented in the study is to determine the changes in terms of perception of competence coach, taking place in recent years. The research was conducted in 2009 and repeated in 2015 in fitness clubs coming in Lower Silesia. The study involved 240 respondents, including 72 women and 168 men. Research results indicate that over the years, the number of people regularly using the services of a coach nearly doubled. The significant number of people for whom the profession of coaching combined with better and better assessment of the social and his authority continues to grow. 67.5% of respondents think that the coach should be well built and have mixed personality traits.

You think you are an empathic coach? Maybe you should think again. The difference between perceptions of empathy vs. empathic behaviour after a person-centred coaching training

ABSTRACTWhile empathy in effective coaching is widely accepted, it is yet under researched. Following the call for process research, we assessed 19 coaching dyads regarding their processes with a multi-method research design. We (1) assessed the perception of coaches’ expressed (cognitive) empathy by questionnaires, observed and analysed the communication (interaction analysis) of (2) coaches’ empathic statements (paraphrasing and addressing counterpart's feelings) and (3) the clients’ reaction to these kinds of empathic behaviour. Results show that coaches and clients perceptions of coaches’ expressed (cognitive) empathy differ. Hence, we focused on the client as recipient and analysed the influence of the coach's empathic statements on the client. Only coaches’ empathic paraphrasing led to a higher client rating of the coaches’ empathy. Sequential analysis showed the immediate positive reaction from the client on coaches’ empathic behaviour of paraphrasing and addressing counterpart's feelings. Findings regarding perceived empathy are discussed, and future lines of research are delineated.

The Perception of Same Gender Coaches by Iranian Skaters and its Influence on Sport Achievement Motivation and Commitment

Aim: To examine the relationship between the perception of same gender coaches by male and female Iranian skaters and their sport achievement motivation and commitment. Participants: Fifty two female and forty two male skaters, age range 13 to 18 years, from the province of Isfahan in Iran. Materials: The following 3 questionnaires, tested for reliability and validity for the Iranian population and adapted for Farsi, were used: i) Pelletier, Fortier, Vallerand and Briere (2001) Interpersonal Behaviour Scale to measure social support of trainers, ii) Gill and Deeter (1988) Sport Orientation Questionnaire (SOQ) to measure achievement motivation, and iii) Scanlan, Simons, Carpenter, Schmidt and Keeler (1993) Sport Commitment Model to measure sport commitment. Procedure: The questionnaires were administered to participants in person by the first author after training sessions in sport stadiums. Results: There was a significant positive correlation between perceived coaches' social support and sport achievement motivation and commitment for both male and female participants. However, on all of the above measures females scored significantly more positive ratings than their male counterparts. Results of regression analyses conducted separately for males and females showed that relatedness support is the strongest predictor for sport achievement motivation and commitment for males, whereas autonomy support was the strongest predictor for sport commitment amongst females. Implications: These findings are of particular interest in understanding the impact of perceived coaching support for young male and female athletes, especially if coached exclusively by the same gender.

Adapting BRSQ to Assess Coach's Perception of Athletes’ Motivation: Internal Structure Analysis

This study was aimed to adapt the Behavioral Regulation in Sport Questionnaire to assess coach's perception of athletes’ motivation in a sample of 153 Spanish coaches of both genders. This questionnaire is made up of 24 items that measure the behavioral regulation factors expected by the self-determination theory developed by Deci and Ryan. Results showed that a model of four factors provided the best fit to the data in the confirmatory factor analysis. The factors were: (1) intrinsic regulation, (2) integrated regulation, (3) identified regulation, (4) controlled regulation. Three out of four subscales have acceptable internal consistency coefficients. The accumulation of evidence leads to the conclusion that this version of BRSQ shows an internal structure according to the theoretical predictions, and the autonomous regulation factors show discriminant validity whereas the controlled regulations form a single factor.

Internal training load: perception of volleyball coaches and athletes

Este estudo pretendeu avaliar a correspondencia entre a percepcao da carga interna de atletas de voleibol de diferentes posicoes com a percepcao da carga planejada pelo treinador e comparar as percepcoes da carga interna de treinamento entre as diferentes posicoes no voleibol. A amostra foi composta por 15 atletas profissionais de voleibol integrantes de uma equipe da Superliga 2012/2013. Os atletas responderam a escala CR-10 de Borg, apos o treinamento, enquanto o tecnico a respondeu antes, conforme o planejou. Para analise dos dados, foi realizado o indice Kappa (K), ANOVA one-way e two-way com post-hoc de Tukey, utilizando os pacotes estatisticos SPSS 19,0 e Statistica 8.0. Os resultados indicaram que todas as posicoes apresentaram bons niveis de concordância com a percepcao do treinador e nao apresentaram diferencas significativas nas percepcoes da carga interna de treinamento. No entanto, ao analisar o percentual das percepcoes dos atletas por intensidade proposta pelo treinador, foi observado que, em treinamentos leves, os atletas superestimam as sessoes, enquanto que, em treinamentos pesados, os atletas subestimam a intensidade. Os resultados permitem concluir que pode haver diferencas entre as percepcoes de tecnicos e atletas e reforcam a importância da adocao de estrategias para o monitoramento/controle diario das cargas de treinamento.

The Role of Perceived Leadership Behaviors as Predictor of Assertiveness Levels in Individual Sport Athletes

The aim of this research was to investigate the role of athletes’ perception of coaches’ leadership behavior as predictor of athletes’ assertiveness in individual sport. 239 individual sport athletes (Xage=20.79±3.32) voluntarily participated to the research. The participants consisted of 170 male (71,1%) and 69 female (28.9%) athletes from various individual sports such as wrestling, athletics, weightlifting, taekwondo, boxing, karate, badminton etc. The data were collected using a personal information form, Leadership Scale for Sport and Rathus Assertiveness Schedule. Descriptive statistics, Pearson's correlation analysis and hierarchical multiple regression analysis were used in SPSS 17. p<.05 was determined as the statistical significance value. Results showed that there were positive significant correlations between the subscales of Leadership Scale for Sports (Training and instruction behavior, democraticbehavior, social support behavior and positive feedback behavior) and assertiveness. Hierarchical multiple regression analysis was used to assess the ability of leadership behaviors to predict assertiveness scores of the athletes after controlling for the influence of age and gender. The model explained an additional 21% variance in assertiveness after controlling for age and gender, R square change = .21, F change (5, 231) = 12.833, p<.05). It appeared in the final model that training and instruction behavior (β= .45, p<.05) and autocratic behavior (β= -.17, p<.05) were statistically significant. The results indicated that training and instruction behavior of sport coaches could positively contribute to assertiveness score whereas autocratic behavior seems to undermine it in individual sport athletes.

Study on the Function and Dysfunction Agreement between Coaches and Athletes Psychic Sport High Performance

The aim of this research is to emphasize the correspondence between psychological perception functions and dysfunctions in high performance sport 40 athletes in track and field. We used a questionnaire as an assessment instrument, and as methods. The results have shown the difference existing in the perception of coaches and athletes of 4 psychic functions and 4 psychic dysfunctions. The psychic functions we chose are cognitive, psychological, educational and socio-emotional functions, and we included stress, anxiety, fatigue, lack of self-confidence. The conclusions drawn underline the existence of difference of opinion between coaches and athletes regarding the psychic functions and dysfunctions.

The Athlete's Perception of Coaches’ Behavior Towards Competitors with a Different Sports Level

The study was designed to examine how active and former athletes across a different sports level perceived coaching behavior. Eighty competitive athletes (44 males and 36 females; 21.89 ± 1.48 years of age; 8.35 ± 3.65 years of competitive experience) from the University School of Physical Education in Cracow, Poland, participated in the study. They represented both individual (n = 50) and team sports (n = 30). Seventeen participants were internationally renowned and 63 were recognized for competitive excellence at a national level. The participants responded to a demographic survey and the Coaches’ Behaviors Survey. The qualitative analysis procedures were employed to extract themes from open-ended questions. It was confirmed that coaches who perceived their athletes as more skilled, also treated them differently. Female athletes as compared with male athletes, more frequently pointed at the leniency in coach’s behavior towards highly skilled athletes, and perceived it as a factor inhibiting athletic development. Additionally, women often found individualization of the training process as a behavior reinforcing development. Less accomplished athletes more often pointed out to “a post-training session interest in the athlete” as directed only towards more accomplished counterparts; however, they indicated “leniency and favoring” less often than the athletes with international achievements. They also listed “excessive criticism” as a type of behavior hindering development, but they indicated coaches’ “authoritarianism and distance” less frequently than the more accomplished counterparts. The study added data to the discussion of the Pygmalion effect and the phenomenon of the self-fulfilling prophecy both in general (Rosenthal and Jacobson, 1968; Harris and Rosenthal, 1985; Jussim, 1989) and sport psychology (Harris and Rosenthal, 1985; Horn et al., 1998; Solomon and Kosmitzki, 1996; Solomon et al., 1998; Solomon, 2001).

Comparative Analysis of Coaches’ Self-Efficacy and Parents’ Perception of Coaches’ Efficacy

Coaches influence children’s experiences in sports and have a significant impact on the psychosocial development of young athletes. It is important to understand the coaching-related components of youth sports, including game strategy, motivation, teaching technique, and character building. Coaching efficacy is multidimensional, has a number of sources, and highlights relationships that exist between the coach, athlete, and team. In the present study, parents and coaches’ perceptions of coaching efficacy were examined to see what variables may affect their responses. Coaches’ character-building efficacy was influenced by previous playing experience. Parents’ perceptions of coaches’ efficacy were collectively influenced by parents’ previous playing and coaching experience, attendance at sport-specific educational sessions, and the perceived ability of their child’s team.

El apoyo a la autonomía generado por entrenadores, compañeros y padres y su efecto sobre la motivación autodeterminada de deportistas de iniciación

Title: Coaches, peers and parents' autonomy support and its predictive ca- pacity on young athletes' self-determined motivation. Abstract: The purpose of this study was to explore the influence of youth sports' socialization agents on athletes' self-determined motivation. We used a transversal methodology and assessed, via questionnaires, the pre- dictive capacity of coaches, peers and parental autonomy support on au- tonomous regulation, controlled regulation and amotivation of 269 athletes age ranged between 11 and 17 years old, through regression analyses. Re- sults showed that the perception of coaches' autonomy support in first place, followed by parental and peers', predicted a more autonomous be- havioral regulation. The perception of coaches' autonomy support also played the role of protective factor for the athletes' amotivation. Our dis- cussion, in line with Vallerand's hierarchical model, suggests that in a spe- cific context such as sports, the most influent autonomy support would be provided by the most authoritative figure in that given context, specifically coaches for this case.

Winning or not winning: the influence on coach-athlete relationships and goal achievement

Trocado, R. & Gomes, A.R. (2013). Winning or Not Winning: The influence on Coach-Athlete Relationships and Goal Achievement. J. Hum. Sport Exerc., 8(4), pp. 986-995. This study analyses the relation between sports success and athletes’ perception of coaches’ leadership, athletes’ satisfaction with coaches’ leadership, coach-athlete compatibility, and goal achievement. Sixty-six athletes who qualified for the final Division I play-offs of a professional volleyball championship were grouped into winning (n = 21) and nonwinning teams (n = 45). Leadership styles, satisfaction with leadership, coach-athlete compatibility, and goal achievement were evaluated. Analysis of variance with repeated-measures revealed that the winning teams evaluated their coaches’ vision, inspiration, technical instruction, positive feedback, and active management more positively than non-winning teams and that their satisfaction with coaches’ strategies increased over time. A multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) indicated that the winning teams’ perceived achievement of personal and team goals was greater than that of the non-winning teams. Sports success was associated with athletes’ positive evaluation of coaches’ leadership, satisfaction with coaches’

LEADERSHIP POWER PERCEPTION OF AMATEUR AND PROFESSIONAL SOCCER COACHES ACCORDING TO THEIR MARITAL STATUS

The purpose of this study was to analyse the leadership power perception of amateur and professional soccer coaches according to their marital status. Data were collected from 165 male soccer coaches (n=71 technical director-manager and A license, n=46 B license, n=48 amateur license). An adapted Turkish version of Power in Soccer Questionnaire-Self (PSQ-S for coaches) and an information form were used for the data collection (21). Cronbach reliability alphas of PSQ-S range between 0.65 and 0.84. Coaches' data were analysed by Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney tests. Kruskal-Wallis analysis of PSQ-S revealed significant differences between leadership power perception of amateur and professional soccer coaches according to their marital status related to Referent Power (RP) (χ 2 (3) = 9.61, p 0.05). The results indicated that married coaches have higher perception of RP than single coaches, irrespective of being an amateur or a professional. Comparison of professional and amateur coaches suggests that while single professional coaches have higher perception of EP than married professional coaches, the results are the reverse for amateur coaches; in other words, amateur married coaches have higher perception of EP than amateur single coaches. There is a lack of research to draw more certain conclusions. Future researchers should also take into consideration personality, psychological skills, sport experience, age, taking responsibility, attributions, expectations, emotions, perception of achievement, etc.

Physiological Characteristics of National Collegiate Athletic Association Division I Ice Hockey Players and Their Relation to Game Performance

Previous ice hockey research has focused on physiological profiles and determinants of skating speed, but few studies have examined the association of preseason player evaluations with a measure of season-long performance. Understanding which tests are most predictive of player performance could help coaches organize practice and training more effectively. The purpose of this study was to describe physical characteristics and skill levels of 24 members of an NCAA Division I men's ice hockey team and relate them to game performance over the course of a season as measured by plus/minus (+/-) score. Subjects performed a battery of preseason tests including treadmill maximal aerobic capacity, body fat, leg press, push-ups, bench press, chin-ups, and sprinting ability both on and off ice. Pearson and Spearman correlations were used to examine correlations between preseason measures and +/- score. One coach also subjectively grouped the top and bottom 6 players, and analysis of variance was used to examine any differences in preseason measures and +/- score between these 2 groups. Leg press, chin-ups, bench press, and repeat sprint performance were significantly correlated with +/- score (r = 0.554, 0.462, 0.499, and -0.568, respectively). Teams with limited time and resources may choose to perform these tests to evaluate player potential efficiently. Only +/- score differed between top and bottom players suggesting that +/- accurately reflected the coach's perception of player success in this sample.

The link of coach's perception of locus of control and his/her motivational approach to athletes

The link of coach's perception of locus of control and his/her motivational approach to athletes

The Effects of Video Feedback on Coaches’ Behavior and the Coach-Athlete Relationship

This study examined the effects of video feedback on the nonverbal behavior of handball coaches, and athletes’ and coaches’ anxieties and perceptions. One intervention group (49 participants) and one control group (63 participants) completed the Coaching Behavior Assessment System, Coaching Behavior Questionnaire, and Competitive State Anxiety Inventory-2 on two separate occasions, with 7 weeks of elapsed time between each administration. Coaches in the intervention condition received video feedback and a frequency table with a comparison of their personal answers and their team’s answers on the CB AS. Repeated-measures ANOVAs showed that over time, athletes in the intervention group reported significantly less anxiety and perceived their coaches significantly more positively compared with athletes in the nonintervention condition. Over time, coaches in the intervention group perceived themselves significantly more positively than coaches in the nonintervention condition. Compared with field athletes, goalkeepers were significantly more anxious and perceived their coaches less positively. It is concluded that an intervention using video feedback might have positive effects on anxiety and coach perception and that field athletes and goalkeepers possess different profiles.

Collegiate Athletes’ Gendered Perceptions of a Hypothetical Male and Female Coach

Historically, the world of sport is considered a masculine domain characterized by power, aggression, and physical contact (Hall, 1996). The exclusionary elements of the male culture of sport have created gender inequities in participation (Birrell &amp; Theberge, 1994), and a gendered perception of male and female coaches (Frankl &amp; Babitt, 1998; Weinberg, Reveles, &amp; Jackson, 1984). The purpose of this study was to examine the perceptions of male and female collegiate athletes of a hypothetical male and female coach, and to determine if female coaches are more accepted compared to Weinberg et al.’s study investigating male and female athletes’ perceptions of a hypothetical coach. The Attitudinal Questionnaire (Weinberg, Reveles, &amp; Jackson, 1984) was utilized to determine athletes’ attitudes about a hypothetical coach. A 2 × 2 MANOVA indicated a significant interaction between the gender of a hypothetical head coach and the gender of an athlete, and a significant main effect for gender. Univariate ANOVA results indicate that males and females differed in their attitudes and perceptions of both a hypothetical male and female head coach. The female athletes, compared to male athletes, were more likely to be accepting of coaches regardless of the coaches’ gender. Furthermore, male athletes were less accepting of female coaches. In addition, when comparing the means of the current study to Weinberg et al.’s (1984) study, results indicate that female coaches were not more accepted than in 1984.

Young Athletes' Perception of Coaches' Behavior

Two forms of a questionnaire were administered to 240 subjects of both genders practicing individual or team sport and aged 10 to 17 years to obtain information on their perceptions on their actual coach and their ideal coach. The results clearly showed that athletes wish to have a better coach.