Percentage Of PUFA Research Articles

Fatty acid composition of mesenteric, cardiac, abdominal, intermuscular, and subcutaneous adipose tissues from horses of three body condition scores

Body condition score estimates overall adiposity in horses but not fatty acid (FA) composition of fat depots, which is associated with many biological functions and important for horse health. The objectives of the current study were to determine the FA composition of mesenteric (MS), cardiac (CD), abdominal (AB), intermuscular (IM), and subcutaneous (SC) adipose tissues in stock-type horses and identify their relationships with BCS. Twenty-one stock-type horses (BCS 4, n = 7, 468 ± 13 kg; BCS 5, n = 10, 455 ± 11 kg; BCS 6, n = 4,493 ± 12 kg) were humanely euthanized based on 3 primary criteria: geriatric, crippled, and/or unsafe. Fat tissues including MS around the small intestines, CD at the pericardium, AB from abdominal fat located inside the left flank, IM underneath the latissimus dorsi muscle in the thoracic region, and SC on the surface of semitendinosus muscle were collected within 30 min post-mortem, trimmed of connective tissues and muscles, frozen in liquid nitrogen, pulverized into fine powder, and stored at –80 °C. Fatty acids were determined by gas chromatography and expressed in percentage of total FA concentration. Influences of BCS (P 〈 0.05) and fat depot (P < 0.05), but not BCS × fat depot interaction (P > 0.05), were found for most FA, indicating that most FA were independently influenced by BCS and anatomical locations. However, some FA, such as 16:1n7, were influenced by BCS differently in various fat depots (PBCS×fat depot = 0.043). The major FA were palmitic (24.85%), stearic (5.54%), oleic (27.34%), linoleic (11.20%), and linolenic (17.95%) acids. Degree of saturation was not affected by BCS (P = 0.212). Most saturated depots were AB and CD (P ≤ 0.049). In MS, IM, and SC, PUFA percentage was smallest (P < 0.001), but SFA and MUFA percentages were similar (P ≥ 0.505). In CD, SFA and PUFA percentages did not differ (P = 0.740), but MUFA percentage was less than both (P < 0.001). Percentages of SFA, MUFA, and PUFA in AB all differed (P ≤ 0.008) with SFA being greatest. Body condition score influenced FA composition of equine adipose tissues but to a lower extent than the type of fat depots.

Investigation of the Fatty Acid Profile of the M. rhomboideus Derived from Bos indicus Cattle

ObjectivesResearch has shown the m. Rhomboideus (Rho) from purebred Bos indicus (BI) to be unique in its proximate chemical composition, indicated by increased lipid deposition. Thus, potential for the depostion of mono- (MUFA) and poly- unsaturated (PUFA) fatty acids exists. The objective of this study was to assess the fatty acid composition of the intramuscular (IMF) and subcutaneous (SQF) depots in the Rho from BI crossed cattle.Materials and MethodsThree replications of 4 USDA Choice (Ch) and 4 USDA Select (Se) Rho muscles were selected from the right half of split carcasses (N = 24). Selection parameters were > 7.62-cm hump height, > 7.62-cm width, > 25.4-cm length, weight range: 2–4-kg. Muscles were removed from carcasses and vacuum packaged. After a 14-d aging period, Rho muscles were fabricated, 2.54-cm serially cut steaks (anterior to posterior), trimmed to 0.254-mm fat thickness. Steaks were assigned identification tags and designated for analysis. Rho steaks were used for proximate composition (n = 2), trained sensory analysis (n = 2), Warner-Bratzler shear force (WBS, n = 1), collagen content (n = 1), and fatty acid composition of IMF and SQF (n = 1). Steaks for trained sensory analysis were also used for color measurements and cook yield. Data were analyzed using a 2-sample t test. Sensory data were analyzed using a linear fit model with order as a random effect. All data analyzed using JMP v14.0.0. A predetermined significance level of P < 0.05 was used.ResultsTotal MUFA, PUFA and saturated fatty acid (SFA) percentages of IMF were not significant (P > 0.05) between Ch Rho muscles (43, 7.2, 47.1%, 0.89, respectively) and Se Rho muscles (43.0, 6.3, 50.7%, 0.86, respectively). Mean averages across both quality grades for total MUFA, PUFA, SFA, and MUFA:SFA (42.2, 6.8, 48.9%, 0.87, respectively) in Rho IMF were similar to reported FAC averages of Bos taurus (BT) longissimus dorsi IMF (47.8, 4.4, 47.8%, 1.0, respectively).Total MUFA percentage (49.1 vs. 45.4%) and MUFA:SFA ratio (1.1 vs. 0.9) were significantly higher (P < 0.001) in Ch SQF compared to Se SQF. However, total PUFA percentage (4.3 vs. 3.7%) and SFA (50.3 vs. 47.0%) were significantly higher (P < 0.02) in Se SQF compared to Ch SQF. Mean averages across both quality grade for total MUFA, PUFA, SFA, and MUFA:SFA (47.4, 4, 48.6%, 0.99, respectively) in SQF were similar to reported fatty acid averages of BT brisket SQF (56.8, 3, and 35.9%; 1.47, respectively).Protein content (19.4 vs. 18.6%) was higher (P < 0.02) for Ch than Se Rho muscles. L* value (50.2 vs. 47.9) was larger (P < 0.05) for Se. Ch Rho muscles contained greater amounts (P < 0.001) of total, insoluble, and soluble collagen (21.8, 21.5, 0.3 mg/g, respectively) compared to Se Rho muscles (13.8, 13.7, 0.1 mg/g, respectively). Ch Rho muscles were more tender (P < 0.001) as determined by WBS values (2.6 vs. 3.1 kg). Trained sensory analysis, pH, fat, moisture, a* and b* color values between quality grades were not different (P > 0.05).ConclusionDifferences were not seen for fatty acid composition between Ch and Se Rho IMF fat. However, higher percentages of total PUFA were found in both Ch and Se Rho IMF compared to reported longissimus dorsi IMF. Additionally, Ch Rho SQF contained higher percentages of total MUFA. However, Se Rho SQF contained higher percentages of total PUFA and SFA. Higher percentages of SFA were found in both Ch and Se SQF compared to reported brisket SQF SFA values.

Effect of Flax-Seed Enriched Concentrate Supplementation in Grazing Pramenka Breed Lamb’s Diet on Omental Fat Fatty Acids

Abstract This research is aimed at determining the impact of supplementing extensively reared lambs with a limited amount of flax seed enriched-concentrate on the fatty acid profile of the lamb meat (omental fat depot). A total of 96 60-day old Pramenka breed lambs (23.85±3.98 kg live body weight; 60±10 days of age; 42 males and 54 females) raised on pasture with their dams were randomly divided in three experimental groups: control (CON) or extensive rearing group, which did not receive any supplementary feed; concentrate (CC) group, receiving 300 g of a conventional commercial concentrate feed per animal daily, and concentrate-flax seed (CC-FS) group, receiving 300 g/day of the concentrate supplemented with 5% of flax seed. After 60 days of experimental period, 10 lambs were selected (5 males and 5 females) from each group and slaughtered. Omental fat samples were taken and analyzed to determine their fatty acid profile. Significant (P&gt;0.05) differences in the fatty acid profile between CON and CC groups were small. However, enrichment of the concentrate with 5% flax seed increased the percentages of PUFA and n-3 PUFA when compared to both CON and CC groups and thus slightly improved the nutritional characteristics of the omental fat. The effect of sex on the fatty acid profile was only observed for C20:4 n-6 and C20:5 n-3 (P &lt; 0.05).

Effect of a cauliflower (Brassica oleraceae var. Botrytis) leaf powder-enriched diet on performance, carcass and meat characteristics of growing rabbit

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of a cauliflower leaf powder (CLP)-enriched diet on the performance, quality and antioxidative potential of rabbit meat. No significant differences were found for live performance parameters between rabbits fed with standard (SD) and CLP diet. Dietary supplementation influenced the meat traits of rabbits: CLP meat showed significantly lower drip loss after 48 h, cooking loss, and a significantly higher lightness (L*) and redness (a*) values, vitamin A and vitamin E content, and oxidative stability, compared to SD meat. Moreover, the CLP supplementation caused a significant decrease in SFA and increase in PUFA percentage of rabbit intramuscular fat. The statistical analysis also showed a significant effect of dietary fortification on phenolic content and antioxidant activity of rabbit meat which resulted higher in meat of CLP group. This study highlighted that dietary fortification with CLP is a valid strategy to produce rabbit meat with better technological and functional quality.

710 Effect of oregano essential oil supplementation to a reduced-protein diet on meat quality, fatty acid composition, and oxidative stability of longissimus thoracis muscle in growing-finishing pigs

We investigated the effects of reduced-protein diet supplemented with oregano essential oil (OEO) on the meat quality, fatty acid composition and oxidative stability in longissimus thoracis (LT) muscle of growing-finishing pigs. A total of 36 growing barrows (Large White × Landrace) with an initial body weight (BW) of 29.0 ± 1.00 kg were obtained from a commercial farm in the Hubei province of China. Pigs were randomly allotted to 1 of 3 treatments based on BW in a randomized complete block design with 12 replicates of one pig per replicate. Pigs were penned individually. Three experimental treatments were formulated to consist of: 1) normal protein diet (NPD), 2) reduced-protein diet (RPD), and 3) identical reduced-protein diet supplemented with 250 mg/kg OEO (OEO). The three diets were based on corn-soybean meal-dried distillers grains with soluble (DDGS). The pigs in the NPD group were offered diets which contained 17% and 15.6% crude protein during the growing (days 0–49) and finishing (days 51–98) periods, respectively. The pigs in the RPD group were offered diets which contained 15% and 13.6% crude protein during their growing and finishing periods, respectively. Experimental diets were balanced with four amino acids (L-lysine, L-methionine, L-threonine, and L-tryptophan) to meet the requirements of growing-finishing pigs (NRC, 2012). RPD and OEO increased (P < 0.05) the b*45min, tenderness, overall acceptance and intramuscular fat (IMF) content of pork compared with NPD. The percentage of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (n-3 PUFA) and the percentage of monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA) in muscle of pigs fed with OEO supplemented diet were higher (P < 0.05) and lower (P < 0.05) than those in RPD, respectively. OEO improved (P < 0.01) oxidative stability, total antioxidative capacity and catalase but decreased (P < 0.01) drip loss in LT muscle compared with dietary NPD and RPD. In our study, reduced-protein diet supplementation with oregano essential oil enhanced the sensory attributes and anti-oxidative status of pork meat by improving IMF and n-3 PUFA percentage and antioxidative capacity.

PUFA levels in erythrocyte membrane phospholipids are differentially associated with colorectal adenoma risk.

Dietary intake of PUFA has been associated with colorectal neoplasm risk; however, results from observational studies have been inconsistent. Most prior studies have utilised self-reported dietary measures to assess fatty acid exposure which might be more susceptible to measurement error and biases compared with biomarkers. The purpose of this study was to determine whether erythrocyte phospholipid membrane PUFA percentages are associated with colorectal adenoma risk. We included data from 904 adenoma cases and 835 polyp-free controls who participated in the Tennessee Colorectal Polyp Study, a large colonoscopy-based case-control study. Erythrocyte membrane PUFA percentages were measured using GC. Conditional logistic regression was used to calculate adjusted OR for risk of colorectal adenomas with erythrocyte membrane PUFA. Higher erythrocyte membrane percentages of arachidonic acid was associated with an increased risk of colorectal adenomas (adjusted OR 1·66; 95 % CI 1·05, 2·62, P trend=0·02) comparing the highest tertile to the lowest tertile. The effect size for arachidonic acid was more pronounced when restricting the analysis to advanced adenomas only. Higher erythrocyte membrane EPA percentages were associated with a trend towards a reduced risk of advanced colorectal adenomas (P trend=0·05). Erythrocyte membrane arachidonic acid percentages are associated with an increased risk of colorectal adenomas.

Effect of sous-vide technique on fatty acid and mineral compositions of beef and liver from Bonsmara and non-descript cattle

Abstract This study examined the fatty acid and mineral compositions of raw and cooked beef and liver from Bonsmara (BD) and non-descript (ND) cattle, raised on natural pasture. Samples were collected from 80 cows and thermal-processed at 65°C for 120 minutes and 85°C for 60 minutes using sous-vide techniques, and then analysed for fatty acid and mineral compositions. The results did not show differences in individual fatty acid composition of meat samples between the breed (P&gt;0.05). However, the raw beef sample had higher content of monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA , 40.22% ± 3.79 ND, 42.53% ± 2.39 BD) and lower content of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA , 11.02% ± 5.47 ND, 10.13% ± 6.73 BD) than liver (MUFA , 20.11% ± 4.76 ND, 21.08% ± 2.46 BD; PUFA , 30.73% ± 5.20 ND, 31.11% ± 2.37 BD) (P&lt;0.05). The PUFA /MUFA and n-6/n-3 ratios, atherogenicity and desaturase indices were comparable between breeds, but higher in beef than liver. The total percentage of saturated fatty acid, MUFA and PUFA retained after cooking were numerically higher in liver than in beef (P&gt;0.05). The results further revealed higher contents of Na, Mg, and Zn in raw beef than liver. However, the content of Na, Mg, and Zn in the beef and liver were not significantly (P&gt;0.05) affected after cooking. Based on the PUFA proportion of the total lipids in beef (11.02%) and liver (31.11%) and n-6/n-3 PUFA ratio in beef (2.54) and liver (1.34), consumption of liver and beef from cattle raised on pasture could be beneficial to human health. Additionally, application of sous-vide technique can be used to minimize the nutritional losses in beef and liver.

Dietary fatty acids influence the growth and fatty acid composition of the yellow mealworm Tenebrio molitor (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae).

Fat is the second most abundant component of the nutrient composition of the mealworm Tenebrio molitor (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) that represents also an interesting source of PUFA, especially n-6 and n-3 fatty acids, involved in prevention of cardiovascular diseases. This study investigated the possibility of modifying the fat content and the FA composition of yellow mealworms through feeding and how this would be influenced by developmental stages, pupal sex, and generation with the future aim of applying this coleopteran as a diet supplement for human health. Growth rate and cumulative mortality percentage on the different feeding substrates were also evaluated to select the optimal conditions for a mass-raising of this insect species. Despite the different fat content in the six different breeding substrates used, T.molitor larvae and pupae contained a constant fat percentage (>34% in larvae and>30% in pupae). A similar total fat content was found comparing larvae and male and female pupae of the second generation to those of the first generation. On the contrary, FA composition differed both in larvae and pupae reared on the different feeding substrates. However, the exemplars reared on the diets based on 100% bread and 100% oat flour showed SFA, PUFA percentages, and an n-6/n-3 ratio more suitable for human consumption; the diet based on beer yeast, wheat flour, and oat flour resulted in a contemporary diet that most satisfied the balance between a fat composition of high quality and favorable growth conditions.

Divergent selection on intramuscular fat in rabbits: Responses to selection and genetic parameters.

A divergent selection experiment on intramuscular fat (IMF) was performed in rabbits. The aim of this study is to estimate the response to selection, the correlated responses in carcass and meat quality traits, and their genetic parameters. Selection criterion was the averaged phenotypic value of IMF measured at 9 wk of age in 2 full-sibs of the candidate. Traits considered were IMF, BW, chilled carcass weight, reference carcass weight, scapular and perirenal fat weights, carcass and meat color, pH, protein and fatty acid composition of meat. Total direct response to selection for IMF was 2.6 phenotypic SD of the trait, around 5% of the mean (1.09 g/100 g) per generation, with both lines following a symmetrical trend. Heritability of IMF was high (0.54), and in general, all traits related to carcass fat depots and IMF fatty acid composition showed high heritabilities (dissectible fat of the carcass, 0.70; MUFA percentage, 0.61; PUFA percentage, 0.45; and PUFA:SFA ratio, 0.42), except SFA percentage (0.09). The other carcass and meat quality traits showed moderate to low heritabilities. Intramuscular fat and dissectible fat percentage showed a low genetic correlation (0.34). Intramuscular fat was positively correlated with MUFA percentage (0.95) and negatively correlated with PUFA percentage (-0.89) and PUFA:SFA ratio (-0.98), corroborated with high correlated responses to selection. The rest of the traits did not show any substantial correlated response except protein content, which was greater in the high-IMF line than in the low-IMF line.

Effects of lighting programme and early feed restriction on performance, some stress parameters and quality characteristics of breast meat in broilers

This study was conducted to determine effects of lighting program and early feed restriction on performance, stress and meat quality characteristics in broilers. Broilers (320) were randomly assigned to 4 groups based on lighting program (23 h lighting, 1 h dark or 16 h light, 8 h dark/day) and feeding program (ad lib. or feed restriction) with 4 replicates. Broilers in feed restricted group received feed as 50% of daily ad lib. consumption recommendations from 8 to 14 days of age. Final body weight, heterophil-lymphocyte ratio (H/L), tonic immobility (TI) duration and the percentages of total SFA of breast meat were lower, whereas the percentages of PUFA and PUFA/SFA were higher for broilers in feed restricted group than those fed ad lib. H-L ratio and TI duration of broilers exposed to 16L:8D were lower than those exposed to continuous lighting. In conclusion, early feed restriction negatively affected growth performance of broilers. However, broilers subjected to early feed restriction had less fat deposition and healthier fatty acid profile in breast meat and also they had less stress level, compared to ad lib. fed broilers. Lighting program of 16L:8D decreased the stress situation of broilers without any negative effect on production performance and meat quality characteristics.

Meat quality of lambs (hair and wool) slaughtered at different live weights

ABSTRACTIn this research the meat quality of the two canary sheep local breeds, Canaria breed (CB) and Canaria Hair breed (CHB), was evaluated, making groups of 10 males and females from each, slaughtered at live weights of 9.78 ± 0.49 kg, 15.8 ± 0.66 kg and 24.9 ± 0.76 kg. The breed affected to meat and fat colour at 24 h after slaughter. Meat of CB showed more redness and more chroma values. Fat of CB showed greater lightness. Related to the physio-chemical analysis of the meat, CB showed higher water-holding capacity, shear force and intramuscular fat content that CHB; however, CHB showed higher protein and ash percentages that CB. In relation to fat quality, CB presented higher MUFA percentage and CHB had higher PUFA percentage. CHB showed the lower atherogenic and thrombogenic indexes. Slaughter weight affected the pH, meat and fat colour and also all physio-chemical parameters, except shear force and collagen content and the fatty acid profile. Males had higher moisture content, soluble collagen and PUFA, while females had higher MUFA. The breed effect on meat quality was shown mainly in lambs slaughtered at 10 kg. Owing to their fatty acid profile, the healthiest meat was from lambs slaughtered at 25 kg.

Assessment of triacylglycerol content in Chlorella vulgaris cultivated in a two-stage process

Chlorella vulgaris cultivation in two-stage process was applied to increase the lipid productivity without compromising the biomass productivity. At the first stage, microalgae was cultivated under nutrient sufficient conditions to obtain a maximized cell density; at the second stage, nitrate conditions are changed to trigger the accumulation of TAG. During first stage, the maximum biomass productivity (32 mg L−1 d−1) was observed after 13 days under nutrient sufficient conditions with 1.21 g L−1 NaNO3 and 0.00449 g L−1 K2HPO4. Maximum lipid content (25.4% DW), lipid productivity (7.5 mg L−1 d−1) and TAG content (41.3% in total lipids) were favored by the nitrogen starvation conditions for more 4 days, at the second stage. Oil extracted at the second stage contained lower percentage of PUFAs being more suitable for the biodiesel production when compared with the oil extracted at the first stage. This two-stage phototrophic process is promising to provide a more efficient way for on a large-scale production of algal biomass and biodiesel production.

Influence of Maternal Obesity and Gestational Weight Gain on Maternal and Foetal Lipid Profile.

Fatty acids (FAs) are fundamental for a foetus’s growth, serving as an energy source, structural constituents of cellular membranes and precursors of bioactive molecules, as well as being essential for cell signalling. Long-chain polyunsaturated FAs (LC-PUFAs) are pivotal in brain and visual development. It is of interest to investigate whether and how specific pregnancy conditions, which alter fatty acid metabolism (excessive pre-pregnancy body mass index (BMI) or gestational weight gain (GWG)), affect lipid supply to the foetus. For this purpose, we evaluated the erythrocyte FAs of mothers and offspring (cord-blood) at birth, in relation to pre-pregnancy BMI and GWG. A total of 435 mothers and their offspring (237 males, 51%) were included in the study. Distribution of linoleic acid (LA) and α-linolenic acid (ALA), and their metabolites, arachidonic acid, dihomogamma linoleic (DGLA) and ecosapentanoic acid, was significantly different in maternal and foetal erythrocytes. Pre-pregnancy BMI was significantly associated with maternal percentage of MUFAs (Coeff: −0.112; p = 0.021), LA (Coeff: −0.033; p = 0.044) and DHA (Coeff. = 0.055; p = 0.0016); inadequate GWG with DPA (Coeff: 0.637; p = 0.001); excessive GWG with docosaexahenoic acid (DHA) (Coeff. = −0.714; p = 0.004). Moreover, pre-pregnancy BMI was associated with foetus percentage of PUFAs (Coeff: −0.172; p = 0.009), omega 6 (Coeff: −0.098; p = 0.015) and DHA (Coeff: −0.0285; p = 0.036), even after adjusting for maternal lipids. Our findings show that maternal GWG affects maternal but not foetal lipid profile, differently from pre-pregnancy BMI, which influences both.

Effect of Only Pasture on Fatty Acid Composition of Cow Milk and Ciminà Caciocavallo Cheese

To investigate the effect of only pasture or hay and concentrate feedings on milk and cheese fatty acid composition, 20 lactating Italian Red Pied cows were randomly allocated into two groups. Group E was grazed without integration; Group I was fed with hay &lt;em&gt;ad libitum&lt;/em&gt; and concentrate mixture. A traditional cheese-making technique was used to make Caciocavallo cheese. Milk from only pasture fed cows showed higher percentages of total PUFA, C18:3 n-3, cis-9,trans-11 conjugated linoleic acid and trans-11 C18:1, and a reduced percentage of C16:0 and C18:2 n-6, in some cases more markedly than extensive systems that provide integrations. The fatty acid profile of cheeses largely reflected that of the corresponding raw milk from which cheeses were made. In conclusion, the fatty acid profile of milk and cheese obtained from extensive system confirms the health benefits of dairy products from cows reared at pasture.

Assessment of Triacylglycerol Content in Chlorella vulgaris Cultivated in a Two-Stage Process

Chlorella vulgaris cultivation in two-stage process was applied to increase the lipid productivity without compromising the biomass productivity. At the first stage the microalgae was cultivated under nutrient-sufficient conditions to obtain a maximized cell density, at the second stage the nitrate conditions are changed to trigger the accumulation of TAG. During the first stage, the maximum biomass productivity (0.032 g.L-1.d-1) was observed after 13 days under nutrient-sufficient conditions with 1.21 g.L-1 NaNO3 and 0.00449 g.L-1 K2HPO4. The maximum lipid content (25.4%), lipid productivity (7.5 mg.L-1.d-1) and TAGs content in total lipids (41.3%) were favored by the nitrogen-starvation conditions for more 4 days, at the second stage. The oil extracted at the second stage contained lower percentage of PUFAs being more suitable for the production of biodiesel when compared with the oil extracted at the first stage. This two-stage phototrophic process is promising to provide a more efficient way for large-scale production of algal biomass and biodiesel production.

Formulation and pilot scale production of low-trans vanaspati with modified polyunsaturated fatty acids content.

Pilot scale production of low-trans vanaspati through a combination of techniques including non-selective hydrogenation of palmolein and physical blending of 3 vegetable oils, namely Canola, soybean and sunflower oils was investigated. Six formulations (A-F) of trans-free vanaspati were prepared. The fatty acid composition, peroxide value, acid value, iodine value, slip melting point (SMP), solid fat content (SFC) at 10-40°C and oil/oxidative stability of the formulations were evaluated. The percentage of trans-fatty acids obtained for vanaspati formulations were within the value recommended by WHO (<4), except for B and D formulations (5.81 and 5.28, respectively). A and E formulations had the lowest trans-fatty acids content. The total saturated fatty acids (SFA) in the vanaspati formulations ranged from 22.96 to 30.11%. Among the six formulations, A showed the significant percentage of SFA. The highest and the Lowest of linolenic acid contents were obtained for samples E (4.36%) and F (0.28%). Percentage of the monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) of the vanaspati formulations suggested an order from the highest to lowest as: A > C > E > F > D > B formulations. B formulation had the highest significant percentage of PUFA, followed by D, E, F, C, and A formulations. Only A vanaspati had the induction periods (IP) of higher than commercial low-trans vanaspati, while the lowest stability time belonged to sample B (10.20h). SMP of all the vanaspati formulations was higher than the commercial low-trans vanaspati, but less than 40°C. Although A and E formulations contained lower SFA than the commercial low-trans vanaspati, they indicated higher SFC at 20-40°C. According to the above information, E and A formulations could be recommended as suitable formulations for further research in a larger scale.

Dietary energy sources affect the partition of body lipids and the hierarchy of energy metabolic pathways in growing pigs differing in feed efficiency1,2

The use and partition of feed energy are key elements in productive efficiency of pigs. This study aimed to determine whether dietary energy sources affect the partition of body lipids and tissue biochemical pathways of energy use between pigs differing in feed efficiency. Forty-eight barrows (pure Large White) from two divergent lines selected for residual feed intake (RFI), a measure of feed efficiency, were compared. From 74 d to 132 ± 0.5 d of age, pigs (n = 12 by line and by diet) were offered diets with equal protein and ME contents. A low fat, low fiber diet (LF) based on cereals and a high fat, high fiber diet (HF) where vegetal oils and wheat straw were used to partially substitute cereals, were compared. Irrespective of diet, gain to feed was 10% better (P < 0.001), and carcass yield was greater (+2.3%; P < 0.001) in the low RFI compared with the high RFI line; the most-efficient line was also leaner (+3.2% for loin proportion in the carcass, P < 0.001). In both lines, ADFI and ADG were lower when pigs were fed the HF diet (-12.3% and -15%, respectively, relatively to LF diet; P < 0.001). Feeding the HF diet reduced the perirenal fat weight and backfat proportion in the carcass to the same extent in both lines (-27% on average; P < 0.05). Lipid contents in backfat and LM also declined (-5% and -19%, respectively; P < 0.05) in pigs offered the HF diet. The proportion of saturated fatty acids (FA) was lower, but the percentage of PUFA, especially the EFA C18:2 and C18:3, was greater (P < 0.001) in backfat of HF-fed pigs. In both lines, these changes were associated with a marked decrease (P < 0.001) in the activities of two lipogenic enzymes, the fatty acid synthase (FASN) and the malic enzyme, in backfat. For the high RFI line, the hepatic lipid content was greater (P < 0.05) in pigs fed the HF diet than in pigs fed the LF diet, despite a reduced FASN activity (-32%; P < 0.001). In both lines, the HF diet also led to lower glycogen content (-70%) and lower glucokinase activity (-15%; P < 0.05) in the liver. These results show that dietary energy sources modified the partition of energy between liver, adipose tissue, and muscle in a way that was partly dependent of the genetics for feed efficiency, and changed the activity levels of biochemical pathways involved in lipid and glucose storage in tissues.

Effect of dietary inclusion of full fat maize germ on carcass characteristics of broilers

This study was undertaken to evaluate the effect of dietary inclusion of full fat maize germ (FFMG) at different levels on the carcass characteristics of broilers. A feeding trial of 42 days consisting of 6 dietary treatments – 0 (control), 5, 10, 15 FFMG, 9 % defatted maize germ (DFMG) and 7 to 10 % of maize germ oil (MGO) was conducted. Eight birds per treatment were slaughtered and serum samples, liver, breast and thigh muscle tissue, abdominal fat pad, intestinal contents and left tibial bone were preserved at –20°C for analyses. Serum total and HDL cholesterol, muscle cholesterol, liver and muscle lipid content were analyzed, and characterization of muscle fat and abdominal fat was done. Cooking loss of breast meat was determined. Intestinal lipase activity and bone ash including Ca and P were estimated. Muscle lipid content, iodine number and saponification number of breast meat fat and abdominal fat, per cent cooking loss of breast meat, serum total and HDL cholesterol, muscle cholesterol, intestinal lipase activity and bone ash content of birds fed different levels of FFMG were comparable with control. The percentage of linoleic acid and total PUFA increased linearly with increasing level of FFMG. Calcium % in birds fed FFMG was significantly higher than the control. The results indicated that the inclusion of FFMG at 5 to 15 % does not have any adverse effect on the carcass characteristics of broilers.

Impact of season on the fatty acid profiles of male and female blesbok (Damaliscus pygargus phillipsi) muscles

This study quantified the impact of season on fatty acid profiles of male and female blesbok muscles (longissimus thoracis et lumborum, biceps femoris, semimembranosus, semitendinosus, infraspinatus, and supraspinatus). Eight mature blesbok were harvested per season (winter and spring). Gender and muscle type influenced (p<0.05) the fatty acid profiles of blesbok muscles, while season only influenced the C18:3ω3 (α-linolenic acid, ALA) percentages and therefore the total omega-3 poly-unsaturated fatty acids (total ω3 PUFA). Female muscles had higher C16:0 (palmitic acid) (21.01%±0.256 vs. 19.05%±0.296) and total MUFA percentages, while male muscles had higher (p<0.05) C18:2ω6c, C20:5ω3, total ω3 PUFA (11.08%±0.382 vs. 8.50%±0.367), and total PUFA (43.03%±0.904 vs. 29.59%±1.164) percentages, contributing to higher poly-unsaturated to saturated fatty acid ratios (PUFA:SFA ratios). Differences in fatty acid profiles were attributed more to gender and anatomical location of muscles, than seasonal differences in diets.

Lipid Content and Fatty Acid Profile of Muscle, Brain and Eyes of Seven Freshwater Fish: a Comparative Study

AbstractThe fatty acid and lipid content of the eyes, brain and muscle were determined for the following seven freshwater fish species in China: black carp, grass carp, silver carp, bighead carp, common carp, crucian carp, and Wuchang bream. Lipid contents of all seven freshwater fish were in the order of brain &gt; eyes &gt; muscle. Most of the freshwater fish demonstrated much lower n‐3 PUFA than n‐6 PUFA in all tissues with n‐3/n‐6 ratios varying between 0.07 and 0.40, while silver carp and bighead carp had much higher n‐3 PUFA than n‐6 PUFA. The percentage of PUFA in the muscle of all species are the highest compared to those of the eyes and brain, while no significant difference was observed in PUFA concentration between eyes and brain (p &gt; 0.05). Multivariable analyses indicate that the fatty acid composition of the filter‐feeder fish (silver carp and bighead carp) was distinct from the other four species.