Percentage Of Fatty Acids Research Articles

Comprehensive Investigation of Humic-Mineral Substances from Oxyhumolite: Effects on Fatty Acid Composition and Health Lipid Indices in Milk and Cheese from Holstein-Friesian Cows

The objective of this study was to determine the effect of the oxyhumolite supplementation in the feed of cows on the profile and the nutritional indices of fatty acids (FA) in milk and cheese. To the diet of 30 cows, a 100 g/per cow/per day humic-mineral supplement with 65% humic acids was included. Milk was sampled three times: control (0 day, before the dietary modification) and on days 30 and 60 after the introduction of the supplement. For chemical analyses, samples from each cow and for cheese manufacture samples of bulk milk were taken. Fat content in the milk and the cheese, and partial sums of fatty acids profile, nutritional fatty acid ratios and indices were determined. The indicated changes in milk fat quality are difficult to unequivocally assess from a dietary point of view. Negative changes were found in the increase in the proportion of hypercholesterolemic acids (HSFA), atherogenic (AI) and thrombogenic (TI) indices, and a decrease in the hypocholesterolemic/hypercholesterolemic (h/H) ratio, the proportion of desired (DFA) and monounsaturated (MUFA) FA over time of supplementation. Positive changes were also found: the increase in polyunsaturated (PUFA), branched-chain (BCFA), short- and medium-chain (SCSFA) and long-chain (LCSFA) FA percentages, and also content was reported. The cheese (30 and 60 d) showed an increase in the content (mg/100 g) of SFA (including SCFA and LCSFA), OCFA (odd-chain FA), BCFA, MUFA, and DFA. Adverse changes were observed with an increase in PUFA n6, the n6/n3 ratio, and HSFA and TI. No significant differences were found for the AI index. The preliminary results obtained are promising, although further research is needed.

Effect of Sunflower Oil Supplementation on Milk Production, Composition, Fatty Acid Profile and Blood Metabolites of Mehsana Buffaloes

Background: In early post-partum buffaloes, feed intake is generally insufficient to meet the energy demand for milk production; as a consequence, body reserves are mobilized which can result in metabolic disorders and poor production performance. In order to enhance energy intake and reduce the detrimental effects of a negative energy balance, buffalo diets may be supplemented with lipids/vegetable oil. Some reported benefits of vegetable oil supplementation include increased energy concentration in the diet, reduced supply of rapidly fermentable carbohydrates, and better productive performance. Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) is an important oilseed crop in India. Sunflower seed contains about 48-53 percent of edible oil. Recent studies demonstrated that sunflower oil supplementation improved the milk production and nutritional quality of milk fat which is beneficial to human health. Therefore, the present study was undertaken to investigate the effect of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) oil supplementation on production performance of lactating Mehsana buffalo. Methods: Three experimental groups were as, CON: fed on basal diet (Control), SO125: fed basal diet supplemented with 125 ml of sunflower oil/animal/day and SO250: fed basal diet supplemented with 250 ml of sunflower oil/animal/day for a period of 90 days. Result: There was no difference (P greater than 0.05) in DM intake of lactating buffaloes among the dietary treatments. Dietary inclusion of sunflower oils improved milk yield by 17.9 to 20.7%, 6% FCM yield by 16.4 to 22.9% and ECM yield by 16.0 to 23.0% in SO125 and SO250 groups, respectively as compared to the CON. There were no differences (P greater than 0.05) in milk composition and yields of milk components. The milk fatty acid percentages of C20:0 and C24:0 were significantly decreased due feeding of sunflower oil as compared to the CON. Feeding of sunflower oil did not influence milk fat short chain, medium chain, saturated, unsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids in lactating Mehsana buffaloes. The serum concentrations of glucose, total proteins, albumin, urea, creatinine, triglycerides, ALT and AST were not affected (P greater than 0.05) by supplementation of sunflower oil, however, serum cholesterol concentration was significantly (P less than 0.01) increased in SO125 and SO250 groups as compared to the CON group.

Plasma Fatty Acid Biomarkers of Dairy Consumption Are Associated with Sex-Dependent Effects on Metabolic Syndrome Components in Mexican Adolescents

Introduction: During adolescence, dairy product intake has shown conflicting associations with metabolic syndrome (MetS) components, which are risk factors for cardiovascular disease (CVD). This study aims to investigate the association between plasma fatty acids (FAs) C15:0, C17:0, and t-C16:1n-7, as biomarkers of dairy intake, with MetS and its components in Mexican adolescents. Methods: A sample of 311 participants from the Early Life Exposure in Mexico City to Environmental Toxicants (ELEMENT) cohort was included in this cross-sectional analysis. FA concentrations were measured in plasma as a percentage of total FA. We used quantile regression models stratified by sex to evaluate the association between FA quantiles and MetS components, adjusting for age, socioeconomic status (SES), sedentary behavior, BMI z-score, pubertal status, and energy intake. Results: We found significant associations between dairy biomarkers and the median of MetS variables. In females, t-C16:1n-7 was associated with a decrease of 2.97 cm in WC (Q4 vs. Q1; 95% CI: −5.79, −0.16). In males, C15:0 was associated with an increase of 5.84 mm/Hg in SBP (Q4 vs. Q1; CI: 1.82, 9.85). For HDL-C, we observed opposite associations by sex. C15:0 in males was associated with decreased HDL-C (Q3 vs. Q1: β = −4.23; 95% CI: −7.98, −0.48), while in females, C15:0 and t-C16:1n-7 were associated with increased HDL-C (Q3 vs. Q1: β = 4.75; 95% CI: 0.68, 8.82 and Q4 vs. Q1: β = 6.54; 95% CI: 2.01, 11.07), respectively. Additionally, in both sexes, different levels of C15:0, C17:0, and t-C16:1n-7 were associated with increased triglycerides (TG). Conclusion: Our results suggest that adolescent dairy intake may be associated in different directions with MetS components and that associations are sex-dependent.

Omega 6/Omega 3 Ratio Is High in Individuals with Increased Sperm DNA fragmentation.

An imbalance between omega-6 and omega-3 fatty acids in sperm has been linked with lipid peroxidation and DNA damage in sperm, indicating a possible correlation to fertility potential. This cross-sectional study involved 56 infertile men (aged 25-45), and assessed the relationship between the omega-6 to omega-3 fatty acid ratio in sperm and seminal plasma with sperm DNA fragmentation. Individuals were categorized based on high or low levels of sperm DNA fragmentation according to two tests (TUNEL and SCSA assay less or greater than 10 and 30%, respectively), and their fatty acid composition, as well as sperm functional tests, were analyzed. Results showed that men with high DNA fragmentation exhibited higher percentages of total saturated, monounsaturated, and omega-6 to omega-3 fatty acid ratios in both sperm (P < 0.001) and seminal plasma (P < 0.001) compared to men with low DNA fragmentation. The percentage of sperm lipid peroxidation, and residual histone (P < 0.05) were higher, while the percentage of sperm motility (P < 0.001) was lower in the former compared to the latter group. Moreover, Pearson's correlation revealed positive associations between the omega-6 to omega-3 fatty acid ratio with sperm lipid peroxidation, DNA fragmentation, and residual histones in both sperm and seminal plasma. Overall, these observations suggest that consumption of omega-3 fatty acids may be related to male fertility potential, as it appears that individuals with a high percentage of omega-3 fatty acids have better sperm quality compared to men with a lower omega-3 fatty acid.

The Effect of Gamma Irradiation, Salinity and Nano-Fertilizer on the Biological Parameters of Brassica napus L. Cultivated in Iraq

Canola (Brassica napus L) is currently one of the most significant oily seeds. It has a variety of nutrients, and its oil is safe for people to ingest as well as medicinal properties that help to relieve the symptoms of a variety of disorders. Soil salinity is one of the major issues of decreasing canola crop productivity that correlated with declines in the photosynthetic potential, since salt levels that are damaging to crop growth affect large terrestrial regions around the world are seriously impaired by soil salinity this research focused on the capability of canola seeds to grow under saline environment before and after gamma irradiation. Also, the most recent study intended to employ nano-fertilizer in Iraq and characterize its influence on the chemical makeup of canola seeds. Simple technique employed as a tissue culture using ground water with different EC. Seeds treated by two gamma irradiation dose and grown over cotton irrigated with salty water. Field experiment was carried out in Al-zafraniya station in Baghdad, Iraq, to investigate the effect of khazra iron nano chelate fertilizer foliar application on one rapeseed variety for increasing yield and yield components. The native local variety pactol was more reliable than olifera var at germination rate, plant high, number of leave and root. Irradiation negatively affects the biological parameter of Canola seeds with capablity to germinate and developed. Percentage of fatty acids significantly differed between fertilizer treatments. The myristic (C14:0) ranged from 0.1±0.012 to 0.14±0.011, Palmitic (16:0) from 3.6±0.024 to 3.91±0.029, 3.91±0.029 from 1.5±0.11 to 1.7±0.012, Arachidic (20:0) from 0.6±0.038 to 0.84±0.065, Behenic (22:0) range from 0.3±0.0028 to 0.41±0.032, Lignoceric (24:0) from 0.2±0.012 to 0.27±0.018, Palmitoleic (16:1) from 0.2±0.010 to 0.26±0.0021, Oleic (18:1) from 61.6±5.78 to 67.8±5.91, 67.8±5.91 from 1.4±0.13 to 1.64±0.15, Erucic (22:1) from 0.2±0.014 to 0.23±0.019, Linoleic (18:2n-6) from 21.7±3.1 to 23.4±3.7, Alpha Linolenic (18:3n3) from 9.6±0.87 to 10.1±2.8, Total Saturated from 6.3±5.4 to 6.8±4.9, Total MUFA was in the rangier from 62.4±7.1 to 64.5±7.1 and Total PUFA range from 31.3±4.1 to 37.4±5.1 for conventional canola and nano canola oils respectively.

Hydraulic Cold-Pressed Extraction of Sacha Inchi Seeds: Oil Yield and Its Physicochemical Properties

Sacha inchi oil (SIO) extraction has been extensively studied using various oil extraction techniques to achieve a high oil recovery. However, most studies relied on heat-based methods, which led to compromised oil quality and reduced nutritional values, particularly polyunsaturated fatty acids (omega-3 and omega-6), vitamin E, and phenolic compounds. To address these concerns, this study employed a hydraulic cold-pressed extraction (HCPE) technique for extracting SIO aiming to enhance oil yield while preserving its nutritional integrity. During the HCPE process of sacha inchi seeds (SIS), conducted at a constant temperature of 25 ± 1 °C, pressures and pressing times were varied within the range of 30–50 MPa and 10–30 min, respectively, to determine their impact on SIO yields. The results revealed that both pressure and pressing time significantly influenced the yields of SIO (p &lt; 0.05), with the highest oil recovery of 86.31 wt.% on a wet basis achieved at 50 MPa for 30 min. Regarding physicochemical properties, the peroxide values (5.71–9.07 meq/kg), iodine values (176.22–197.76 g I2/100 g), acid values (1.82–2.16 mg KOH/g), and percentage of free fatty acids (0.91–1.08 wt.% as oleic acid) were found to be influenced by pressure and pressing time (p &lt; 0.05). Additionally, the color variation by L* (34.22–35.17), −a* (0.39–0.81), and b* (3.48–5.62) changed with each oil yield. Notably, the high iodine value in SIO indicated a substantial content of polyunsaturated fatty acids, including omega-3 (40.86%), omega-6 (40.87%), and omega-9 (10.20%). Furthermore, a comparison with solvent extraction methods demonstrated that HCPE exhibited similar efficiency in extracting SIO, offering additional advantage in terms of its cold-pressed condition, eliminating of solvent use, simplicity, short extraction time, and higher oil recovery.

FAME properties, bio-oil productivity and carbon yield coefficient of Chlorella sorokiniana grown with low and high initial nitrogen concentrations

In this work the effect of the initial nitrogen concentration on the fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) properties namely the saponification number (SN), the iodine value (IV), the cetane number (CN) and the higher heating value (HHV) of bio-oil produced by Chlorella sorokiniana was examined. Also, the lipid and protein content of the biomass of C. sorokiniana and the biomass yield were measured. Anaerobic digestate and glycerol were used to formulate the culture media. The initial concentration of atomic nitrogen varied in the four cultivations and it was equal to 108.2 mg/l, 300 mg/l, 800 mg/l and 2000 mg/l while the initial concentration of carbon was held constant and equal to 13.99 ± 0.1 g/l. As the initial nitrogen concentration was increased, the lipid content decreased while the protein content and the biomass yield increased. Fatty acids (FA) from C10:0 to C26:1 were produced, however, the fatty acids that were found in the highest percentage were C16:0, C16:1, C18:1 and C18: 2. With respect to saturation, monosaturated FA were predominant in all treatments constituting from 55.9% to 59.4% of the total FA, while significant percentages of saturated FA were produced ranging from 24.5% to about 31.1%. With respect to the chain length, medium chain FA predominate constituting from 59.5% to 81.3% of the total FA. The four measured FAME properties, with the exception of the cetane number (CN) for the No = 2000 mg, were within acceptable limits. It was shown that when the nitrogen concentration in the medium increases, while the carbon concentration remains constant, the biomass carbon yield coefficient increases substantially.

Correlation between fatty acids levels in chicken, duck, goose, pigeon, quail and turkey egg yolks and post-thawed quality of ram semen.

The comparison between adding egg yolks (EY) of chicken, duck, goose, pigeon, Japanese quail or turkey to the Tris glycerol extender on the quality of ram semen before freezing and post-thawing was evaluated. The correlation between fatty acids levels in egg yolks of different avian species and the post-thawed quality of ram semen was studied. The pooled ejaculates collected from five rams were extended with Tris EY glycerol extenders containing the EY of chicken, duck, goose, pigeon, quail or turkey and cryopreserved at -196°C. The straws were evaluated before freezing and post-thawing for sperm motility using a sperm cell analyser, vitality using a FluoVit kit and abnormality using a SpermBlue stain besides plasma-membrane and DNA integrities using a hypo-osmotic swelling test and a Halomax kit, respectively. The moisture, ash, protein and fatty acid (FA) contents of EY of chicken, duck, goose, pigeon, quail and turkey were analysed using a gas chromatograph. The chicken and quail EY extenders significantly improved the total progressive motility (32.05 ± 1.41 and 31.68 ± 1.43, respectively), vitality, plasma membrane and DNA integrities and abnormalities of post-thawing ram semen in comparison with other EY extenders. Pigeon EY had the lowest saturated fatty acids (SFAs) in comparison with the other types of EYs. The chicken and turkey EYs had the lowest percentage of (monounsaturated fatty acids) MUFAs in comparison with the other types of EYs. The highest percentage of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) was observed in the turkey, pigeon and chicken EYs which were considered double or triple their percentage in duck and goose EYs, respectively. Significant positive correlations existed between SFAs levels and total motility, vitality, plasma membrane functionality and DNA integrity (0.77, 0.80, 0.67, 0.52, respectively). Significant negative correlations existed between gondoic EY levels and total motility, vitality, plasma membrane functionality and DNA integrity. In conclusion, the EYs of duck, goose, pigeon or turkey cannot substitute the chicken EY in ram semen extenders as they gave lower post-thawing quality. The quail EY can be used as a good replacer for chicken EY in the extender used for cryopreservation of ram semen. The EY composition of FAs can significantly affect the quality of ram semen post-thawing.

Grape Pomace: Agrifood By-Product with Potential to Enhance Performance, Yolk Quality, Antioxidant Capacity, and Eggshell Ultrastructure in Laying Hens.

Grape pomace (GP) is an industrial by-product of grape juice making and is commonly discarded as a waste product, even with its large quantity of phytochemicals. Thus, the objectives of this trial were to examine the effects of graded dietary GP on laying rate, egg quality, yolk lipid profile, oxidative stability, shell quality and ultrastructure, and serum biochemistry. Two hundred 35-week-old laying hens were allocated to four dietary treatments with ten replicates each. Four diets were formulated by mixing a standard basal diet with GP at 0 g/kg (control), 30 g/kg (GP3%), 60 g/kg (GP6%), and 90 g/kg (GP9%). Egg production percent, egg weight, and egg mass were linearly improved (p < 0.01) due to adding GP to the diets of laying hens. Eggs obtained from laying hens fed with GP diets had (p < 0.01; linear, p < 0.01) greater Haugh units, yolk color, albumen index, and yolk index than those of the control. The GP9% group had the greatest values (p < 0.05) for shell weight, thickness, and breaking strength. Electron microscopy scanning of eggshells indicated that the incremental dietary level of GP linearly augmented the thickness of the palisade layer but reduced both the mammillary layer and mammillary knob width (p < 0.01). Improved tibia-breaking strength and ash content were shown (p < 0.05) in the GP-fed laying hens. The dietary addition of GP by up to 90 g/kg linearly (p < 0.01) mitigated lipid oxidation and improved the antioxidant capacity in both the serum and stored eggs. A reduction in the percentages of saturated fatty acids was observed, while the contents of monounsaturated fatty acids, polyunsaturated fatty acids, and n-3 fatty acids were augmented because of increasing dietary GP levels (p < 0.001). Additionally, the eggs obtained from laying hens fed on the GP6% and GP9% had lower yolk cholesterol content (p < 0.001); this effect was confirmed by linear and quadratic responses (p < 0.001). Laying hens on GP diets had lower (p < 0.01) serum hepatic enzymes, cholesterol, triglycerides, and low-density lipoprotein but greater high-density lipoprotein compared to the control. To sum up, the addition of GP in the layers' diets by up to 90 g/kg increased laying performance, enriched the yolk with beneficial fatty acids, enhanced antioxidant potential in yolk lipids, and improved shell quality and ultrastructure.

Interaction of iron and zinc fortification and late-season water deficit on yield and fatty acid composition of Dragon's Head (Lallemantia iberica L.)

Dragon's head (Lallemantia iberica) is a rich source of alpha-linolenic acid, linoleic acid, essential oil, protein, and mucilage. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of foliar application of three different concentrations of Fe and Zn (control, 4, and 8 g lit−1) at two different developmental stages (vegetative stage (VS) and reproductive stage (RS)) on the quantity and quality of dragon's head seed yield and fatty acid composition in two crop seasons (2018 and 2019) under two environments (normal irrigation as control (NI) and post-anthesis water deficit (WD). In NI, average yields of seed, oil, and protein were 1155, 340, and 183 kg ha−1, respectively, and in the WD, they were 879, 283, and 148 kg ha−1, respectively. By applying Zn and Fe, the mean values of seed, oil, and protein yields in the NI were 1425, 478, and 264 kg ha−1, while in the WD, they were 1011, 354, and 200 kg ha−1, respectively. Furthermore, the application of WD resulted in a significant increase in zinc concentration, protein percentage, and saturated fatty acid percentage in seeds. Unlike WD, iron and zinc treatments decreased the percentage of saturated fatty acids and increased the percentage of unsaturated fatty acids. The number of capsules per plant had the most positive indirect effect on grain yield. The results showed that foliar spraying of Fe and Zn could effectively mitigate the adverse effects of WD on the quality and quantity of seed and oil yield dragon's head.

Role of biochar-derived DOM compositions in enhanced biodegradation of sulfamethoxazole and chloramphenicol

In the study, we investigated the different compositions of biochar-derived dissolved organic matter (BDOM) that play a key role in the biodegradation of sulfamethoxazole (SMX) and chloramphenicol (CAP) by P. stutzeri and S. putrefaciens, and found that aliphatic compounds in Group 4, fulvic acid like in Region III, and solid microbial byproduct like in region IV are key common factors. The growth and antibiotic degradation efficiency of P. stutzeri and S. putrefaciens are positively correlated with the content of Group 4 and Region III, and negatively correlated with Region IV. This is consistent with the optimal biodegradation results of BDOM700 with the highest content of Group 4 and Region III. Additionally, the degradation efficiency of SMX by Pseudomonas stutzeri is negatively correlated with the percentage of polycyclic aromatics in Group 1, but not with CAP. Similarly, the percentage of fatty acids in S. putrefaciens was positively correlated with Group 1, whereas P. stutzeri did not. This indicates that some components of BDOM have varying effects on different bacteria or types of antibiotics. This study provides new insights into enhancing antibiotic biodegradation by controlling the composition of BDOM.

Association of sleep quality with nutritional status and body mass index in adults

Purpose: Identifying the factors that affect sleep quality will help minimize potential health risks. This study aimed to evaluate the association of sleep quality with dietary habits, nutritional status and body mass index (BMI) in adults.&#x0D; Materials and Methods: This study was conducted on 576 healthy individuals, 293 males and 283 females, aged between 18-65 years. The study did not include individuals with chronic diseases, pregnant and lactating women. The participants' descriptive information, dietary habits, and some anthropometric measurements were questioned. Additionally, Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) was applied to the participants and 24-hour dietary recalls were recorded.&#x0D; Results: In both male and total participants, the rate of good sleep quality of those with a BMI between 18.50-24.99 kg/m2 was lower than those with a BMI ≥25 kg/m2. The number of cigarette smoked in a day and the total PSQI score of the male and total participants were positively correlated. Additionally, there was a positive correlation between the percentage of saturated fatty acids in the diet and the total PSQI scores in female and total participants, while a negative relationship was found between dietary niacin (mg) and copper (mg) intakes and total PSQI scores in female. &#x0D; Conclusion: The results of the study indicate that there is a relationship between sleep quality and nutritional status, and BMI. It can be concluded that some lifestyle modifications such as smoking cessation/reduction and the acquisition of healthy eating habits can be used to improve sleep quality.

Physiochemical Properties, Vitamin E and Fatty Acids of some Types of Vegetable Oils

The following physical tests were carried out for the vegetable oils (refractive index, relative viscosity, smoking point, relative density), as well as chemical tests (saponification value, peroxide number, and acidity value), as well as estimating the amount of vitamin E and the percentage of fatty acids. The physical properties of the types of oils under study, such as the value of the refractive index, were between (1.478), as the highest value for flaxseed oil, and the lowest value for wheat germ oil, which amounted to (1.457), compared with corn oil as a comparison treatment, which was (1.470), as for other oils such as olive, grape seed, and walnut. The values were (1.464 - 1.462 - 1.474), respectively, as for the relative viscosity characteristic, the values ranged between (c: p 9.3) for grape seed oil as the lowest value for the viscosity characteristic, and the viscosity of wheat germ oil amounting to (55 c:p) compared with Corn oil for comparison, whose value was (28 c:p), while the relative viscosity of olive oil, walnut oil, and flaxseed oil was (39 - 29.5 - 25 c:p), respectively, while the smoking point values were (288 - 199.5). - 186.2 - 185 - 190 - 187) C° for the types of oils (corn - olive - wheat germ - grape seeds - walnut - flaxseed) respectively, and finally in the relative density characteristic, the values were (0.915 - 0.91 - 0.91 - 0.92 - 0.919 - 0.927) for types of oils (corn - olive - wheat germ - grape seeds - walnut - flaxseed) per arrangement. The chemical properties of the vegetable oils under experiment were estimated and the value of the saponification number was (188 - 199.5 - 186.2 - 185 - 190 - 187) mg KoH / kg oil for the types (corn - olive - wheat germ - grape seeds - walnut - flaxseed) on As for the peroxide value of the vegetable oil samples under study, it was the highest percentage for grape seed oil and amounted to 4.7 Milliequivalent O2/kg of oil and the lowest for walnut oil and amounted to 2.00 Milliequivalent O2/kg of oil compared with corn oil as a comparison treatment and amounted to 4.5 Milliequivalent O2/kg of oil, while the acidity value was (0.95 - 0.72 - 0.85 - 0.82 - 0.50 - 0.87%) for oil samples (corn - olive - wheat germ - grape seed - walnut - flax seed), respectively. The following fatty acids were estimated for all types of oils, namely (linolenic - linoleic - palmitic - oleic), as corn oil contained quantities of the aforementioned fatty acids, whose percentage was as follows (0.31 - 48.70 - 9.20 - 26.70%), respectively, as for oil samples The percentage of olives was (4.53 - 9.26 - 15.19 - 62.5%), respectively, while grape seed oil contained the same fatty acids and its percentage was (0.2 - 16.93 - 3.29 - 60.85%), respectively. It can be said that olive oil is a good source. For the fatty acid linoleic (4.53%), linoleic (9.26%), palmitic (15.19%), and oleic (62.5%). palmitic-oleic) and in ratios (0.20 - 16.93 - 3.29 - 60.85%), respectively, and it can be considered a rich source of the essential fatty acid linoleic, while flaxseed oil contained the following ratios of the aforementioned fatty acids (50.42 - 15.81 - 4.60 - 21.13%) In order, it can also be considered a rich source of B The two fatty acids (linolenic and oleic), while wheat germ oil contained the following fatty acids (linolenic - linoleic - palmitic - oleic) and in the following quantities (4.9 - 20.75 - 29.10 - 28.3%), respectively. Finally, walnut oil contained (11.5 - 57.12 - 6.82 - 17.81%) for the same estimated fatty acids above, respectively. The amount of vitamin E was (440 - 200 - 582 - 1620 - 1718 - 60 mg/kg) of the following oils (corn - olive - wheat germ - grape seeds - walnut - and flax seeds), respectively.

Fatty acid profile of cows milk from regions of Maopolska available on the Polish market

The aim of the study was to compare the percentage of fatty acids in market milk from producers in different regions of Maopolska, during the summer and winter seasons. The study was conducted on pasteurized milk with a fat content of 3.2%, produced in six dairies in the Maopolskie voivodeship. The products were labelled as milk from mountainous areas (M1, M2, M3 and M4), and milk from other areas (M5 and M6). The fatty acid profile was determined using a gas chromatograph. The analysis included saturated fatty acids (SFA), unsaturated fatty acids (UFA), including monounsaturated (MUFA) and polyunsaturated (PUFA), the content of hypocholesterolemic fatty acids (DFA) and hypercholesterolemic fatty acids (OFA), and gave the DFA/OFA and UFA/SFA fatty acid ratios. The results indicate that drinking milk produced from raw material from local cows grazing in mountainous regions had a favourable health-promoting fatty acid profile. It contained more PUFA n-3 acids, including -linolenic acid C18:3 n-3, as well as vaccenic acid C18:1 n-7 and CLA compared to milk from cows from other regions of Maopolska. Milk from cows from mountainous regions also had significantly higher (P&lt;0.05) DFA content and DFA/OFA ratios. Higher levels of desirable DFA acids and DFA/OFA ratios were found in drinking milk during the summer season.

105-OR: Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids in the Treatment of Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy—Is the Source Important?

Introduction: We have shown that omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) derived from fish oil (FO) was an effective treatment for diabetes vascular and neural complications. However, is FO the best source of omega-3 PUFA for treating diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN)? Methods: To address this question we used a rat model of type 2 diabetes and a late intervention protocol. After 10 weeks of hyperglycemia, diabetic rats were treated for 12 weeks via diet with omega-3 PUFA derived from a variety of sources including menhaden (fish) oil (MO), krill oil (KO), oils derived from algae that produce primarily eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) or combination of EPA and DHA, or commercial ethyl esters of EPA, DHA or combination of EPA and DHA. Primary endpoints were motor (MNCV) and sensory (SNCV) nerve conduction velocity, intraepidermal and cornea nerve fiber density, thermal and cornea sensitivity, and vascular reactivity of epineurial arterioles that provide circulation to the sciatic nerve. The omega-3 index, and serum fatty acid levels were also determined. Results: The dose of each omega-3 PUFA supplement was customized to create a healthy omega-3 index. Defined as the sum of EPA and DHA as a percentage of total fatty acids in red blood cells, range for healthy level 8 - 12%. Following 22 weeks of untreated diabetes neural and vascular endpoints were significantly impaired compared to control rats. Treatment with MO provided the greatest improvement for all neural endpoints followed by KO and algal oils or ethyl esters containing a combination of EPA and DHA. Algal oil or ethyl ester of EPA alone was the least effective. The greatest improvement in vascular reactivity of epineurial arterioles to acetylcholine was realized following treatment with MO with less benefit from the other omega-3 PUFA sources. Conclusion: These pre-clinical studies suggest that in a clinical trial for DPN the best outcome may be obtained by using FO as the source for omega-3 PUFA. Disclosure M.A.Yorek: Consultant; Novo Nordisk. Funding U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs (RX003826-01)

Fatty acid compositions of colostrum and mature breast milk in Turkey (Mardin)

AbstractIn this study, 25–25 milk samples (25 colostral and 25 mature) collected at different lactational stages were used to analyse the fatty acid composition of breast milk. A gas-chromatographic method was used to perform and analyse the transmethylation of total milk lipid extracts. The milk samples contained 20 different fatty acids. Palmitic acid (C16:0), stearic acid (C18:0), myristic acid (C14:0), oleic acid (C18:1n-9), and linoleic acid (LA, C18:2n-6) were the major components of total lipid, phospholipid (PL), and triacylglycerol (TAG) fractions. Colostrum had a lower percentage of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), a higher percentage of saturated fatty acids (SFAs), and a lower level of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, C20:5 n-3) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, C22:6 n-3) in total lipid than mature milk. Triacylglycerol and PL fractions between colostrum and mature milk samples did not differ statistically.

Valorization of sustainable vegetable oil deodorizer distillate as a novel fatliquor

The deodorizer distillate (DD) is a byproduct of vegetable oil processing industry and is rich in functional bioactive components. This study aimed to employ phosphorylation modification for DD to produce a new sustainable fatliquor. The bioactive ingredients in DD, namely fatty acids, sterols, and tocopherols, were determined by using HPLC and GLC. The results revealed that the DD sample contained a high percentage of unsaturated fatty acids (72.3%) and high levels of γ and δ-tocopherols (54.8% and 31.60%, respectively). Mechanical parameters (tensile strength, elongation at break, and tear strength) of leather were improved after being treated with the prepared fatliquor emulsion. Eventually, SEM showed that the texture of the fatliquored leather had been remarkably enhanced. Moreover, the fatliquored leather possessed effective antibacterial effect against the specified +ve, −ve bacteria, and Candida albicans microorganisms. The strength, fullness, soft handle, and elasticity of leather were all improved, and the grain of leather was protected from becoming loose after drying.Graphical

Ability of Moringa Ore (Moringa Oleifera) As Biosorbent in Used Cooking Oil Processing

The results of this study stated that the use of activated moringa ore biosorbents had a great influence on the quality of cooking oil both physically and chemically. The results of data analysis based on variations in contact time and dose variations can show that free fatty acid levels have decreased but are not in accordance with the stipulated SNI, namely 0.17%. Activation of Moringa ore using Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH) can reduce the levels of free fatty acids in used cooking oil. Variation of biosorbent contact time can affect the decrease in fatty acid levels, which occurs at the optimum contact time of 90 minutes, the free fatty acid percentage of 0.17% is not in accordance with SNI. Variations in biosorbent doses can also affect the increase in free fatty acid levels, namely the optimum dose of 1.00-gram percentage of free fatty acids decreased by 0.17% not according to SNI. Variations in contact time and variations in optimum doses of biosorbents can also affect color organoleptic tests and the smell of used cooking oil. Where the results of each respondent's statement that 95% of the refined oil using Moringa ore biosorbent are similar to new cooking oil, namely with a bright yellow color. The method used in this study is a quantitative method by conducting experiments on the subjects to be studied and used as a reference for finding and obtaining data directly through observation or experimentation

Nutritional Status, Selected Nutrients Intake, and Metabolic Disorders in Bariatric Surgery Patients.

Bariatric surgery is the most effective treatment for obesity and its complications. However, failure to adhere to dietary recommendations can result in both unsatisfactory weight loss and metabolic disorders. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of bariatric surgery on the anthropometric parameters and selected nutrient intake. A total of 12 months postoperatively, percent excess weight loss (%EWL) was significantly higher after laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (LRYGB) than laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy (LSG) and laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding (LAGB) (93.78% vs. 56.13% and 55.65%, p < 0.001). The same was true for waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) (p = 0.017) and waist-to-height ratio (WHtR) changes (p = 0.022). There was a significant decrease in total cholesterol (TC) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) levels after RYGB. A significant decrease (p < 0.05) in daily intake was found for energy (4278.4 kcal vs. 1355.17 kcal), sucrose (122.23 g vs. 38.22 g), dietary fiber (30.90 g vs. 14.20 g), eicosapentaenoic fatty acid and docosahexaenoic acid (EPA+DHA) (142.46 mg vs. 52.90 mg) and % energy from fats (42.43% vs. 35.17%), saturated fatty acids (SAFAs) (19.96% vs. 14.11%) and alpha-linolenic fatty acid (ALA) (0.87% vs. 0.69%). Energy intake and energy % from fats positively correlated with body weight (BW), waist circumference (WC), WHR, and WHtR, and negatively with %EWL. The percentage of unsaturated fatty acids positively correlated with WC and WHR. Energy intake correlated positively with serum triglycerides (TGs) and energy % from fats and carbohydrates. Despite significant weight loss, the patient's diet deviated from recommendations and may have contributed to metabolic disorders.

Biochemical composition of Hediste diversicolor (OF Müller, 1776) (Annelida: Nereidae) reared on different types of aquaculture sludge

IntroductionSustainable growth of the salmon aquaculture industry is highly dependent on the availability of new feed resources as well as improved management and utilization of waste streams from production. Polychaetes are capable of recapturing and recycling valuable biomolecules contained in aquaculture sludge and at the same time constitute a possible resource for aquafeeds.Material and methodsIn this study, the potential of Hediste diversicolor (OF Müller, 1776) to recover nutrients and energy contained aquaculture sludge was evaluated. Hereby, the effect of two different diets, smolt and post-smolt sludge, and different feed levels on polychaete growth, and biochemical and elemental composition was assessed.Results and discussionSurvival ranged from 80-90%, independent of treatment. Specific growth rates at the highest feed levels were significantly higher than at the lowest feed levels and growth was not affected by the type of diet. Similarly, total lipid and total fatty acid content of polychaetes were positively correlated with feed level while the type of diet had a limited effect. Fatty acid composition of polychaetes reflected feed levels: in both diet groups, polychaetes at lower feed levels showed a higher percentage of saturated fatty acids; monounsaturated fatty acids increased with increased feed supply for smolt sludge-fed group and polychaetes fed post-smolt sludge showed increased polyunsaturated fatty acid content with increasing feed levels. Neither diet nor feed levels affected protein content and amino acid composition of polychaetes. In conclusion, H. diversicolor could be successfully cultivated on both smolt and post-smolt sludge and was rich in proteins and lipids as well as essential amino and fatty acids. The species can be considered a promising candidate for recycling valuable nutrients from different types of side streams salmon aquaculture.