Percentage Of DNA In Tail Research Articles

The Antibacterial and Larvicidal Potential of Bis-(2-Ethylhexyl) Phthalate from Lactiplantibacillus plantarum.

Lactic acid bacteria produce a variety of antibacterial and larvicidal metabolites, which could be used to cure diseases caused by pathogenic bacteria and to efficiently overcome issues regarding insecticide resistance. In the current study, the antibacterial and larvicidal potential of Bis-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate isolated from Lactiplantibacillus plantarum BCH-1 has been evaluated. Bioactive compounds were extracted by ethyl acetate and were fractionated by gradient column chromatography from crude extract. Based on FT-IR analysis followed by GC-MS and ESI-MS/MS, the active compound was identified to be Bis-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate. Antibacterial potential was evaluated by disk diffusion against E. coli (12.33 ± 0.56 mm inhibition zone) and S. aureus (5.66 ± 1.00 mm inhibition zone). Larvicidal potency was performed against Culex quinquefasciatus Say larvae, where Bis-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate showed 100% mortality at 250 ppm after 72 h with LC50 of 67.03 ppm. Furthermore, after 72 h the acetylcholinesterase inhibition was observed as 29.00, 40.33, 53.00, 64.00, and 75.33 (%) at 50, 100, 150, 200, and 250 ppm, respectively. In comet assay, mean comet tail length (14.18 ± 0.28 μm), tail DNA percent damage (18.23 ± 0.06%), tail movement (14.68 ± 0.56 µm), comet length (20.62 ± 0.64 µm), head length (23.75 ± 0.27 µm), and head DNA percentage (39.19 ± 0.92%) were observed at 250 ppm as compared to the control. The current study for the first time describes the promising antibacterial and larvicidal potential of Bis-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate from Lactiplantibacillus plantarum that would have potential pharmaceutical applications.

GIDA KATKI MADDESİ OLARAK KULLANILAN SİTRİK ASİT, ASKORBİK ASİT VE SODYUM SİTRATIN İNSAN LENFOSİT HÜCRELERİNDE GENOTOKSİSİTESİNİN DEĞERLENDİRİLMESİ

Amaç
 Gıda katkı maddelerinin kullanımı endüstriyel gelişmeyle
 birlikte sürekli artmaktadır. Bu çalışmada sık
 kullanılan sitrik asit, askorbik asit ve sodyum sitratın
 insan lenfosit hücrelerinde DNA üzerine olan etkilerinin
 comet metodu ile belirlenmesi amaçlanmıştır.
 Gereç ve Yöntem
 Herhangi bir bilinen hastalığı ya da sürekli ilaç kullanımı
 olmayan, son 6 ayda radyolojik muayene geçirmemiş
 ve sigara içmeyen 18 – 45 yaş aralığında 4 erkek
 ve 4 kadın gönüllüden kan alınmış ve lenfositler izole
 edilerek 50, 150, 300 ve 600 μg/mL dozlarında sitrik
 asit, askorbik asit ve sodyum sitrat ile 1 s inkübasyona
 bırakılmıştır. Ardından comet metodu uygulanmış ve
 kuyruk DNA yüzdesi parametresi DNA hasarının göstergesi
 olarak Tek-yönlü Anova ile değerlendirilmiştir.
 Bulgular
 Sodyum sitrat 300 ve 600 μg/mL dozlarında DNA
 hasarında kontrol grubuna kıyasla sınırlı artış görülmektedir.
 Bu artış istatistiksel olarak anlamlı değildir
 (p>0,05). Sitrik asit 600 μg/mL dozu ise kontrol grubuna
 kıyasla oldukça yüksek DNA hasarına sebep
 olmuştur (p

EVALUATION OF STRESS OF ENVIRONMENTAL RELEVANT CONCENTRATION OF GLYPHOSATE PESTICIDE ON LAMELLIDENS MARGINALIS

We evaluated glyphosate (GLP) toxicity on Lamellidens marginalis by using oxidative andgenotoxic stress markers. The study provides evidence of oxidative stress and altered activities ofantioxidative enzymes in bivalve (gill, foot, mantle, muscle, and hepatopancreas) upon exposureto an environmentally relevant concentration of glyphosate organophosphate pesticide (1 mg l-1).The GLP exposure periods were 7 (T1) and 14 (T2) days, followed by a recovery period of 4 days(R1 & R2) respectively. GLP exposure showed a positive correlation between oxidative stress andduration of exposure. A catalase induction trend was observed in both the treated groups.Induction or inhibition of Super oxide dismutase (SOD) enzyme activities were tissue-specificafter GLP exposure. The technical grade GLP has genotoxic potential, studied with the help ofcomet assay on gill tissues. Longer duration of exposure has significantly increased cometparameters such as tail length, tail DNA percentage as well as olive tail movement as compared tocontrol bivalve. However, bivalves recovered significantly after the four days of the recoveryperiod. The results suggested oxidative stress and genotoxic potential of GLP, evidenced by alteredactivities of antioxidative enzymes and induction of comet parameters. Even though, the animalsexperienced the stress of GLP exposure, however, recovery potential of bivalves was noteworthyafter the removal of the stress.

Investigation of the Genotoxic Potential of the Marine Toxin C17-SAMT Using the In Vivo Comet and Micronucleus Assays.

The contaminant responsible for the atypical toxicity reported in mussels from Bizerte Lagoon (Northern Tunisia) during the last decade has been characterized as C17-sphinganine analog mycotoxin (C17-SAMT). This neurotoxin showed common mouse toxic symptoms, including flaccid paralysis and severe dyspnea, followed by rapid death. For hazard assessment on human health, in this work we aimed to evaluate the in vivo genotoxic effects of this marine biotoxin using the classical alkaline and modified Fpg comet assays performed to detect DNA breaks and alkali-labile sites as well as oxidized bases. The micronucleus assay was used on bone marrow to detect chromosome and genome damage. C17-SAMT induces a statistically insignificant increase in DNA tail intensity at all doses in the duodenum, and in the spleen contrary to the liver, the percentage of tail DNA increased significantly at the mid dose of 300 µg/kg b.w/d. C17-SAMT did not affect the number of micronuclei in the bone marrow. Microscopic observations of the liver showed an increase in the number of mitosis and hepatocytes’ cytoplasm clarification. At this level of study, we confirm that C17-SAMT induced DNA damage in the liver but there was no evidence of effects causing DNA oxidation or chromosome and genome damage.

The genotoxic, cytotoxic and growth regulatory effects of plant secondary metabolite β-caryophyllene on polyphagous pest Spodoptera litura (Fabricius) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)

Use of secondary metabolites as an alternative to organic pesticides is an eco-friendly and safe strategy in pest management. β-caryophyllene [(1R,4E,9S)-4,11,11-trimethyl-8-methylene bicyclo [7.2.0]undec-4-ene], a natural sesquiterpene is found as an essential oil in many plants like Syzygium aromaticum, Piper nigrum, Cannabis sativa. The present study aims at exploring the insecticidal, genotoxic and cytotoxic potential of β-caryophyllene against common cutworm Spodoptera litura (Fab.), a major polyphagous pest. S. litura larvae were fed on different concentrations (5, 25, 125, 625 and 3125 ppm) of β-caryophyllene. Results revealed delay in larval and pupal period with increase in concentration. Larval mortality increased and adult emergence declined significantly with increase in concentration. Higher concentrations of β-caryophyllene caused pupal and adult deformities. A negative impact of β-caryophyllene was also seen on the nutritional physiology of S. litura. Parameters such as relative growth rate, relative consumption rate, efficiency of conversion of ingested food, efficiency of conversion of digested food and approximate digestibility showed a significant reduction in a dose dependent manner. DNA damage assessed using comet assay revealed significant genotoxic effects at LC30 and LC50 concentrations. There was an increase in tail length, percent tail DNA, tail moment and olive tail moment. Phenol oxidase activity was suppressed at LC50 concentration with respect to control. Total hemocyte count also declined significantly at LC30 and LC50 concentrations as compared to control. β-caryophyllene induced genotoxic and cytotoxic damage affecting the growth and survival of S. litura larvae. Our findings suggest that β-caryophyllene has the potential to be used for the management of insect pests.

Mechanistic study of copper oxide, zinc oxide, cadmium oxide, and silver nanoparticles-mediated toxicity on the probiotic Lactobacillus reuteri

The use of metal/metal oxide nanoparticles (NPs) in consumer products has increased dramatically. Accordingly, human exposure to these NPs has increased. Lactobacillus reuteri, a member of the beneficial gut microbiota, is essential for human health. In the present study, the toxic effect of three metal oxides (CuO, ZnO, and CdO) and one metal (Ag) NPs on L. reuteri were investigated in vitro. L. reuteri was susceptible to all the prepared NPs in a dose-dependent manner, visualized as an increase in the zones of inhibition and a significant reduction in the maximum specific growth rates (µ max). The minimal inhibitory concentrations were 5.8, 26, 560, and 560 µg/mL for CdO-, Ag-, ZnO-, and CuO-NPs, respectively, and the respective minimal bactericidal concentrations were 60, 70, 1500, and 1500 µg/mL. Electron microscopic examinations revealed the adsorption of the prepared NPs on L. reuteri cell surface, causing cell wall disruption and morphological changes. These changes were accompanied by significant leakage of cellular protein content by 214%, 191%, 112%, and 101% versus the untreated control when L. reuteri was treated with CdO-, Ag-, CuO-, and ZnO-NPs, respectively. NPs also induced oxidative damage, where the malondialdehyde level was significantly increased, and glutathione content was significantly decreased. Quantifying the DNA damage using comet assay showed that CuONPs had the maximum DNA tail length (8.2 px vs. 2.1 px for the control). While CdONPs showed the maximum percentage of DNA in tail (15.5% vs. 3.1%). This study provides a mechanistic evaluation of the NPs-mediated toxicity to a beneficial microorganism.

Evaluation of DNA Damage of Cadmium in Gastropod Lymnaea radix cor (Annandale and Prashad, 1919) From Euphrates River

Cadmium toxicity to a snail Lymnaea radix cor collected from Shatt Almadina stream that belongs to Euphrates River, Basra province, Iraq was investigated. DNA damage was used as an indicator for cadmium toxicity in the current study. The adult snails were exposed to several concentrations of cadmium for different periods. DNA fragmentation occurring in the snail exposed to cadmium was substantiated by comet assay and expressed in term Tail DNA percentage. Results revealed a significant increase in DNA damage at cadmium concentrations 60, 80, and 100µg/l for an exposure time of 3 days, and the highest percentage of tail DNA was at the cadmium concentration of 100µg/l. On the other hand, the DNA damage significantly elevated when the exposure period increased to 5 days and the highest tail DNA percentage (18%) was recorded at cadmium concentration 100 µg/l. the assessment of DNA damage in the freshwater snail Lymnaea radix cor gives an early caution signal for aquatic environmental contamination by cadmium.

Appraisal of growth inhibitory, biochemical and genotoxic effects of Allyl Isothiocyanate on different developmental stages of Zeugodacus cucurbitae (Coquillett) (Diptera: Tephritidae)

Allyl isothiocyanate (AITC), a glucosinolates’ hydrolytic product, was studied for its anti-insect potential against an economically important, destructive tephritid pest, Zeugodacus cucurbitae (Coquillett). The first, second and third instar maggots of the pest were fed on artificial diets amended with varied concentrations of AITC viz. 5 ppm, 25 ppm, 50 ppm, 100 ppm, 150 ppm and 200 ppm with DMSO (0.5%) as control. Results revealed high larval mortality, alteration of larval period, prolongation of pupal and total developmental periods in all instars of the maggots treated with AITC as compared to controls. Percent pupation and percent adult emergence decreased in all larval instars. Growth indices viz. Larval Growth Index (LGI) and Total Growth Index (TGI) were negatively affected. Anti-nutritional/post ingestive toxicity of AITC was also revealed by the decrease in Food Assimilation (FA) and Mean Relative Growth rate (MRGR) values with respect to control. Profiles of PO (Phenol oxidase) and other detoxifying enzymes including SOD (Superoxide dismutases), CAT (Catalases), GST (Glutathione-S-transferases), EST (Esterases), AKP (Alkaline phosphatases) and ACP (Acid phosphatases) were also significantly influenced. The genotoxic effect of AITC was also evaluated by conducting comet assays at LC30 and LC50. Significant DNA damage in hemocytes was reflected by increase in Tail length (μm), Percent Tail DNA, Tail Moment (TM) and Olive Tail Moment (OTM) as compared to controls. The results indicated high potential of AITC as biopesticide for pest management.

Sodium benzoate in locally available soft drinks and its effect on DNA damage and liver function in rats

Sodium benzoate (E211) is used as a preservative in several kinds of food. One of the essential uses of E211 is to preserve non-alcoholic carbonated beverages. The amount of sodium benzoate in 17 local soft drink samples was estimated in the present study. The in vivo effects on biochemical aspects of the liver, kidney function, and DNA damage in lymphocytes were also investigated after oral administration of sodium benzoate in rats over 12 days. The control and experimental groups were fed standard pellet diet and distilled water ad libitum; and administered distilled water (control) and different concentrations (30, 60, and 120 mg/kg body weight) of sodium benzoate once daily through a stomach tube (0.5 ml), respectively. The alkaline comet assay was performed to investigate the possible DNA damage induced by E211 in lymphocytes. At the end of the experiment, after overnight fasting the rats were sacrificed and blood samples were collected. Animals showed no significant weight loss or gain. The investigation revealed that twelve samples contained a higher level, and the rest had trace or below the recommended maximum permitted concentration (150 mg/l) of E211 as a preservative in the soft drinks. The percentage of tail DNA (p < 0.01) and olive tail movement (p < 0.05) was significantly increased in lymphocytes that were treated with high concentration (120 mg/kg body weight) of sodium benzoate, indicated substantially higher DNA damage (3.5 times) in lymphocytes compared to control. Moreover, serum AST activity level was increased significantly (p<0.05) in the group treated with a higher dose (120 mg/kg body weight) of E211, indicating malfunction of the liver. The preservative did not significantly affect serum ALT and ALP activity, total bilirubin, creatinine, and urea level. Nonetheless, our findings suggest that caution should be adopted for using sodium benzoate as a preservative in various food products. Dhaka Univ. J. Biol. Sci. 30(3 CSI): 371-383, 2022 (June)

DNA damage in hepatopancreas cells of Haliotis discus hannai induced by P-xylene

In order to examine the toxic effects of p-xylene on the hepatopancreas of Haliotis discus hannai, a subchronic toxicity test was carried out for 21 days by setting 4 concentrations (0.5, 1.0, 1.5, and 2.0 mg·L-1) and the control group. DNA damage in hepatopancreas cells of H. discus hannai was analyzed by comet assay. The CASP analysis software was used to analyze the damage indices, including tail rate, tail length, percentage of tail DNA, and olive moment. The results showed that DNA damage in hepatopancreas cells occured in all exposed groups, with different degrees of damage. The DNA damage of hepatopancreas cells was aggravated with the increase of exposure concentration. High concentration of p-xylene could induce apoptosis, showing a certain dose-damage effect. Short-term exposure to medium concentration of p-xylene could cause DNA damage in hepatopancreas cells of H. discus hannai, and the damage degree increased with the extension of exposure time, showing a certain time-damage effect. However, the damage indices of DNA decreased after prolonged exposure, which might be related to the DNA repair mechanism of the cell and the metabolic mechanisms of the detoxification system. In conclusion, p-xylene could induce oxidative damage in hepatopancreas cells of H. discus hannai, resulting in DNA fragmentation. Prolonged exposure to high concentration of p-xylene could lead to apoptosis.

Evaluation of gamma radiation–induced genotoxicity in the workers of Italian honey bees, Apis mellifera ligustica, using single cell gel electrophoresis (comet) assay

The environment exposed to radionuclide faces detrimental effects of ionizing radiations and these radiations can damage DNA by inducing genotoxicity in living organisms. The gamma radiation induced genotoxicity was evaluated by employing Single cell gel electrophoresis (comet) assay in the foragers of Apis mellifera ligustica by exposing to different doses (1 to 60 Gy) of gamma radiation. DNA damage was measured as the percentage of comet tail DNA. The results showed a dose dependent increase and post irradiation time (1-24 h) dependent decrease in % tail DNA level in bee foragers. A significant increase in DNA damage was observed in all the samples and the extent of damage was proportional to the dose of gamma radiation received by the bees except in those treated with the lower doses (1, 5 and 10 Gy) of gamma radiation. The highest amount of DNA damage was recorded at 1 h post-irradiation which decreased gradually with time, that is, at 3 h and 6 h post-irradiation. However, there were no significant differences in the % tail DNA of bees of 12 h and 24 h post irradiation. The present study shows gamma radiation induced DNA damage in foragers of A. m. ligustica and also the comet assay is a suitable technique for detection of gamma radiation induced DNA damage.

Genome response of hippocampal cells to stress in male rats with different excitability of the nervous system

Changes of genome stability in hippocampal cells of male rats with hereditary high and low thresholds of nervus tibialis response to electric stimuli (HT and LT strains, respectively) were studied in unstressed and stressed animals. HT and LT originated from Wistar strain, males of which were also used as a control. The comet assay was used after prolonged emotional painful stressor action. There were no interstrain differences in the spontaneous percentage of DNA in comet tails (tDNA). However, the prolonged emotional pain stressor induced genome instability differently in animals of different strains. The highest level of DNA damage in hippocampal cells was shown in highly sensitive animals of LT strain. Males of Wistar strain had intermediate levels of tDNA, while HT animals had the lowest stress reactivity.

Protective Effect of Spirulina against Aspartame Induced Oxidative Stress and Molecular Gene Brain damage

Spirulina and lipoic acid has been considered as one of the most effective in ant oxidative stress and anti-inflammatory activity.Aspartame (ASP) is one of the mostwidely used (artificial sweeteners)used in a variety of foods and feeds.This study was conducted to evaluate the possible protective effect of Spirulina and alpha-lipoic acid against aspartame induced oxidative stress and brain damage in rabbits. Forty two white male New-Zealand Rabbits were classified into seven equal groups. Group I: (Control group) received no drugs. Group II: rabbits administered with aspartame (250 mg/kg b. wt/day). Group III: rabbits received alpha- lipoic acid (100 mg/kg b. wt/day). Group IV: rabbits received spirulina platensis (1500 mg/kg. b. wt/day). Group V: rabbits received aspartame (250 mg mg/kg b. wt) and treated with alpha- lipoic acid (100 mg/kg b. wt). Group VI: rabbits received aspartame (250 mg mg/kg b.wt) and treated with spirulina platensis (1500 mg/kg b. wt). Group VII: rabbits received aspartame (250 mg mg/kg b.wt) and treated daily with alpha- lipoic acid (100 mg/kg b. wt) and spirulina platensis (1500 mg/kg b. wt) for 8 weeks. At the end of experiment brain tissue were isolated and analyzed for determination of L-malondialdehyde (L-MDA), Catalase (CAT) and reduced glutathione (GSH) in addition to Anti-inflammatory cytokines: Interlukin-10 (IL-10),Activator Protein-1(AP-1),Bax gene expression and DNA damage. The obtained results showed a significant up-regulation of Activator Protein-1(AP-1),Bax gene expression level and a significant down-regulation of Interlukin-10 (IL-10) and marked increase in L-MDA and DNA damage that was indicated by an increase in tail length and tail DNA percent in brain tissue of aspartame treated rabbits. However, brain CAT activity andGSH concentration were markedly decreased when compared with control group.Coad ministration of spirulinaand alpha lipoic acid protect aspartame induced brain damage in rabbits caused a significant improvement of all previous parameters and attenuate DNA changes. Conclusively, spirulina platensis and alpha-lipoic acid exerts a protective effect against DNA damage and oxidative stress in brain of aspartameusage through free radical scavenging and anti-inflammatory activities as well as regenerating endogenous antioxidants defense system mechanisms.

Associations of Urinary Trichloroacetic Acid Concentrations with Spermatozoa Apoptosis and DNA Damage in a Chinese Population.

Exposure to trichloroacetic acid (TCAA) has been associated with impaired semen quality; however, its association with spermatozoa apoptosis and DNA damage remains unclear. We, therefore, collected single semen and repeated urine samples from male partners of couples attending a reproductive center, which were measured for spermatozoa apoptosis and DNA damage parameters and TCAA concentrations, respectively. Multivariable linear regression models were used to explore the associations between urinary TCAA concentrations and spermatozoa apoptosis (n = 462) and DNA damage parameters (n = 512). After adjusting for potential confounders, positive dose-response relationships were found between urinary TCAA concentrations and percentage of tail DNA (tail%) and tail-distributed moment (TDM) (both p for trend <0.10). Compared with men in the lowest tertile of urinary TCAA concentrations, men in the highest tertile had a greater tail% and TDM of 6.2% (95% CI: 0.7, 12.2%) and 8.9% (95% CI: -1.9, 20.5%), respectively. Urinary TCAA concentrations were unrelated to spermatozoa apoptosis parameters in a dose-response manner. However, urinary TCAA concentrations were positively associated with the percentage of Annexin V+/PI- spermatozoa (apoptotic cells), when urinary TCAA concentrations were modeled as continuous variables. Our results suggest that exposure to TCAA at concentrations in real-world scenarios may be associated with spermatozoa apoptosis and DNA damage.

Safety evaluation of carbon tetrafluoride as an inert hyperbaric breathing gas in Sprague-Dawley rats

Carbon tetrafluoride (CF4) is an inert gas with higher molecular weight and lower water solubility than commonly used hyperbaric breathing gases. These inert gas properties decrease time required to decompress and avoid decompression sickness after deep dives. To assess CF4 toxicity, Sprague-Dawley rats were exposed to 8 atm absolute (ATA) air (10 males, 10 females) or 8 ATA 79% CF4/21% O2 (25 males, 25 females). Exposures were 30 min daily for 5 days. Rat behavior was normal throughout the testing period. There were no gross or microscopic pathology abnormalities following repeat dose exposure. Male body weight trends were similar between groups. Female body weight trends were 0.5 ± 0.8% day−1 for hyperbaric air exposure and − 0.2 ± 0.8% day−1 for hyperbaric CF4 exposure (P = 0.01) but remained within literature cited norms. Organ weights and hematologic indices remained within or near literature normal ranges. Clinical chemistry panels showed no signs of toxicity in renal or hepatic biomarkers. Polychromatic erythrocyte micronucleus frequency showed no chromosomal damage. Comet assay showed no DNA damage in lung tissue. Females exposed to CF4 had 2.5 times greater percent tail DNA in liver tissue than controls (P = 0.009). However this result remained within the normal range of local negative controls. A bacterial reverse mutation assay with exposure to 1 ATA 79% CF4/21% O2 for 72 h was nonmutagenic in four strains of Salmonella typhimurium and one strain of Escherichia coli. Overall, there was no evidence that CF4 caused organ toxicity or genetic toxicity.

Antioxidant Potential, DNA Damage, Inflammation, Glycemic Control and Lipid Metabolism Alteration: A Mediation Analysis of Islamic Sunnah Intermittent Fasting on Cognitive Function among Older Adults with Mild Cognitive Impairment.

This study aimed to determine the relationship between oxidative stress, DNA damage, inflammation, and metabolic biomarkers as the mediating factor between Islamic Sunnah intermittent fasting (IF) practice and cognitive function among older adults with mild cognitive impairment (MCI). This study was a 36 months prospective cohort study. Community-dwelling older participants recruited through a stratified random sampling method from four states representing Malaysia's central, north-west, northeast and southern regions. Ninety-nine Malay Muslim older adults (n= 99) aged 60 and above with MCI and no known critical illnesses were included in the current analysis. The participants were divided into regularly practicing IF (r-IF), irregularly practicing IF (i-IF) and not practicing IF (n-IF) groups. Fasting venous blood was collected and used to determine the levels of oxidative stress, DNA damage, inflammatory and metabolic biomarkers. Mini-Mental State Examination, Montreal Cognitive Assessment, Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test, Digit Span and Digit symbol were used to evaluate the cognitive function. Then, the mediation analysis was conducted using a multistep regression model to determine the mediating role of various biomarkers between IF practice and cognitive function. When comparing the r-IF and n-IF groups, higher SOD activity, lower DNA damage (percentage of DNA in tail), lower CRP levels and higher HDL-cholesterol levels established partial mediation while lower insulin levels established complete mediation between IF practice and better cognitive function. Meanwhile, when comparing the r-IF and i-IF groups, higher SOD activity and lower CRP levels completely mediated the effects of IF practice on better cognitive function. It can be concluded that changes in antioxidant function, DNA damage, inflammation and a limited set of metabolic biomarkers (insulin and HDL cholesterol) may mediate improvements in cognitive function among older participants with MCI who practice Islamic Sunnah IF.

Genotoxic impact of di-n-butyl phthalate on DNA: A comparative study of three generations in the neuronal tissue of Wistar rats.

Di-n-butyl phthalate (DBP), one of the plasticizers, is considered a ubiquitous environmental contaminant due to its widespread application in personal-care products and serves as a raw material in many industries for the generation of many plastic products. Several scientific investigations have shown that DBP caused embryotoxicity and cognitive impairments. However, there is less understanding of the genotoxic potential of DBP in neuronal tissue when exposure happens continuously for several generations. The present study was undertaken to investigate the impact of DBP on the nucleic acids of neuronal tissue in one-month-old rats by performing a comet assay and biochemical analyses. By oral gavage, the parental generation (F0) was administered DBP (500mg/kg/day) during gestation (GD6-20) and lactation, and exposures were continued for three consecutive generations until the pups were grown to one-month-old. The oxidative stress assessments carried out in discrete brain regions isolated from one-month-old rats (F1-F3) following DBP exposure indicated significant inhibition in the levels of antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase and catalase) while oxidant status (malondialdehyde) was elevated significantly. The extent of DNA damage using the comet assay, as measured by the olive moment, tail DNA percentage and tail length, was greater in DBP-treated rats compared with the control group, but RNA/DNA content decreased significantly. The results of this study suggested a strong link between oxidative stress and genetic integrity in the neuronal tissue of rats exposed to DBP generationally. To summarise, DBP exposure during pregnancy caused oxidative stress, which resulted in genetic instability in specific discrete brain regions of the third generation.

Evaluation of Ceftriaxone Residue in Cow Milk and its Toxicity on Danio rerio

Ceftriaxone (CEFT), a widely used broad-spectrum beta -lactam cephalosporin antibiotic, is used to treat bovine mastitis, caused by a variety of bacteria. If used injudiciously, this antibiotic leaves a residue that persists after pasteurization. Antibiotic residue contamination occurs when antibiotic residue exceeds its Maximum Residue Limits (MRLs). This has negative impacts on both public health and the environment. The aim of a recent study was to determine the concentration of ceftriaxone residue (CEFTR) in raw and pasteurized mastitis cow milk, and its role in developmental toxicity and genotoxicity in the zebra fish model. The CEFTR concentrations in raw and pasteurized milk were several times higher than CEFT's MRL. CEFTR showed a decrease in body length and yolk sac region of zebra fish larvae 7-amino cephalosporanic acid (7-ACA), C3 and C7 are the cephalosporin components produced by the degradation of CEFT that may present in CEFTR, and have an impact on the zebra fish embryo in this stage of development. Comet Assay or Single Cell Gel Electrophoresis (SCGE) also exhibited highest percentage of tail DNA, and tail moment (DNA migration) that is the ultimate indicator of DNA damage by breaking DNA strands and incorporating guanine residue into the genome that ultimately damages the DNA. As a result, the CEFTR is extremely concerning for public health and the environment. The toxic effects of the CEFTR in zebra fish model have not yet been studied. This may be the first comprehensive study.

Higher levels of lead and aluminium are associated with increased risk of falls among community-dwelling older adults: An 18-month follow-up study.

The present study aims to determine the association of trace elements and oxidative and DNA damage biomarkers with fall incidence among community-dwelling older adults. This study is part of the Long-term Research Grant Scheme - Towards Useful Ageing cohort study in Malaysia. Of a total of 174 participants with complete trace elements and oxidative and DNA damage data during baseline, only 147 (84.5%) were successfully followed up after 18 months. Participants who experienced any fall events in the previous 18 months during the follow-up were categorized as fallers. Thirty participants (20.4%) reported at least one fall in the previous 18 months. The mean concentrations of aluminium, lead and zinc were significantly higher (P < 0.05) in fallers than non-fallers. However, in comparison with the non-faller group, the percentage of DNA in tail (11.43 ± 4.10% vs. 13.22 ± 5.24%) and tail moment (1.19 ± 0.54 AU vs. 1.59 ± 0.78 AU) was significantly (P < 0.05) lower in the faller group. No significant difference in serum superoxide dismutase activities and malondialdehyde level was observed between non-fallers and fallers. Following multifactorial adjustments, higher aluminium (odds ratio [OR]: 1.007; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.002-1.011) and lead (OR: 1.162; 95% CI: 1.010-1.336) levels and lower tail moment scores (OR: 0.313; 95% CI: 0.138-0.709) appeared significant in the final hierarchical binary logistic regression model. Higher levels of lead and aluminium were associated with increased risk of falls among community-dwelling older adults. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2021; 21: 1026-1032.

Viability and DNA Damage of Buccal Mucosa Cells in Patients Exposed to Panoramic X-ray

Panoramic X-ray is well known to cause DNA damage and induces cellular death. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the cytotoxicity of radiation exposure from panoramic radiography on human buccal mucosa cells by assessing the cell viability using the simple-trypan blue exclusion test. The genotoxicity effect was evaluated by assessing comet assay score. This research included a total of 20 healthy patients who had panoramic radiography for a routine dental examination. Buccal mucosa cells were collected from all participants before X-ray exposure and at 30 min or 24 h after exposure in Groups 1 and 2, respectively, and subjected to a comet assay and trypan blue exclusion test to assess cell viability and DNA damage. Cell viability was calculated as the ratio of live (translucent) to total counted cells. Comet assay output images were analysed using OpenComet software and a visual score by measuring the percentages of tail DNA and summing the visual score, respectively. A statistically significant (p &lt; 0.05) reduce in cell viability was observed at 30 min after exposure, furthermore there is no more reduction after 24 h. Both comet assay measurements showed a significant (p &lt; 0.05) increase in the percentage of tail DNA and visual score at 30 min after exposure, then tend to decrease after 24 h of exposure, although it was not significant (p &gt; 0.05). The results showed that panoramic radiography interfered cell viability and induced DNA damage in buccal mucosa cells within 30 min after exposure, but these effects were ceased after 24 h.