Percentage Of Teenagers Research Articles

Efeitos do aumento da idade mínima legal no trabalho dos brasileiros de 14 e 15 anos

O objetivo deste trabalho é verificar o efeito que o aumento da idade mínima legal para ingresso no mercado de trabalho no Brasil teve na oferta de trabalho dos adolescentes de 14 e 15 anos de idade, que em 1998 passou de 14 para 16 anos para o trabalho formal e de 12 para 14 anos na condição de aprendiz. São realizadas análises de freqüência e econométrica mais complexa dos dados das PNADs de 1995 a 2003. Por meio da análise de freqüência dos dados, nota-se um declínio na proporção de meninos e meninas de 14 e 15 anos que trabalham, tanto na área urbana quanto na área rural, mas não é possível separar o efeito em legislação e tendência. Nota-se também que neste período houve aumento na proporção de adolescentes que freqüentam a escola e diminuição nos salários dos adolescentes que trabalham e na renda per capita média das famílias com adolescentes trabalhando ou não. Como conseqüência do aumento da freqüência à escola, nota-se ainda um aumento na proporção de adolescentes trabalhando menos de 40 horas semanais e uma redução na dos que trabalham mais de 40 horas por semana. Na análise econométrica estimou-se um modelo probit agregando-se os dados das PNADs de 1995 a 2003 (pooling). O coeficiente da variável de interesse, que capta o efeito da mudança da lei, mostrou-se estatisticamente significativo nas equações de trabalho de meninos e meninas da área urbana e rural. Conclui-se então que a legislação contribuiu significativamente para uma redução na porcentagem de adolescentes no mercado de trabalho, embora não tenha eliminado completamente o trabalho infantil.

Population density and teen pregnancy.

The relationship between population density and the percentage of teens who electively terminate their pregnancy was the focus of this study. The United States population density was determined for each state and each district of the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG) from the 2000 US Census. The United States teenage pregnancy statistics for females aged 15 to 19 years in 1999 and 2000 were obtained from the Alan Guttmacher Institute. The main measures were the correlation between population density and teen pregnancy rate or teen abortion rate by state and ACOG district. In 2000 there was no significant correlation between population density and the percentage of teenage females who conceived when analyzed by ACOG district (correlation coefficient r = 0.063, P =.87). In contrast, there was a significant correlation between population density and the percentage of pregnant teens who electively terminated their pregnancy when analyzed by ACOG district (r = 0.85, P =.003). In regions of greatest population density the percentage of pregnant teens who electively terminated was about 50%. In regions of least population density the percentage of pregnant teens who electively terminated was about 25%. Similar results were observed when teen pregnancy and abortion data from 1999 were analyzed. In the United States population density is not associated with the percentage of teenage females who become pregnant, but it is positively correlated with the percentage of pregnant teens that electively terminate their pregnancy. In areas of low population density teens who become pregnant may prefer birth to pregnancy termination. Alternatively, the access to pregnancy termination services may be suboptimal for teens in geographic areas with low population density. II-2

THE LIVED EXPERIENCES OF ADOLESCENT GIRLS' RELATIONSHIP WITH TOBACCO

Purpose: Despite increased efforts to educate youth about the dangers of cigarette smoking, the percentage of teenagers who smoke continues to rise. This study was designed to explore the lived experiences of 14 adolescent girls who enrolled in a tobacco cessation program. Design: Phenomenology Methods: The experiences of fourteen adolescent girls were studied over a 10-week period while they were enrolled in a school-based tobacco cessation program. A combination of interviews, group discussions, and journaling were used to describe the experiences of these girls with tobacco use. Three common themes and two subthemes emerged that were supported by data. Results: Tobacco use in the lives of these girls changed over time. The importance of listening to their stories and giving meaning to the behavior is clear. Nurses must continue to explore these methods as they support clients in tobacco cessation programs. While none of the girls in this study quit smoking, the need for nursing interventions to support tobacco users by understanding their physical and emotional relationship with tobacco is important for future success.

Adolescent Sexual Behavior and Sexual Health

1. Renee E. Sieving, PhD, RNC* 2. Jennifer A. Oliphant, MPH* 3. Robert Wm. Blum, MD, PhD* 1. *Division of General Pediatrics and Adolescent Health, Department of Pediatrics, Medical School, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN After completing this article, readers should be able to: 1. Describe the trends related to adolescent sexual and reproductive health in the United States. 2. Explain the steps of becoming a sexually healthy adult in the United States. 3. Describe the continuum of sexual risk. 4. Delineate the best method of encouraging behavior change among adolescents. 5. Characterize how the law affects adolescents’ access to reproductive health care. Adolescent sexual behavior is influenced by a complex set of interactions of biology and genetics, individual perceptions, personality characteristics, and sociocultural norms and values. This article addresses trends related to sexual and reproductive health of adolescents as well as clinical assessment and interventions designed to reduce sexual risk and promote sexual health of the adolescents in the United States. ### Sexual Behavior Perhaps in no other single area has there been as dramatic a change in the past decade as in adolescent sexual and reproductive health.There has been a small but significant decline in the percentage of teens who report having had sexual intercourse today compared with a decade ago. Specifically, in 1988, 53% of teenage females and 60% of males reported ever having had sexual intercourse; a decade later it was 50% and 55%, respectively. However, there has been an even more dramatic trend toward early initiation of sex. In 1988, 11% of adolescent females 14 years of age and younger reported having had sexual intercourse; a decade later it was 19%. Although we tend to think of youths who have initiated intercourse as being “sexually active,” substantial data suggest otherwise. In fact, Terry and Manlove noted that in 1997, only 37% of females and 33% of males who reported ever having had sexual intercourse said that they had sex in the past 3 months. In 1995, the majority of sexually experienced high school teens (54% of …

More Teens Using Ecstasy, But Increase Begins to Slow

More Teens Using Ecstasy, But Increase Begins to Slow

Impact of Adolescent Pregnancy as We Approach the New Millennium

Between 1990 and 1997 teen pregnancy and birth rates have fallen dramatically, especially in black teens. However, the teen birth rate in the United States remains the highest of any industrialized nation: four times higher than Germany, six times higher than France. Contraception use has also increased. Condoms were used during last intercourse approximately 55% of the time in 1997 vs. only approximately 38% in 1991. Likewise, the percentage of teens having intercourse has dropped, and the number of abortions is down. The negative social and economic impact of early teenage pregnancy is tremendous. It is estimated to cost the nation about $21 billion annually (in 1993 dollars). The long-term productive life prospects are also lower for teenage mothers and their offspring. Many programs have been utilized to reduce the incidence of teen pregnancy. While some have had modest success, no single or simple solution is on the horizon.

Adolescents and illicit drug use.

Across the country parents wonder, “How could it happen to our children?” Lifetime prevalence rates of adolescent drug use have been rising since 1992 3 (Figure), and the percentage of teens saying they would never try illegal drugs is decreasing: 86% in 1995, 51% in 1996, and 46% in 1997. 4,5 Adolescent substance abuse is an overwhelming public health problem in the United States. In 1997, the lifetime prevalence of any illicit drug use by 12th graders was 54.3%, and approximately one fourth of 10th and 12th graders reported using an illicit substance in the past month. 3 About 76% of high school students and 46% of middle school students say that drugs are kept, used, or sold on school grounds. With 56% of 12to 17-year-olds reporting that they know a friend or classmate who uses cocaine, heroin, or LSD, it is not surprising that 35% of adolescents cite drugs as the most important problem they face. 5

Improved Retinol, Carotene, Ferritin, and Folate Status in Nuxalk Teenagers and Adults after a Health Promotion Programme

Plasma retinol and carotene, erythrocyte folate, serum ferritin, and haemoglobin were determined in native people living on the west coast of British Columbia before and after a three-year intervention programme of nutrition education and health promotion emphasizing local cultural food. One hundred ninety-nine persons participated before (T1) and 267 after (T2) the programme, with 107 persons participating in both periods. Overall T2 mean ± SEM adult (20–60 years) retinol increased (p <.05) over T1 from 23.8 ± 0.5 to 42.4 ± 17.3 μg/dl, carotene increased from 37.4 ± 1.2 to 54.1 ± 1.6 μg/dl, and erythrocyte folate increased from 226 ± 8 to 264 ± 8 ng/ml. T2 mean ± SEM adult ferritin and haemoglobin for all ages/sexes combined did not change; however, haemoglobin for older women 41 to 60 years of age increased (p <.05) from 12.4 ± 0.4 to 13.2 ± 0.2 g/dl, and the percentage of teenagers at risk for low ferritin levels was reduced for females from 85% to 17% and for males from 50% to 11%. It was concluded that the intervention programme improved vitamin A and folate status for the overall community and iron status for teenagers.

Pharmacologic Management of Childhood Hypertension

Antihypertensive drug therapy is used in children primarily to treat secondary forms of hypertension, because the prevalence of essential hypertension in the first decade of life is considerably less than 1% of the childhood population. This prevalence increases during the second decade of life, but the percentage of teenagers with essential hypertension continues to be low. Pharmaceutical companies have been able to target drug development to specific physiologic and biochemical systems. The converting enzyme inhibitors and calcium-channel blockers have greatly improved the success of therapy concomitant with a reduction in the incidence of adverse effects. The result has been a major change during the past decade in the recommendations for antihypertensive drug therapy.