Percentage Of Stearic Acid Research Articles

Recurrent Selection in Soybeans. IV. Selection for Increased Oleic Acid Percentage in Seed Oil1

Soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] oil is the major edible vegetable oil that has a high endogenous level of linolenic acid. Natural oxidation of linolenic acid produces chemical intermediates which cause poor oil flavor. An expensive hydrogenation process is required to lower the concentration of linolenic acid to an acceptable level. Because of this, a plant breeding project was begun to reduce the percentage of linolenic acid in soybean oil. The selection criterion was high oleic acid percentage which is negatively correlated with linolenic acid percentage. A soybean population was developed by mating six lines with relatively high oleic acid percentage to the genetic male‐sterile (ms1ms1) maintainer line, N69‐2774. Four cycles of recurrent mass selection for increased oleic acid were conducted in the population. In the fourth cycle, mass selection was followed by within half‐sib family selection. In each cycle segregation of the male‐sterile trait within the population permitted cross matings to occur naturally between selected male‐sterile and male‐fertile plants by insect pollination. Progress due to selection was evaluated by growing the selected lines from each cycle in replicated tests in six environments. Results of these tests show that oleic acid percentage of the soybean oil increased linearly from 24.8 to 33.0%. The correlated trait, linolenic acid percentage, decreased linearly from 7.8 to 6.3%. In addition, the linoleic acid level declined from 53.3 to 47.0%. Changes in stearic acid percentage were not correlated with cycles of selection. Realized heritability (h2) for oleic acid percentage was 0.21 ± 0.06. There was a significant interaction between environments and cycle populations. The effect of that interaction, however, was expressed as differences in the magnitude of oleic acid percentages in the different environments rather than differences in ranking. Hence, selection for oleic acid percentage in soybean oil may not be compromised severely by environmental interaction.

Fatty acid composition of human adipose tissue from two anatomical sites in a biracial community

This report describes the age-race specific distribution of fatty acids in samples of adipose tissue taken from both the perirenal and buttock areas of 406 men autopsied in a community pathology study. This analysis of fatty acid composition of adipose tissue is part of a comprehensive investigation of atherosclerosis and coronary heart disease in a community setting. The findings from analysis of fatty acids are expressed as mass percentage of all fatty acids in adipose tissue triglyceride. For each age-site subgroup, white men tended to have higher mean percentages of myristic acid and palmitoleic acid than did black men. The converse was found for stearic acid. In the younger age groups only, the whites showed a higher mean percentage of linoleic acid than the blacks in adipose tissue from both sites. Age was associated with a decrease in mean percentage of stearic acid and an increase in mean percentage of oleic acid and palmitoleic acid in both races. The older age group had a lower mean percentage of linoleic acid than the younger age groups. The mean percentages of myristic, palmitic, and stearic acids were higher in perirenal tissue, while the mean percentages of palmitoleic and oleic acids were higher in buttock adipose tissue in both races.

Effects of Ascorbic Acid and Vitamin E on Serum Lipids of Cockerels Fed Wesson Oil-cholesterol Diets

The major lipid changes caused by adding 5% Wesson Oil and 1% cholesterol to cockerel diets were large increases in serum cholesterol, cholesteryl esters, and triglycerides. Lecithin and cephalin were not affected. Ascorbic acid significantly increased serum triglycerides; vitamin E significantly lowered serum cholesterol.Percentages of the saturated acids (palmitic, stearic, and arachidonic) of cockerels on the Wesson Oil-cholesterol diet decreased significantly; unsaturated linolenic and linoleic acids increased, and oleic acid remained the same. Dietary ascorbic acid seemed not to affect fatty acid distribution significantly, but when vitamin E was added to the diet, the stearic acid percentage rose and oleic acid percentage was lower.Acrylamide-gel electrophoresis showed that changes the vitamin E caused in the lipid and protein constituents of cockerel serum differed from changes the Wesson Oil-cholesterol diet caused.

Lipid metabolism in the cow during starvation-induced ketosis.

1. Concentrations and compositions of liver, serum and milk lipids of cows were measured during 6 days' starvation and serum lipids during 60 days' re-feeding. 2. The concentration of free fatty acid in serum increased fivefold during starvation. 3. The content of total lipid in liver (g/100g of liver dry matter) doubled owing to a 20-fold increase in triglyceride, an eightfold increase in cholesterol ester, a three fold increase in free fatty acid and a 20% increase in cholesterol. There were no changes in the content or composition of liver phospholipids. 4. Starvation lowered the concentrations of total lipid, phospholipid and cholesterol ester of dextran sulphate-precipitable serum lipoproteins. Total lipid and cholesterol ester concentrations in lipoproteins of d greater than 1.055 and in lipoproteins not precipitable by dextran sulphate decreased from day 4 of the starvation period and during the first 20 days' re-feeding. 5. During starvation there were decreases in percentages of stearic acid and increases in oleic acid in serum free fatty acids and triglycerides and in liver neutral lipid. 6. Throughout starvation total milk lipid yield decreased, yields and percentages of C4-14 fatty acids decreased and percentages of C18 fatty acids increased. 7. It is suggested that accumulation of triglyceride in liver may be caused by increased uptake of plasma free fatty acids without corresponding increase in lipoprotein secretion.

Phospholipids in amniotic fluid. II. Lecithin fatty acid patterns related to gestation, maternal disease and fetal outcome.

Abstract. Amniotic fluid samples were extracted with chloroform and methanol for lipids. Thin layer chromatography (TLC) was used to separate the phospholipids. Lecithin spots from the TLC were scraped and methylated for fatty acid (FA) analysis by gas liquid chromatography (GLC). The FA composition of the lecithins from 61 samples of amniotic fluid were determined. These included 17 from diabetic mothers, 36 from Rh sensitized mothers and 8 from normal or pre‐eclamptic mothers at gestational ages from 26–42 weeks. The percentage of saturated FA increased from 58–70% at gestational ages of 26–31 weeks to 75–90% after 37 weeks gestation. Palmitic acid comprised 24–51%, myristic acid 0–4%, stearic acid 18–44% and oleic acid 16–32% of the lecithin FA between 26–31 weeks gestation. With increasing gestational age, the percentage of palmitic and myristic acids increased, while the percentage of stearic and oleic acid decreased. Five of 27 infants, delivered within seven days of obtaining the amniotic fluid samples and between 24–42 weeks gestation, developed RDS. The lecithins from the five patients with RDS had no myristic acid and decreased palmitic acid (4 of 5<60%) compared with healthy infants of similar gestational age. The amniotic fluid lecithin from the five infants with RDS had 16–35% stearic acid while only two of 22 healthy infants had >9% stearic acid (11 & 17%). The ratio of stearic acid to oleic acid (SA/OA) was >1.3 in all five infants with RDS, and <1.3 in all healthy infants. Amniotic fluid from infants born between 34 and 38 weeks gestation who develop RDS has not only decreased. Five of 27 infants, delivered within seven days characteristic FA patterns associated with decreased surfactant activity. The percentage of stearic acid more closely parallels pulmonary maturity than the concentration of lecithin or the L/S ratio.

Erythrozytenlipide bei progressiver muskeldystrophie

1. 1. The red blood cell lipids in different forms of human muscular dystrophy (m.d., 29 cases) were estimated and a significant increase of the sphingomyelin content was found in x-chromosomal and autosomal malignant m.d. In these cases sphingomyelin was the main fraction of the phospholipids. Plasmalogens showed no variation. 2. 2. The fatty acid pattern of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) and sphingomyelin (Sph) from erythrocytes in m.d. was significantly altered: in PE of m.d. the dimethyl acetals were increased, arachidonic acid was diminished. In Sph of m.d., the fatty acids 16:0, 24:2 and 18:2 were decreased and the percentage of stearic acid was increased. The composition of fatty acids in the corresponding fractions in the serum was not altered. 3. 3. The influx of linoleic acid and the incorporation of this fatty acid in phosphatidylcholine (PCh) and PE in erythrocytes of m.d. during incubation in vitro was increased, the reactivity of palmitic and stearic acids was not different from the controls. 4. 4. In the pooled bioptic samples of three cases of m.d., the fatty acid pattern of PCh, PE, Sph and lyso-PCh was estimated. Remarkable differences as compared to normal muscle were found. 5. 5. The results are discussed in the light of the thesis that the primary defect in m.d. concerns the specific incorporation of linoleic acid during the de novo synthesis of PCh in muscle. Possible mechanism of variation of the pattern of fatty acids in red blood cell phospholipids are discussed considering the fact that Sph has a lower turnover than PCh and PE.

Effect of Dibutylhydroxytoluene on the Lipid and Drug Metabolism of Rat Liver

Effect of short term administration of dibutylhydroxytoluene (BHT) on lipids and drug metabolizing enzyme system of liver in female rats were investigated.1) BHT administration caused liver enlargement and the increase of cholesterol in microsomes and mitochondria, and that of phospholipid in microsomes, but no change in serum cholesterol, liver glycogen and triglyceride contents.2) BHT administration did not change the percentage composition of phospholipids. However, BHT administration increased the percentage of stearic acid in mitochondria phosphatidyl ethanolamine and phosphatidyl choline fractions, while it decreased that of unsaturated fatty acid such as arachidonic acid.3) The activity of aminopyrine demethylase, the contents of cytochrome P-450 and b5, and the spectral difference of aniline binding increased significantly by the BHT administration.

A comparison of magnesium deficiency, cold acclimation and thyroxine administration on mitochondrial fatty acid composition.

A study was made to compare the effects of dietary magnesium deficiency, cold acclimation, and thyroxine administration on liver mitochondrial fatty acid composition. Groups of singly caged rats were fed synthetic diets containing either a control level (61 mg %) or a low level (4 mg %) of magnesium, and of these some were kept in the cold (5 ± 2°) and others at normal colony room temperature (23 ± 2°). A selected number of these rats were made hyper-thyroid by ip injection of 2 mg/100 g body weight of L-thyroxine sodium daily for 8 days before sacrifice. The fatty acid composition of the mitochondrial lipids was determined by gas chromatography. Cold acclimation alone significantly decreased the percentages of palmitic and arachidonic acids and increased the percentages of myristoleic, stearic, and linoleic acids. Throxine treatment increased the percentage of stearic acid and decreased linoleic and arachidonic acids. Magnesium deficiency, on the other hand, had little effect on the major components of the mitochondrial fatty acids and no effect on the total unsaturated fatty acids. It is concluded that mitochondrial swelling and uncoupling produced by magnesium deficiency does not seem to be related to changes in the total unsaturation of mitochondrial fatty acids.

The effect of intravenous infusions of sterculic acid on milk fat synthesis.

1. The effects of intraduodenal infusions of sterculic acid, a naturally occurring inhibitor of desaturase activity, on the yield and composition of milk were examined in a lactating goat.2. Sterculic acid administration increased the percentage of stearic acid in milk fat, reflecting inhibition of mammary desaturase activity. Milk yield was not affected, but milk fat output decreased. Possible explanations are discussed.3. No evidence was obtained for an alternative pathway of oleic acid synthesis from acetate.

Differences in percentages of fatty acids in triglycerides and phospholipids larvae of the bollworm and the tobacco budworm as possible factors in their tolerance to insecticides.

Fatty acids in the triglycerides and phospholipids from early (about 3rd-stage) and late (about 5th-stage) larvae of Heliothis zea (Boddie), and H. virescens (F.) susceptible to insecticides were analyzed by gas chromatography and compared. The triglycerides of early larvae of H. zea contained a higher percentage of stearic acid than the triglycerides of H. virescens of the same age. Also, the triglycerides of both early and late larvae of H. zea had more oleic and less linoleic acid than the triglycerides of H. virescens of the same ages. The phospholipids of both instars of H. zea contained higher percentages of stearic acid and lower percentages of linoleic and linolenic acids than the phospholipids of H. virescens of the same ages. Since the differences in fatty acids could not be explained entirely by larval growth, they may have a role in the greater natural tolerance of H. virescens to insecticides because they could affect the solubility of insecticides in lipids or the characteristics of the cell membrane.

Interactions of Alleles at Two Loci Regulating Fatty Acid Composition of the Seed Oil of Safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.)1

Alleles affecting the fatty acid composition of the seed oil of safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) at the st (stearic acid) and ol (oleic acid) loci segregated independently. Increases in stearic acid percentage were accompanied by decreases in the percentage of oleic acid, linoleic acid, or both. In certain genotypes it appeared that cooler growing temperatures reduced the relative amounts of stearic and oleic acids while increasing linoleic acid.

Inheritance of Stearic Acid in the Seed Oil of Safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.)1

Differences in percentages of stearic acid in the seed oil of the safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) introductions, Israel 55‐46 (high), Russia 60‐110 (high) and the cultivar ‘US‐10’ (low), were determined principally by alleles at a single locus. Seeds of genotypes StSt, Stst, and stst have oils with respective stearic acid contents of 1.0 to 2.5, 2.5 to 5.0, and 5.0 to 12.0%. Increases in the percentage of stearic acid were accompanied by decreases in the relative amounts of linoleic acid, oleic acid, or both linoleic and oleic acids. Palmitic acid was usually reduced slightly as stearic acid increased.

The fatty acid composition of cuticle and fat body tissue from Tenebrio molitor (L.), Periplaneta americana (L.) and Schistocerca gregaria (Forskal)

1. 1. In all three species minor qualitative and quantitative differences in fatty acid composition were found between cuticle and fat body tissue. However, little correlation could be found between these differences among the species. 2. 2. In T. molitor, quantities of C 14:1, ∗ C 16:2 and C 18:3 fatty acids were found in the fat body, and not detected in the cuticle. The fat body contained a higher percentage of stearic acid and less palmitic and C 18:1 fatty acids. 3. 3. In P. americana, the cuticle contained C 18:3 fatty acids not detected in the fat body. The fat body contained a lower percentage of stearic and C 18:2 fatty acids, and a higher percentage of C 18:1 fatty acids. 4. 4. There was very little difference in the fatty acid composition of the cuticle and fat body of S. gregaria.

The Effect of Intravenous Infusion of Dopamine on the Unesterified Fatty Acids of Sheep Plasma

Intravenous infusion of 5 μg./kg. min, dopamine for 25 min, in sheep caused a rise in plasma unesterified fatty acids from 10.5 mg. to 16.6 mg./100 ml. plasma. The percentage of oleic acid in the total plasma unesterified fatty acids increased during dopamine infusion from 30.8 to 36.4% and the percentage of stearic acid decreased from 43.5 to 38.2%.

Effect of thyroid activity on fatty acid composition of serum lipids

The effects have been studied of changes in thyroid function on serum lipid concentrations and on the fatty acid composition of free fatty acids (FFA), triglycerides, cholesteryl esters and phospholipids.Patients with hypothyroidism had increased serum concentrations of total cholesterol and phospholipids compared with normal control subjects of similar age. In FFA, there was a lower percentage of oleic and a higher percentage of palmitic acid; in triglyceride fatty acids, there was a higher percentage of stearic acid; and in the cholesteryl fatty acids, the percentage of arachidonic acid was low.Patients with hyperthyroidism had increased serum concentrations of FFA and decreased concentrations of total cholesterol and phospholipids. The proportions of oleic acid in free and triglyceride fatty acids were increased. There were higher proportions of arachidonic acid in the cholesteryl fatty acids and higher proportions of eicosatrienoic acid in phospholipid fatty acids; the percentage of phospholipid linoleate was depreased.The treatment of hypothyroid patients with thyroid hormones and the treatment of hyperthyroid patients with antithyroid drugs revealed a direct relationship between thyroid activity and FFA concentrations, the proportions of oleic acid in FFA, the proportions of arachidonic acid in cholesteryl fatty acids and the proportions of eicosatrienoic acid in phospholipid fatty acids. An inverse relationship was found between thyroid activity and the concentrations of total cholesterol and phospholipids, the percentage levels of palmitic acid in FFA and of linoleic acid in phospholipid fatty acids.The effects of thyroid activity on fatty acid metabolism and transport are discussed. A possible relationship between cholesteryl arachidonate and atherosclerosis is considered.

In vitro incorporation of [1- 14C]acetate and [1- 14C]palmitate into the aortic phospholipids of non–pregnant and pregnant female rabbits

Summary Aortas from non-pregnant and 6 day pregnant rabbits were incubated with [l- 14 C]acetate and [l- 14 C]palmitate. 14 CO 2 was collected, and subsequently the amounts, radioactivities, fatty acid composition and fatty acid radioactivities of individual aortic phospholipids were determined. In aortas from both non-pregnant and pregnant rabbits phosphatidyl choline was present in highest amounts and also showed the highest degree of incorporation of [ 14 C]acetate. Pregnancy seemed to decrease the incorporation of [ 14 C]acetate into aortic phosphatidyl choline and phosphatidyl serine and to slightly increase acetate incorporation into phosphatidyl ethanolamine. The percentage of stearic acid in phosphatidyl choline was lower in aortas from pregnant rabbits than in the non-pregnant group. Among individual fatty acids of phosphatidyl choline and phosphatidyl ethanolamine, palmitic acid showed the highest specific activity and number of μμ moles of [ 14 C]acetate incorporated. Pregnancy decreased the incorporation of [ 14 C]acetate into the major fatty acids of phosphatidyl choline, and slightly increased the radioactivity in the fatty acids of phosphatidyl ethanolamine. The incorporation of [ 14 C]palmitate into all the aortic phospholipid classes was decreased by pregnancy. Oxidation of both the [ 14 C]acetate and [ 14 C]palmitate to 14 CO 2 was lower in the aortas from pregnant rabbits than in those from the non-pregnant group.

Effect of Feeding DL-Ethionine on the Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids of Rat Liver Phospholipids

An experiment was carried out to investigate the effect of dietary ethionine on the essential fatty acid composition of rat liver phospholipids. Male and female rats were fed, for 14 days, a 9% casein diet supplemented with either 0.25% DL-ethionine, 0.5% DL-ethionine or 0.25% DL-ethionine plus 0.5% DL-methionine. At the end of the feeding period, livers were removed, their lipids were extracted and separated into triglycerides and phospholipid fractions, and their fatty acids were determined. While ethionine caused variable concentrations of triglyceride in both sexes, it had very little effect on the fatty acid composition of that fraction. Hepatic phospholipid concentrations, however, were much more consistent and similar for both sexes. The percentage of arachidonic acid in this lipid was significantly reduced in both sexes by ethionine, whereas the proportions of linoleic and oleic acids were increased. In both sexes, the largest phospholipid fraction, the phosphatidyl cholines showed the same changes as did the whole phospholipid, but they were more pronounced. The ethionine also decreased the percentage of stearic acid in this fraction, but the change was only significant in females. Only arachidonic acid and a pentaenoic acid were reduced in the phosphatidyl ethanolamines of both sexes by ethionine. Supplementation of the ethionine diet with methionine prevented most of the fatty acid changes in the phospholipid fractions. The results showed, therefore, that dietary ethionine exerts an influence on the metabolism of the phospholipid polyunsaturated fatty acids of both sexes by decreasing the relative amounts of arachidonic acid at the same time that linoleic acid is being increased. Possible reasons for the observed fatty acid changes are discussed.

Étude dynamique in vivo et in vitro de la composition des acides gras non estérifiés du plasma post-héparine chez l'homme

Analysis of the fatty acid composition of healthy human post-heparin plasma unesterified fatty acids and ante-heparin plasma triglycerides were compared. A similar study was made in vitro before and after post-heparin plasma triglycérides hydrolysis. The results obtained indicate that heparin-induced lipolytic activity is not specifically related to either the nature or the position of the fatty acid triglycerides. Ante-heparin plasma unesterified fatty acids contained a high percentage of stearic acid; the explanation of this phenomenon is not yet clear.

Studies on the distribution and chemical properties of the bound lipids of the human aorta

Summary The composition and chemical properties of the bound lipids of the aorta were investigated with the aid of thin-layer, column and gas-liquid chromatography. The results indicated that the involved and uninvolved intimal tissue contained appreci-able percentages of “bound lipids”, and that these bound lipids contained a high percentage of stearic acid. The isolated bound lipids appear to be the lipid associated with ceroid pigment. The available evidence supports the suggestion that the bound lipids were combined with protein and that such bound lipids may be bound as “ceroid pigments” which may have their origin in oxidized denatured lipoproteins.

Polyunsaturated fatty acids in mitochondria

SUMMARY Fatty acids of mitochrondria from hearts and livers of fresh-water and marine fish, marine birds, fur seal, and from sweet potato have been analyzed by gas-liquid chromatography. Cytochrome patterns, determined from difference spectra, were similar for all animal species ; the quantities of cytochromes varied slightly, heart mitochondria yielding higher values than the liver mitochondria in each species. Fish mitochondria showed a slightly lower cytochrome content than bird and mammalian mitochondria, while sweet potato particles contained very little cytochrome. Fatty acid patterns and degree of unsaturation were similar in mitochondria from fish and from fish-eating birds and seals. Major differences found in fatty acid patterns included: absence of detectable linoleic acid in liver mitochondria from sturgeon and flounder; absence of detectable arachidonic acid in mitochondria from sweet potato; a four-fold greater percentage of stearic acid and a four-fold greater percentage of combined linoleic-arachidonic acids in bird and seal mitochondria compared with those found in fish mitochondria; high levels of the ZinoZemte family of acids in fish mitochondria and intermediate levels in marine bird and seal mitochondria as compared to the high levels of the linoleate family of acids that have been found in rat liver, chicken liver, and beef heart mitochondria.