Percentage Of Reducing Sugars Research Articles

An interesting phenomenon in oil palm: anatomical, morphophysiological, and biochemical observations from aerial roots on the trunk

Abstract Roots are plant organs that function for nutrient and water absorption and support plant upright. Oil palm has distinctive roots due to the growth of primer roots that grow in two directions, namely vertical and horizontal. The growth of oil palm roots is highly dependent on the source of energy accumulated at the base of the stem. The availability of assimilate will determine the rate of root formation. The results of observations in the field, there is a phenomenon of root growth on oil palm stems. In general, there are four root growth phenomena, namely aerial roots which are the roots of plants affected by Ganoderma disease, roots that grow in the middle of the stem, the base of the stem, and at the end of the stem of the oil palm plant. This phenomenon has not been studied comprehensively. Therefore, this study was conducted with the aim of identifying the anatomical, morphophysiological, and plant biochemical observations of normal and aerial roots in oil palm trunks. The results showed differences in anatomical, morphology, and biochemical between roots growing underground and aerial roots. There are anatomical differences between the actual and aerial roots, namely the number of meta xylem is 19 pieces with a larger size in the underground roots, while the aerial roots are only 15 with a smaller size. The similarities between the two roots are included in the scalariform group. Aerial roots have the same types of roots as normal, namely primary, secondary, and tertiary roots. Based on the biochemical analysis, Palm5 has 3 times higher than reducing sugar percentage on Palm7.

Assessment of Onion (Allium Cepa L.) Genotypes for Horticultural Traits During Kharif Season

The present investigation entitled “Assessment of onion (Allium Cepa L.) genotypes for horticultural traits during kharif season” was conducted at C”-Block farm, Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Kalyani, Nadia, West Bengal during the year 2022- 2023. The experiment was conducted in simple randomized block design (RBD) with seven genotypes and they were randomized in three replications. This Experiment deals with seven different kharif onion genotypes which consist of (viz. DOGR-1627, N-53, Bhima Super, Balwan, Bhima Dark Red, Baswant-780 and Agrifound Dark Red). Through the current investigation the genotype DOGR-1627 was found better than the others in terms of yield (491.49 q-ha), double bulb percentage (2.96 %), neck thickness (5.59 mm) and days taken for maturity (124.67 days) as well as for harvesting (139.00 days). But in terms of quality parameters the genotype Balwan showed maximum Total soluble solids (TSS) of (14.30 ̊ B), Bhima dark red in total sugar percentage (2.47 %), reducing sugar percentage (2.25 %) and the highest polar diameter was recorded from the genotype Basawant-780 (59.57 mm). The genotypes from kharif group could be selected for further improvement and breeding work in future in this particular growing region. Although from the above experiment it may be concluded that in case of Kharif onion, the genotype DOGR-1627 found to be an ideal genotype in respect to marketable yield, neck thickness, double bulb percentage and days taken for maturity.

Obtaining glucosed syrups from husks of Banana (Musa paradisiaca L.) by enzymatic hydrolysis of cellulases

The objective was to determine the effect of the application of the fungal cellulase enzyme on the silk banana peels (Musa paradisiaca) to obtain glucosed syrup. The enzymatic hydrolysis of banana shells at 30% (w / v) was studied at a constant temperature of 50 ° C. The independent variables to be controlled were the concentration of the fungal cellulase enzyme (0.5%, 1% and 1.5% w / v) and the hydrolysis time (18, 24 and 30 hours). The dependent variables were the percentage of Reducer Sugar and the percentage of Dextrose Equivalent (D.E.) of the enzymatically hydrolysed samples. The experimental design was completely randomized with factorial model 32. Glucosed syrups were obtained from silk plantain hulls by the enzymatic hydrolysis of the fungal cellulase. The highest percentages of Reducer Sugar and Dextrose Equivalent were presented in the Cellulase Concentration at 1.5% (w / v) during a hydrolysis time of 30 hours with average values ​​of 15.5% of reducing sugar percentage and 30.9% of percentage of Dextrose Equivalent. In the enzymatic hydrolysis with fungal cellulase at 1.5% (w / v) and 30 hours a higher value-added product was obtained, the operating conditions and the process steps were defined that should be adapted for the production of glucosed syrup from of banana peels (Musa paradisiaca).

LIGNOCELLULOSES, SACCHARIDES AND BIO-ETHANOL YIELDS IN FUNGAL DI-CULTURE TREATED RICE HUSK

Pure monoculture strains of Aspergillus fumigates (AF), Aspergillus niger (AN), Aspergillus oryzae (AO), Trichophyton mentagrophyte (TM), Trichophyton rubrum (TR) and Trichophyton Sudanese (TS) were isolated from decomposing rice husk and di-culture combination in equal proportion used for treatment of fresh heat treated rice husk. Freshly processed rice husk in Mantle’s medium, were heat pre-treated using an autoclave at 121oC for 20 minutes. The isolated fungi di-culture combinations were inoculated into each of the pre-heated rice husk with the exception of two controls (heated rice husk C1 and untreated rice husk C2). Seven days rice husk fungal di-culture hydrolysis was followed by estimation of saccharine, lignocelluloses and bio-ethanol yields. Fungal did-culture treated rice husks were left to ferment for 7 days with introduction of both bakers’ and palm wine yeast. The result (in percent ± standard error of the mean) obtained in the work gave the highest carbohydrate (20.53 ± 1.39 %) from rice husks treated with TS + TR did-culture. Other highest values obtained were as follows: soluble reducing sugar percentage yield (2.54 ± 0.37 %) was obtained from AF + AN as well as AO + TR; soluble non reducing sugar (18.08 ± 1.10 %) was from TS + TR; total lignin percentage yield of 26.00 ± 2.06 % was from rice husk treated with AN+TR; cellulose yield of 66.00±0.96 and hemicelluloses yield of 32.50±1.78% were obtained from AN+TS and AO+TR fungal did-culture treated rice husks respectively. The introduction of yeasts from palm wine gave the highest bio-ethanol yield (14.18 ± 0.13 %) from TM + TR treated rice husk broth, while 6.56 ± 0.26 % of bio-ethanol was from AO + TS treated rice husk fermented with baker's yeast. The selective treatment of rice husk with the fungal did-cultures illustrated to give the highest yield in each of the components carried out in this study will be ideal for the optimal production of the parameters studied from rice husk. Article DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.20319/mijst.2016.21.2131 This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-Non-commercial 4.0 International License. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/ or send a letter to Creative Commons, PO Box 1866, Mountain View, CA 94042, USA.

YIELD AND CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF 'PIAROM' DATE-PALM PHOENIX DACTYLIFERA AS AFFECTED BY NITROGEN AND PHOSPHORUS LEVELS

Extraordinary importance of Date-Palm, Phoenix dactylifera especially ‘Piarom’ variety and also undeniable effect of nitrogen and phosphorus on yield and quality of this product, caused this research to be accomplished. The research was performed during two years on 72 (4*3*3*2=72 trees) fruitful, 12 years old trees in Hormozgan province. Treatments were consisted of four levels of nitrogen (0, 350, 700 and 1050 grams tree-1) and three levels of phosphorous (0, 300 and 600 grams tree-1) with three replications. Sources of nitrogen and phosphorus were urea and triple super phosphate (TSP), respectively. This experiment was accomplished in a factorial manner and in a randomized complete blocks design. Fruit thinning was done in a ratio of eight leaves to one cluster. Irrigation was done through drip system and pollination according to the custom of the region. After harvesting, some plant parameters such as production yield, concentration of essential elements in leaves, average of fruit weight, reducing sugar percentage in fruits, fruit Brix and the weight ratio of fruit pulp to it's stone were determined. Results showed that nitrogen levels caused significant variations in many considered parameters but not in concentration of copper, zinc and manganese in leaves. The effect of phosphorus levels on all plant responses was meaningful except for concentration of nitrogen, zinc, copper and manganese in leaves. Furthermore, interaction of nitrogen and phosphorus was meaningful in some cases.

Effect of Stages of Maturity and Ripening Conditions on the Physical Characteristics of Tomato

An experiment was carried out to evaluate the biochemical characteristics of tomato in different maturity stages and ripening conditions. Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill) fruits (cv. Ruma VF) were harvested at the three maturity stages viz., mature green, half ripen and full ripen and stored at three condition control (without covering), straw covering and CaC2 + straw covering. At that time ascorbic acid, pH, titrable acidity, sugar (reducing, non-reducing sugar and total) percentage, TSS and TSS and acidity ratio were measured at every three days interval during storage. The highest value of reducing sugar percentage total sugar percentage and TSS percentage were shown by full ripe tomatoes, non-reducing sugar percentage, TSS and acidity ratio by mature green tomatoes and vitamin-C and titrable acidity by half ripe tomatoes at final day observation (15 or 12 days of storage). The percentage of total sugar, reducing sugar, titrable acidity, pH, TSS, TSS and acidity ratio were found to increase with gradual advancement of time, irrespective of maturity stages while percentage of vitamin-C and non reducing sugar were found to decrease with progressing time of storage. The highest values of titrable acidity were recorded in tomatoes of uncovered treatment and reducing sugar non reducing sugar, total sugar, and TSS was recorded by CaC2 + straw covering treatment and vitamin C, pH, TSS and acidity ratio by simple straw covering treatment at final day of observation. The value of all the above parameters except vitamin-C and non reducing sugar were found to increase gradually with the advancement of ripening process irrespective of different keeping conditions. The tomato was placed over CaC2 and covering with straw gave highest titrable acidity, reducing sugar and non-reducing sugar.

Efeito residual de quatro aplicações anuais de lodo de esgoto e vinhaça na qualidade tecnológica da cana-de-açúcar

O principal objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar os efeitos residuais, por quatro anos seguidos, de diferentes tipos de resíduos, aplicados de formas e em doses distintas, sobre a qualidade tecnológica da cana-de-açúcar de quinto corte (cultivar SP 81-3250). Os tratamentos testados são combinações de dois tipos de resíduos (lodo de esgoto; vinhaça; lodo de esgoto + vinhaça) com dois modos de aplicação (ao lado da linha de cultivo e em área total) e com duas doses (100 e 200%), e um tratamento-testemunha. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos casualizados, com três repetições, totalizando 39 parcelas. As variáveis analisadas foram: percentagem de sólidos solúveis no caldo extraído (Brix % C.E.), percentagem aparente de sacarose no caldo extraído (Pol % C.E.), percentagem da fibra na cana (Fibra % cana), pureza (%), percentagem aparente de sacarose na cana (Pol % cana), percentagem de açúcares redutores na cana (AR % cana), percentagem de açúcares redutores totais na cana (ART % cana) e açúcares totais recuperáveis (ATR). Os fatores de variação testados (tipo de resíduo, modo de aplicação e doses) não promoveram alterações na qualidade e não comprometeram a valorização da cana-de-açúcar.

Diurnal Variations of Nonstructural Carbohydrates in the Individual Parts of Switchgrass Shoots at Anthesis

Highlight: Switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.) was harvested at early anthesis in the field at Madison, Wisconsin, during 19 72. Shoots were separated into the inflorescence, individual green leaf blades, green leaf sheaths, and internodes at 6 am, 12 noon, 4 pm, and 12 midnight during 3 days: All tissues were analyzed for percentages (dry wt) of reducing and nonreducing sugars, total sugars, starch, and total nonstructural carbohydrates (TNC). Diurnal trends were clearest in the inflorescence, leaf blades, and the upper sheaths and internodes, but they were not always statistically significant. The trend was an increase of nonreducing sugar, total sugar, and starch percentages from 6 am to 6 pm and then a decrease to 12 midnight. Diurnal change in reducing sugar percentage was small in all plant parts. Basal sheaths and internodes tended to increase in percentage of starch and TNC from 6 am to 12 midnight. These are storage parts, and presumably carbohydrates were being translocated continuously from upper parts to these lower sinks for storage, especially after 6 pm. These data indicate that pasturing in the evening might provide advantages insofar as energy concentration in herbage is concerned. The highest content of energy occurred in the inflorescence of all the individual shoot parts. Diurnal trends of elemental concentrations in the shoot parts also were determined and were found to be largely nonsignificant.