Percentage Of Oil Content Research Articles

Variation of Agitator Blades in Continous Settling Tank to Reduce Oil Losses in Oil Refining Process in Palm Palm Factories

Continuou Settling Tank (CST) is one of the units located at the clarification station where the CST works to separate oil and mud based on differences in specific gravity where the lighter density will go up, namely oil, while the heavy type will settle to the bottom, namely mud. The language here is how to make the construction of the agitator transmission in the Continuou Settling Tank (CST) unit and how the agitator blade influences the oil content contained in the sludge in the Continuou Settling Tank (CST) unit. The method is carried out with variations in the number of blades that open 2, 4 and 6 pieces. The specifications of the equipment data obtained are primary data resulting from the design of the Continuou Settling Tank (CST) tool. Based on the blade obtained two results the percentage of oil content of 10.85%. This shows that there is still oil content in the mud. Likewise, the blade that found four pieces was 8.678%. While on the blade that got six pieces, the average percentage of oil was 7.652%. This shows that the blades that have been opened six pieces have met the desired percentage of oil standards.

Quantity and Quality Evaluation of Girardinia Diversifolia and Girardinia Bullosa Seed Oil

Kenya imports more than 65% of its edible oil requirements. This is due to low oil production and limited sources that cannot adequately meet the high demand by the ever-increasing population. This study aimed to determine the fatty acid profile and assess the quantity and quality of Girardinia diversifolia and Girardinia bullosa seed oil. Its quality was assessed in terms of iodine value (IV), saponification value (SV), acid value(AV), peroxide value(PV), unsaponifiable matter, refractive index (RI), specific gravity(SG) and moisture content and volatile matter. The percentage oil content (18.4 to 21.2/100g dry) was low relative to most common edible oil plants. The highest moisture content recorded was 39.60 with the lowest being 31.24g/ 100g air-dried seeds. The RI ranged from 1.4662-1.4704. The IV ranged from 166-192. The PV was in the range of 8.68 to 13.6. The SV (164-179) was comparable to that of corn oil (187-147). The AV varied from 4.58-7.22. The percent unsaponifiable matter of the oil varied from 2.14-4.10. The fatty acids detected in the oil were decanoic acid, hexadecanoic acid, octadecanoic acid, 9-octadecaenoic acid, 9,12-octadecadienoic acid, eicosanoic acid and heneicosanoic acid. The results showed that Girardinia oil is stable in the first two hours of heating. The results indicated that the oil had a high content of long-chain unsaturated fatty acids, and this guarantees the possibility of using the oil in the food industry.

Genetic diversity and morpho-physiological assessment of drought tolerance in rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) cultivars

AbstractWater deficit is one of the most important abiotic stresses constraining crop production in rapeseed. Understanding the mechanisms of adaptation to this stress is essential for the development and production of drought-tolerant genotypes. For this reason, this research study aims to investigate the importance of genetic diversity in identifying genotypes with a high degree of drought tolerance through assessing effectiveness of inter simple sequence repeat (ISSR) markers on 14 genotypes of rapeseed in a factorial design. Morphological and physiological characteristics were studied after the early stages of growth; in order to evaluate the genetic diversity among genotypes, 18 different ISSR markers were used. A total of 106 clear and scalable loci were amplified, of which 60 bands (56.6%) were polymorphic. The highest polymorphism information content belonged to marker number 9 with the amount of 0.365 (85.7%). Gene variation ranged from 0.081 to 0.365 and the rapeseed genotypes were divided into three groups by cluster analysis (unweighted pair group method with arithmetic mean method). The analysis of molecular variance showed that 70% of the total variation was observed within populations and 30% of this variation occurred among populations. In addition, t-test was used for comparing oil content percentage among different genotypes in control and stress levels. Adriana had the highest amount of seed oil with 36.47%, whereas Karaj 2 had the lowest amount with 27.28 and Cooper had the highest decrease in oil content percentage under stress conditions. Overall, the genotypes Likord, Hyola 401 and Sarigol 32 were identified as the most drought-tolerant.

Chemical Profiling and Industrial Viability of Neem Seed Oil: A Comprehensive Study for Sustainable Biodiesel Production

The study explores the chemical composition of neem seed oil, highlighting its potential for commercial biodiesel production and various industrial applications. The oil, with a liquid state, pale greenish-yellow color, and pleasant odor, yielded 32.1%, surpassing industrially extracted oils like soybean and cottonseed. Factors influencing its composition include seasonal variations, geographical origin, genetic disparities, growth stages, plant segments, and postharvest processing. Despite these, neem seeds meet the required oil content percentage for large-scale industrial biodiesel production. However, challenges like high free fatty acid content and elevated acid values necessitate acid esterification before alkaline transesterification, potentially increasing production costs. The study also highlights the importance of appropriate seed processing practices to optimize oil yield and quality.

Replacing Part of the Mineral Fertilizer by using Organic and Biological Fertilizers in the Sunflower

A field experiment was conducted in one of the fields of the College of Agricultural Engineering Sciences - University of Baghdad - Jadriya during the spring season of 2022, with the aim of assessing the possibility of replacing chemical fertilizers with organic and biological fertilizers as an alternative for a portion of the chemical fertilizers and their impact on the yield and quality of sunflower seeds. Randomized Complete Bock Design (RCBD) with three replications was used, using split plot arrangement. The main plots included four fertilizer treatments: (100% mineral fertilizers (recommended), 50% recommended mineral fertilizers + organic fertilizer represented by Trichoderma harzianum fungus and Pseudomonas fluorescens bacteria, 50% recommended mineral fertilizers + organic fertilizer represented by Trichoderma harzianum fungus and Azotobacter chroccocum bacteria, and 50% recommended mineral fertilizers + organic fertilizer represented by Orgevit poultry waste supplemented with macro and micronutrients). The sub-plots included three cultivars (Ishaqi1, Flami, and Lilo). The results showed that the Ishaqi1 cultivar outperformed and gave the highest fertility percentage (75.22%) and number of seeds per head (757.78 seeds head -1), and weight of 300 seeds (15.80 grams) and a total seed yield (2.942 tons ha-1), and an oil content percentage of 41.00%. On the other hand, the Flami cultivar excelled in the percentage of filling (47.115%). The fertilizer treatment of 50% recommended mineral fertilizers + organic fertilizer represented by (Trichoderma harzianum fungus and Pseudomonas fluorescens bacteria) showed superiority in fertility percentage (79.69%), number of seeds per head (771.20 seeds head -1), filling percentage (47.397%), total seed yield (3.041 tons ha-1), and oil content percentage (42.17%).

Effects of Potassium Application on Yield, Protein and Oil Content of Selected Soybean Varieties in Trans Nzoia County, Kenya

There is low soybean production due to poor agronomic techniques, such as sub-optimal application of fertilizer among other factors. There are limited studies on the effects of potassium fertilizer application which is crucial in productivity, quality, and drought resistance. A study was conducted at the Kenya Agricultural Livestock and Research Organization, Kitale demonstration farm to determine the effects of potassium fertilizer application on the yield and quality of soybean varieties. A 3 x 4 factorial experiment was laid down in Randomised Complete Block Design and replicated three times. The study had two factors, that is three soybean varieties (DPSB19, Gazelle and SB24) and four levels of potassium (0 [control], 22.5, 45, and 67.5 kg K2O ha-1) applied as sulphate of potash fertilizer (50% K2O) at planting, making a total of 12 treatments. Data collected included number of pods per plant, number of seeds per plant, weight of seed per plant and 1000-seed weight, grain yield, protein and oil content. Data collected was subjected to analysis of variance using Statistical Analysis System version 9.3 and significantly different means separated using Least Significance Difference at α = 0.05. Application of potassium at the rate of 67.5 kg K2O ha-1 resulted to higher number of pods per plant and number of seeds per plant at 78.97 and 243.40, and 44.47 and 141.20 in the varieties DPSB19 and Gazelle, while in SB24 higher recording of 51.23 and 162.40 was observed with 22.5 kg K2­O ha-1. The higher 1000-seed weight was recorded in 22.5 kg K2O ha-1 in DPSB19 and Gazelle varieties, while for SB24 it was recorded in 67.5 kg K2O ha-1. The highest grain yield recorded was 9156.45 kg per ha, in DPSB19 in 22.5 kg K2O ha-1, 4517. 67.5 kg per ha in Gazelle variety in 67.5 kg K2O ha-1 and 6432.78 kg per ha in SB24 variety in 22.5 kg K2O ha-1. The higher percentage oil content was observed in 45 K2O kg ha-1 in DPSB19 (28.48%) and SB24 (23.38%) varieties, and in 22.5 kg K2O ha-1 in Gazelle (19.38%) variety and the higher percentage protein content was recorded in 45 K2O kg ha-1 in DPSB19 (42.99%) and Gazelle (40.56%), and in 45 K2O kg ha-1 in SB24 (48.87%). These findings show that soybean farmers should apply potassium fertilizer for appropriate growth, increased yield, protein and oil content in different soybean varieties. It is recommended that application of potassium at 67.5 kg K2O ha-1 be done for better soybean growth, yield and protein content and application of potassium at 45 kg K2O ha-1 is done for high oil content.

Epoxidation of melon seed (Citrullus colocynthis L) oil: A kinetic and thermodynamic approach for industrial applications

Unsaturated melon seed oil had its epoxidation process studied at varied temperatures (30OC -70OC) within a three hours reaction time, for possible oxirane formation because of its industrial significance. Oil was extracted from melon seeds and characterized for its physicochemical properties using standard methods. The specific gravity (30OC), iodine value, acid value, saponification value, peroxide value and percentage oil content were found as 0.931, 118.69 gI2/100g, 5.08 mg KOH/g, 165.7 mg KOH/g, 4.75 meq/kg and 60% respectively. Physicochemical characteristic of the oil reveals it is semi-drying oil which is rich in high molecular weight fatty acids, with good stability against rancidity. The epoxidation process which was monitored by its oxirane content is seen to proceed faster at the highest studied temperature of 70OC, giving the highest oxirane content of 5.87%. Optimization of the epoxidation process showed that optimum epoxidation of melon seed oil can be achieved at 70OC within one hour; as compared to other temperatures studied. Process kinetics evaluated in terms of its oxirane yield showed that the epoxidation process followed pseudo-zero order kinetics with respect to oxirane formation. Their rate constants were found to be 0.032 hr-1, 0.041 hr-1, 0.059 hr-1 and 0.24 hr-1 for the epoxidation process at 30OC, 50OC, 60OC and 70OC respectively; which shows that the epoxidation rate increases with increasing temperature. Thermodynamic parameters such as activation energy (Ea), activation enthalpy (∆H≠), activation entropy (∆S≠) and Gibb’s free energy (ΔG≠) were determined to be 133.11 kJmol-1, 18.22 kJmol-1, -0.21 kJmol-1 K-1 and 87.95 kJmol-1 respectively. The observed thermodynamic properties indicated strong temperature dependence of the epoxidation reaction rate, endothermicity and non-spontaneity of the process. The findings of this study will guide in maximizing oxirane yield and save cost significantly in the production of epoxidized melon seed oil employed for large scale industrial applications.

“Barani Sarsoon” A Novel Combination of Enviable Genetic Characters of Rapeseed for Rainfed Areas

The development of new crop varieties is a continuous process as old cultivars become susceptible to various biotic and abiotic stresses, thus decreasing the yield potential. The newly developed rapeseed variety “Barani Sarsoon” a high-yielding, disease resistant and drought tolerant has been developed through the selection method of breeding from the exotic material. A promising progeny of a single plant was selected and named “14CBN009”. The performance of “14CBN009” was further evaluated along with standard varieties in various replicated yield trials for six years from 2014-15 to 2018-19. The selected line “14CBN009” produced a higher grain yield (kg/ha) than the standard varieties in all replicated yield trials with a yield potential of 3378 kg/hectare which is tolerant to drought and resistant to diseases. The best sowing time for this variety is from 25th September to 15th October with a seed rate of 2.50 kg/acre. The seed contains 44.53% oil content. The main yield contributing characters of “14CBN009” are pods per plant, seeds per pod and thousand-seed weight. Based on the desirable phenotypic and genotypic characteristics, higher grain yield and oil content percentage, “14CBN009” was approved as a rapeseed variety with the name of “Barani Sarsoon” by the Punjab Seed Council in its 55th meeting held on Sep 20, 2021, for commercial cultivation in the Punjab rainfed areas. Due to high yielding, drought and disease-tolerant characteristics, the new variety “Barani Sarsoon” will prove to be a good alternative to existing varieties and improve the production and income of the oilseed crops growers of the rainfed area.

Effect of Supplemental Pollination, Boron Spray and Cultivar on Fruit Quality and Quantity of Olive (Olea europaea L.)

This study was conducted during the 2020-2021 growing season at orchard of Horticulture Department, College of Agricultural Engineering Sciences, University of Sulaimani, Bakrajo, Iraqi Kurdistan Region, in order to investigate the effects of artificial pollination, boron application, and cultivar on some fruit quality and quantity of olive. Six selective pollinizers (Arbequina, Ashrasi, Hojiblanca, Picual, K18, Kaissy) in addition to self and air-pollination, two boron levels (0 and 200 mg.L-1) as well as two main cultivars (Sourani and Khadrawi) were used. Results showed that cultivars are relatively self-incompatible while cultivar, pollinizer, and boron recorded significant differences with regard to some studied parameters. Sourani Cultivar gave the highest percentage of final fruit set (1.96 %), self-incompatibility index (0.59), fruit weight (2.64 g), fruit volume (2.51cm3), oil content percentage (38.81%), soluble sugar content (185.74 μg/g DW), while the lowest fruit dropping (13.56%), and the lowest acidity value (0.46%). Besides, the highest values of boron content (10.587%) were obtained Sourani cultivar. Boron sprayed with 200 mg.L-1 achieved the highest values of all studied parameters. Moreover, Arbequina, Ashrasi, and Picual pollinizers gave the best results. The dual interactions of the factors revealed that Sourani and 200 mg.L-1 boron, the two cultivars (Sourani and Khadrawi) with Arbequina, Ashrasi, Picual and Hojiblanca pollinizers, and 200 mg.L-1 boron with Arbequina, Ashrasi, Picual and Hojiblanca pollinizers gave the best results. Additionally, triple interactions of the factors indicated that the combination of the two cultivars, 200 mg.L-1 boron and Arbequina, Ashrasi, Picual and Hojiblanca pollinizers, demonstrated the best significant results.

OPTIMIZATION OF PROCESS VARIABLES TO OBTAIN QUALITY SHEA KERNELS FROM SHEA NUT

Shea butter is a product of Shea kernel obtained from Shea tree. It has wide range of applications in pharmaceuticals, confectionaries, chocolates, and soap industries. The use of Shea butter for these applications is largely dependent upon its Free Fatty Acid (FFA) content. The resultant FFA of Shea butter produced from the Shea kernel depends largely upon the process variables applied to the kernel prior to Shea butter production. Poor and inconsistent qualities usually characterize unprocessed Nigerian Shea kernels. Thus, the need to improve Shea kernel quality in Nigeria becomes necessary. This study investigated the effects of optimizing processing factors, responses, development, and analysis of predictive response models of Shea kernel leading to its optimization. Shea fruits that have fallen to the ground were picked and the pulp removed to expose the Shea nut. Effects of Shea Nut Conditioning Period (SNCP), Shea Nut Boiling Duration (SNBD) and Shea Nut Drying Temperature (SNDT) on the FFA of Shea kernel were investigated. The boundary conditions obtained from earlier experiments were used for the Design of Experiment (DOE) by Box-Bekehn method of response surface methodology. Fresh Shea kernels were then processed according to the experimental design and the responses of free fatty acid, peroxide value and percentage oil content determined. The upper, middle and lower limits obtained for SNCP were 1, 6.5, and 12 day respectively, SNBD were 0, 60, and 120 minutes respectively and SNDT were 30, 70, 110 oC respectively. The optimum conditions of SNCP, SNBD and SNDT obtained after the optimization of Shea kernel were respectively 4.0 day, 120 minutes and 86 oC and the corresponding predicted responses of PV, percentage oil content, FFA and desirability were 2.868 meq/kg, 0.628 %, 53.8 5 % and 0.878 respectively. Keywords: Shea-kernel, Shea Nut Conditioning Period, Shea Nut Boiling Duration, Shea Nut Drying Temperature, and Optimization

SEPARATION AND IDENTIFICATION OF A NUMBER OF UNSATURATED FATTY ACIDS FROM DIFFERENT TYPES OF ALGAE

Recently, the interest in sustainable development is one of the most important fields of science and research because it aims to improve the life environment for all living organisms in general and for humans in particular. One of the areas of sustainable development is maintaining the integrity of the environment, reducing pollution, preserving energy sources and using clean energy from sustainable environmentally friendly sources. Algae represent the most important sustainable sources that succeed in achieving these goals, in addition to being a sustainable and renewable source for efficiently producing biofuels, they produce living mass that is used in the production of compounds that are used in various medical, industrial and agricultural industries. Besides, during their growth, they reduce pollution by producing oxygen and reducing carbon dioxide used in Photosynthesis to build different compounds and their high ability to absorb pollutants from various heavy metals, especially as well as nitrogen and phosphorous in the case of their increase in the developing environment in it, and the requirements for their growth are inexpensive and economical. The results showed, after separating of the algal oils by the Soxhlet extraction method with using hexane as a solvent for extraction, the superiority of the genus Westiellopsis in terms of the amount of lipids produced from biomass, amounting to 20%, followed by Gloeocapsa 18.5 %, while the unbranched filamentous alga Oscillatoria recorded 6.1% lipids. Therefore, the importance of composition of these oils from fatty acids represent important feature that is due to it in addition to the percentage of oil content in algae, the quality and quantity of these fatty acids differed between the species under study. The fatty acids that are preferred to be present in a higher percentage than the rest of the species are saturated and monounsaturated acids, as the first amounted to 2.14% and the second to 0.128% in Westiellopsis, so the percentage of desired fatty acids became 2.268% of the total diagnosed fatty acids 3.141%, , while Gloeocapsa oil showed the best percentage of preferred fatty acids for biodiesel (86.673%) which were composed from 0.969 % desired biodiesel fatty acids( saturate and monounsaturated fatty acids) , with a quantity of oils close to the. 0.515 % and best type in this study as indicated above. highest USFA in Westiellopsis that results in highest DU with corresponding to lowest % USFA/SAFA as well as lowest CN, while the equilibrium of DU for Gloeocapsa and Oscillatoria showed owning an equilibrium CN too.

Evaluating the quality parameters of groundnuts seeds and cake (Arachis hypogaea L.) in relation to Sudanese Standard and Metrology Organization SSMO (1995)

This study was conducted in ten groundnut oil expellers in Kordofan state, the aim of study to Evaluation the quality parameters of groundnuts seeds and cake. Ten samples of groundnut oil were collected from the four major oil producing localities of the Greater Kordofan region i.e. Sheikan (Five expellers), Elnuhud (Three expellers), Elrahad (One), and Um Rowaba (One expeller). The oil samples (two samples from each expeller) were collected and kept in dry bottles sealed tidily and labeled, then transferred to the laboratory to assess the quality parameters, The study revealed that the quality parameters of groundnut seeds raveled that there were it higher percentage of impurity with low percentage of oil content. Also it had no dead insect and had good level of moisture and fiber content. The mean Ash content was found (1.60 %) while the samples E8, and E9 had signification lowest lower than specification range (1- 3).The mean protein was (23.9 %). The SSMO, established range (22-30%) these result is agreed with only E1 and E7. The Carbohydrate content was (27.46%).The sample E10 has significant highest carbohydrate content while the sample E5 had signification lowest content among all samples studied. Through thesis study all Expellers were highest than acceptable limit for the small seeds and crashed seed. Concerning weight of 1000 seeds only expellers E4 and E5 within acceptable limit, also all the oil expellers were free from death insects. The moisture content of the cake more than 50% of expellers were highest than the acceptable level. The mean ash content were higher than established limit in E3, E4and E5 while the other expellers within established limit. The study revealed the expellers E5, E7, E9 and E10 had significantly lower than the acceptable level about the mean Protein content. The fiber content expellers E1, E3, E4, E6 and E8 had significantly lower than the acceptable level.

Reprint: Investigation of Genetic Divergence in Local Sunflower Hybrids and Inbred Lines by Applying Morphological Markers

Knowledge of genetic diversity is the basic requisite for any plant breeding program. Seventeen sunflower hybrids and fifteen inbred lines including ten Cytoplasm male sterile lines and five restorer lines were evaluated at the experimental area of National Agriculture Research centre, Islamabad, Pakistan during autumn-2011. The objective of study was to investigate the genetic diversity, categorize the proficient cross combiners and approximate characters association among sunflower hybrids and inbred lines. Data was estimated on i.e. flower initiation days, full flowering days, full developmental days, height of plant, disk diameter, stem thickness, leaves per plant, hundred achenes weight, achenes yield and oil content percentage. The maximum achenes yield was contributed by Hysun-33 2119 kg ha-1. Followed by SMH-0924 and SMH-0925, SMH-1028 and SMH-0926 were suggested as potential significant hybrids for future breeding plans to incorporate maximum achenes yield and oil content percentage. The CMS-11, CMS-25 and CMS-10 were long statured with vigorous stem and all the restorers were early maturing recommended for including in hybridization program to generate high heterotic factions. Cluster diagram based on Euclidean dissimilarity matrix grouped hybrids as well as inbred lines in four groups. The group I and IV consist of four whereas group II and group III have three and five hybrids respectively. All the restores were clustered in III and IV and CMS in I and II groups respectively. According to principle component analysis the first two components contribute 64% and 89% in total variation in hybrids as well as in inbred lines respectively.

Productivity of camelina and spring rapeseed as affected by varietal characteristics in the Right-Bank Forest-Steppe of Ukraine

Purpose. Determine the oil content and glucosinolate content and productivity of spring camelina and spring rapeseed as affected by varietal characteristics.
 Methods. The research was conducted in the educational-scientific-industrial complex of Uman National University of Horticulture. Spring rapeseed varieties ‘Belinda’, ‘Aidar’, ‘Heros’, ‘Jerry’ and spring camelina varieties ‘Zevs’, ‘Hirskyi’, ‘Slavutych’, ‘Mirazh’ were studied. Seeds were sown in a row to a depth of 1.5 cm with a seeder CH-16. The sowing rate was 300 seeds/m2, or 5.4 kg/ha. The crop was harvested separately by Sampo-500 combine.
 Results. In spring rapeseed, the highest yield was marked by variety ‘Aidar’ (2.52 t/ha) and the lowest by ‘Heros’ (2.43 t/ha). In spring camelina, the highest yield was in variety ‘Zevs’ (2.31 t/ha) and lower in ‘Hirska’ (2.15), ‘Mirazh’ (2.27), and ‘Slavutych’ (2.22 t/ha). The highest oil content among rapeseed varieties demonstrated ‘Aidar’ (43.7%). Slightly lower it was in ‘Belinda’ (43.2%), ‘Jerry’ (42.8) and ‘Heros’ (42.6%). Depending on the varietal characteristics, the highest percentage of oil content was found in spring camelina varieties ‘Zevs’ (45.1%). It was lower by 0.5 and 0.9% in ‘Mirazh’ and ‘Slavutych’. The lowest percentage of oil content (43.7%) was determined in camelina variety ‘Hirska. In spring rapeseed varieties, the highest content of glucosinolates was in ‘Aidar’ – 20.5 μmol/g, 0.3 and 0.5 μmol/g less in ‘Belinda’ and ‘Jerry’, and the lowest in ‘Heros’ (19.8 μmol/g). In spring camelina, the highest value was in the variety ‘Zevs’ (22.0 μmol/g), and the lowest in ‘Hirska’ (21.0 μmol/g). ‘Mirazh’ and ‘Slavutych’ contained 21.7 and 21.4 μmol/g of glucosinolatesm respectively.
 Conclusions. The productivity of oilseed crops varies under the same growing conditions: spring rapeseed, regardless of varietal characteristics, demonstrated higher yield compared to camelina. On average over the years of research and varieties, this indicator was 2.47 t in spring rapeseed, and 2.24 t/ha in spring camelina, which is 0.23 t/ha less. In rapeseed, the oil content of the seeds was 43.07%, the content of glucosinolates varied from 19.8 to 20.5 μmol/g. In spring camelina, the oil content of seeds was 1.33–44.40% higher, the content of glucosinolates ranged from 21.0 to 22.0 μmol/g. The level of profitability of the studied oilseed crops was high and varied as affected by varietal characteristics: in rapeseed from 122 to 141%, and in spring camelina from 182 to 196%.

Karakteristik GC-MS Minyak Kayu Manis Asal Pulau Banda

Cinnamon is one of the essential oil-producing plants originating from the Maluku islands, potentially developing into a commercial product. This study aims to determine the level of yield of cinnamon essential oil from Banda island, the number of components that make up the essential oil, and analyze the quality of essential oils based on the percentage of cinnamaldehyde content. Cinnamon samples were taken in Banda with three sublocations, (Tanah Rata, Boiyouw, and Mangkobatu). At each location, 3 kg of cinnamon bark samples were taken, then distilled for approximately 5 hours by steam distillation method using a 4-kg boiler. The essential oil obtained was then analyzed using the gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) method. The volatile oil variables studied included the percentage of oil content or yield, specific gravity, condensate volume, number of components of volatile compounds, and cinnamaldehyde content. Organoleptic test was conducted to assess the quality/aroma of distilled cinnamon oil (with a Likert score). The results showed that the highest essential oil yield was obtained from cinnamon from Banda, Boiyouw location, which was 0.66%, and the lowest was at Tanah Rata. The highest density was obtained in Banda cinnamon oil at the Boiyouw location, namely 0.94; Mangkobatu location is 0.89 and the lowest is at Tanah Rata location is 0.79. The results also showed that there were 21 volatile components in Banda cinnamon oil at the Boiyouw location. In addition, the cinnamaldehyde content was found to be 20.61% in Banda cinnamon at the Boiyouw location. In general, it can be concluded that Maluku cinnamon essential oil is still below the quality standard of SNI 06-3734-2006

Microalgae as a multipotential role in commercial applications: Current scenario and future perspectives

Microalgal feedstocks have gained tremendous potential for sustainable biofuel production in recent years. For biofuel processing, thermochemical, biochemical, and transesterification processes are used. Many researchers have recently become interested in the hydrothermal liquefaction of microalgae. Renewable biofuel production from microalgae, as well as a broad range of value-added co-products, describe its potential as a biorefinery feedstock from this perspective. Microalgae convert solar energy into carbon storage compounds, such as TAG (triacylglycerols), which can then be converted into biodiesel, bioethanol, and bio-methanol. Microalgae are considered to be the most attractive source of biofuel production for all the organisms used. This review explored the percentage of oil content, chemical composition, and lipid content of microalgae. This analysis depicts the various aspects of microalgal species for biofuel conversion. Also, other bioenergy and value-added items are discussed briefly.

Investigating response of yield traits and oil content of sesame variety (Sesamum indicum L.) to nano-magnesium fertilizer and biopolymer chitosan under limited water stress

IntroductionSesamum, scientifically named Sesamum indicum L., is one of the oldest oilseed families and is adapted to warm and semi-warm regions and is known as the queen of oilseeds. The use of nanotechnology in the production of fertilizers results in optimal release and increased efficiency of absorption of nutrients in fertilizer which leads to significant economic and environmental benefits. Chitosan elicits stimulating defense mechanisms and is beneficial to plants, animals and humans and is environmentally friendly. Due to the fact that water stress and dehydration in Iran is always one of the most important agricultural problems and due to the importance of magnesium in photosynthesis of plants and also the use of different polymers such as chitosan to reduce the damage caused by stress, this study aimed to evaluate the effect of nano chitosan and magnesium application under water stress conditions on some sesame traits for sustainable agriculture development in Varamin region. Materials and methodsIn order to evaluate limited water stress and foliar application of magnesium and chitosan on growth and yielding traits and oil content of two sesame varieties, an experiment was conducted as a split factorial based on completely randomized blocks designed with three replications in a research farm in the southern Varamin Province, Iran, during 2016-17 growing season. Irrigation cut-off based on BBCH scale in three-level included: normal irrigation, 65 BBCH (flowering), and irrigation cut-off in 75 BBCH (capsule maturity) as the main factors. Sub-plot included a combination of three factors: two genotypes Oltan and Dashtestan-2, foliar application of Mg-nano in two levels non-application and foliar application (2 g/L) in 65 BBCH stage and foliar application of chitosan in three levels: non-application, foliar application of 4.8 g/L in 65 BBCH stage and 6.4 g/L in 75 BBCH stage. Results and discussionThe results showed that the irrigation up to 65 BBCH caused a reducing 28.08, 20.8, 53.05, 54.04 and 23.10% in the average traits of number of capsules, 1000-grain weight, grain yield, LAI, and oil percentage content in compared to the normal irrigation treatment (control). The highest grain yield was achieved in the application of Mg-nano-fertilizer under normal irrigation in Dashtestan-2 variety with a mean of 1188.2 kg/ha, which 16.3% increased in compared to the control treatment. The highest oil percentage was observed in the application of Mg-nano under normal irrigation was in Dashtestan-2 variety with an average of 50.38%, which 3.5% increase in compared to the control treatment. The highest grain yield was achieved in the application of Mg-nano-fertilizer under normal irrigation in Dashtestan-2 variety with a mean of 1188.2 kg/ha, which 16.3% increased in compared to the control treatment. The highest oil percentage was observed in the application of Mg-nano under normal irrigation was in Dashtestan-2 variety with an average of 50.38%, which 3.5% increase in compared to the control treatment. ConclusionFinally, foliar application of Mg-nano and chitosan (4.8 g/L) under water stress conditions were able to compensate for damage and to modify the negative effects of stress.

COVER CROPS AND THEIR RELATIONSHIP WITH THE QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE ATTRIBUTES OF SOYBEANS

The work aims to evaluate the effects of soil cover and soybean cultivars on the qualitative and quantitative attributes of soybeans. The experiment was conducted Girua – RS, with experimental design was a randomized factorial block design, with two cover crops x seven soybean cultivars, disposed in three repetitions. Agricultural characteristics and nutritional attributes of soya were evaluated. The different coverings influenced the soybean performance for the main variables studied, grain yield was maximized in the coverage of Raphanus sativus + Avena strigosa for the cultivar DM 57I52 IPRO, and the greenish grain levels were lower, consequently increasing the percentage of oil content for that same coverage. The components of variance and genetic parameters show that grain yield was influenced by 56% due to the effects of cultivars and 44% coming from the soil cover used.

Influence of macro and micronutrient priming on growth parameter, grain yield and seed quality of soybean

A field study was conducted two consecutive years to know the “Influence of macro and micronutrient priming on growth parameter, grain yield and seed quality of soybean” was carried out during kharif, 2018 and 2019 at research farm of Oilseed Research Station, Latur under VNMKV, Parbhani. The experiment was laid out in Randomized Block Design (RBD) with 12 treatments which were replicated thrice. The treatments comprises T1: absolute control, T2: Only RDF, T3: RDF + Zn@ 3g kg-1 seed, T4 :RDF + B @ 3g kg-1 seed, T5: RDF+ Fe @ 3g kg-1 seed., T6: RDF + S @ 3g kg-1 seed, T7: RDF + Zn + B each @ 3g/kg-1 seed,T8: RDF + Zn + B +Mo each @ 3g kg-1 seed,T9: RDF + Zn + B + Mo + Fe each @ 3g kg-1 seed,T10: RDF + Zn + B + Mo + Fe+ S each @ 3g kg-1 seed,T11:RDF + Rhizobium +PSB each @ 10 ml kg-1 seed,T12: Without RDF + Zn + B + Mo + Fe + S each @ 3g kg-1 seed. To achieve the objectives the observations were recorded at various growth stages of soybean during 2018 and 2019. The result indicates that, the micronutrient priming treatment T10 receiving Zn + B + Mo + Fe+ S each @ 3g kg-1 seed application along with RDF found to be effective in improving growth and yield attributing characters like germination percentage, plant height, leaf area, root density, number of pods, final plant stand percentages, grain yield, dry matter yield and total biological yield. In grain quality the results revealed that test weight, protein and oil content percentage were significantly influenced with the application of treatment T10.On the other hand, in all the cases the lower response was found from the control treatment.

Evaluation of Favourable Blending and Their Properties of Eucalyptus Biodiesel

Oils are categorized as either edible or non-edible. One among the category that cannot be used for cooking is eucalyptus that is amply available within India. The eucalyptus oil is an excellent input for green fuel; the core of the eucalyptus tree has around 35 to 40 percentage of oil content in it. This paper describes the process involved in preparing green fuel from eucalyptus oil by using a trans-esterification method, before starting with the method varied characteristics of eucalyptus green fuel has been examined. It has been discovered that physico-chemical characteristics of the eucalyptus oil is within the range of the standards that have been set by different countries. Eucalyptus oil 40.4 saturated fatty acid 59.6% of unsaturated fatty acid. The sticky nature of the raw eucalyptus decreases posts trans-esterification, but still it is high when compared with mineral diesel. Other characteristics of cloud and pour point, cold filter plugging point (CFPP) are high than diesel. Eucalyptus green fuel mixed with diesel in various proportions. The characteristics of green fuel have been assessed alongside the related criterions. Resultant of the calculation shows that the constant value of the regression is high amongst green fuel characteristics and proportion of the blend. It has been concluded that the best proportion of blend can be up to the extent of 0.3 i.e., 30 percentages after taking into consideration the value of cold filter plugging point.