Percentage Of Matter Research Articles

Suitability analysis of Gulmohar bio oil from pyrolysis process as a fuel for CI Engine

ABSTRACT The current scenario focuses on the usage of renewable sources to meet the demand and environmental issues caused by the usage of fossil fuel. In this communication, a new feedstock, namely, Gulmohar Delonix regiafruit pod is used for the production of bio-oil through pyrolysis process. The biomass characterization has been carried out by using proximate analysis, ultimate analysis (CHN analysis), and thermogravimetric analysis to find the percentage of volatile matter, various compositions, and thermal decomposition of biomass, respectively. Based on the TGA results, the pyrolysis experiments are carried out in the semi-batch type reactor at different temperatures such as 450°C, 500°C, 550°C, and 600°C with the heating rate of 5°C min−1. Based on the pyrolysis process, the maximum bio-oil yield temperature is identified as 550°C and also maximum bio-char and gas evolved during the pyrolysis process have been identified. The bio-oil characterization has been carried out by using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS) to identify the composition and presence of functional group present in the bio-oil. The FTIR analysis has shown the presence of alkanes, aldehydes, esters, aromatics, ketones, and carboxylic acids in the bio-oil. The GC-MS analysis of bio-oil has revealed the presence of 25 long-chain hydrocarbons with 9–28 carbon atoms. Further, the bio-oil is subjected to fuel properties analyses like flash, fire point, viscosity, and calorific value. The results of the present investigation have confirmed that the Gulmohar Delonix regiafruit pod can serve as a potential feedstock for pyrolysis reaction and also the bio-oil produced by the fruit pod can be used as an alternative fuel for IC engines.

Refining of the solid fraction of sheep feces digestates from an anaerobic digester

Anaerobic digestion is a technology used in the degradation of organic waste, with the possibility of obtaining products such as biogas and digestates, which have significant nutrient concentrations. However, using them without any prior treatment can cause various problems, due to the presence of unstabilized organic matter and excessive concentrations of nutrients reaching phytotoxic levels, as well as water and air contamination. Therefore, in this work, we present a refining process of solid digestates from a biodigester fed with sheep feces, by means of vermicomposting, in combination with plant waste, and using earthworms of the species E. andrei and E. fetida. The digestate values at the end of the vermicomposting showed to be within optimal ranges of electrical conductivity, with values ≤4 dS/m. The pH values were between 5,39 and 7. The percentage of organic matter was between 20 and 50%. It could be proven that the refining process increased the concentration of K for groups F 50:50, F 75:25, and A 75:25, with a value of P = 0,0001. Treatments with E. fetida showed the highest concentrations (g/L) of N = 2,71 ± 1,10, P = 0,89 ± 0,69 and K = 4,01 ± 1,57. The importance of giving added value to the products generated during anaerobic digestion processes contributes to better yields and quality in their use and commercialization.

Factores que influyen en la erosión hídrica del suelo en un bosque templado

Los ecosistemas forestales son importantes en la aportación de bienes y servicios a la sociedad; sin embargo, pueden estar afectados por erosión hídrica, lo cual representa un problema grave en México. Por lo tanto, el objetivo de este trabajo fue determinar los factores que explican ese tipo de degradación en un bosque templado. Los factores incluidos fueron seleccionados mediante revisión de literatura, a nivel nacional e internacional, con el criterio de uso en programas de manejo y monitoreo. Para evaluar la pérdida por erosión, se utilizó la medición de pedestales. Estadísticamente, se emplearon la correlación de Pearson y el Análisis de Componentes Principales (ACP). Los resultados de la primera evidenciaron que la densidad aparente (r= 0.64), pendiente (r=0.59) y el porcentaje de rocas en la superficie del suelo (r=0.57) tienen correlación positiva con la erosión hídrica; por lo que, al incrementar sus valores, aumenta la presencia de pedestales. Se determinó una correlación negativa con la profundidad (r= -0.48) y el porcentaje de materia orgánica (r= -0.45). A mayor magnitud de estos parámetros, disminuye la presencia de pedestales como expresiones del grado de erosión de los suelos. Mediante el ACP, se obtuvo que, además, incidieron directamente, el espesor del mantillo, la presencia de suelo desnudo y la compactación. También, se identificó una correlación positiva con el porcentaje de suelo desnudo y la compactación. No hubo significancia con la materia orgánica, capacidad de infiltración y profundidad del suelo. Los factores señalados deben considerarse para facilitar los monitoreos futuros.

Effect of breed on physicochemical and sensory characteristics of fresh, semihard and hard goat’s milk cheeses

ABSTRACT The aim of this work was to study the physico-chemical parameters, texture, colour and sensorial characteristics of experimental cheeses from three equivalent groups of 15 multiparous goats from each of the three Canarian breeds, Majorera, Palmera and Tinerfeña, during ripening. A great influence on the milk basic composition was observed when comparing breed effect. The Palmera breed had the best milk quality characteristics with the highest percentage of protein (5.16%), fat (4.62%), and dry matter (14.75%). Tinerfeña breed had the lowest value of protein and non-fat solids whereas Majorera breed showed the minimum score for fat percentage. The main effects of goat breed on cheese basic composition were found in protein (P<0.01), pH (P<0.01) and Aw (P<0.05). Cheese sensorial texture was only partially affected by breed, three of nine attributes. Breed influenced all taste parameters, with higher scores in 30 and 60 days’ stages, although odour and flavour intensity was similar. Cheese from Majorera breed was the richest in aromatic descriptors showing four specific sensations, two of them, goat milk and butter, belonging to the lactic family and the other, rancid and cellar, related to miscellaneous descriptors. Finally, consumers were not able to differentiate cheeses made with milk from various breeds.

A Unifying Theory of Dark Energy, Dark Matter, and Baryonic Matter in the Positive-Negative Mass Universe Pair: Protogalaxy and Galaxy Evolutions

This paper modifies the Farnes’ unifying theory of dark energy and dark matter which are negative-mass, created continuously from the negative-mass universe in the positive-negative mass universe pair. The first modification explains that observed dark energy is 68.6%, greater than 50% for the symmetrical positive-negative mass universe pair. This paper starts with the proposed positive-negative-mass 11D universe pair (without kinetic energy) which is transformed into the positive-negative mass 10D universe pair and the external dual gravities as in the Randall-Sundrum model, resulting in the four equal and separate universes consisting of the positive-mass 10D universe, the positive-mass massive external gravity, the negative-mass 10D universe and the negative-mass massive external gravity. The positive-mass 10D universe is transformed into 4D universe (home universe) with kinetic energy through the inflation and the Big Bang to create positive-mass dark matter which is five times of positive-mass baryonic matter. The other three universes without kinetic energy oscillate between 10D and 10D through 4D, resulting in the hidden universes when D > 4 and dark energy when D = 4, which is created continuously to our 4D home universe with the maximum dark energy = 3/4 = 75%. In the second modification to explain dark matter in the CMB, dark matter initially is not repulsive. The condensed baryonic gas at the critical surface density induces dark matter repulsive force to transform dark matter in the region into repulsive dark matter repulsing one another. The calculated percentages of dark energy, dark matter, and baryonic matter are 68.6 (as an input from the observation), 26 and 5.2, respectively, in agreement with observed 68.6, 26.5 and 4.9, respectively, and dark energy started in 4.33 billion years ago in agreement with the observed 4.71 ± 0.98 billion years ago. In conclusion, the modified Farnes’ unifying theory reinterprets the Farnes’ equations, and is a unifying theory of dark energy, dark matter, and baryonic matter in the positive-negative mass universe pair. The unifying theory explains protogalaxy and galaxy evolutions in agreement with the observations.

Ecological footprints for aquaculture possibility in selected mangrove regions of Jaffna, Sri Lanka

The present study was carried out to analyze the possibility of practicing aquaculture in selected mangrove regions in Jaffna, Sri Lanka. A detailed study on the possibility of undertaking aquaculture has been carried out in Sarasaalai and Kapputhu mangrove regions. The water quality parameters were measured, organic matter was estimated and available fish species were collected and identified during the study period. Samples were collected in the second week of each month from June 2016 to November 2016. Water quality parameters such as water temperature, salinity, pH, dissolved oxygen, water depth and turbidity were measured. Organic matter was estimated for soil samples collected from the study areas. Water quality parameters were analyzed by two sample t-test using minitab13. Identification of all collected fish species were confirmed according to the standard literature by observing their morphological and meristic characters. Statistical analysis shows no significant difference between Sarasaalai and Kapputhu in water temperature (P = 0.062), salinity (P = 0.402), dissolved oxygen (P = 0.773), pH (P = 0.262) and water depth (P = 0.798). Significant difference (P = 0.001) was observed for turbidity in both locations. High percentage of organic matter was observed in Sarasaalai. The identified fish species in both locations were Chanos chanos, Platycephalus fuscus, Oreochromis mossambicus, Nematalosa nasus, Hyporhamphus limbatus, Hemiramphus marginatus, Etroplus maculatus, Gerres abbreviatus and Gerres oyena. The most abundant species found in Sarasaalai was O. mossambicus and in Kapputhu were O. mossambicus, C. chanos, G. abbreviatus and G. oyena. The present investigation inferred that the specified species can be cultured in the said regions. However, a long term study on seed resources, environmental and climatic conditions of particular site would ensure more details on culture aspects of these species.

411 Relationships between dietary composition and reproductive outcomes in cattle

Abstract Individual experiments and recent literature summaries suggest links between reproductive outcomes in cattle and dietary composition. The objective of this meta-analysis was to evaluate the effects of dietary composition on reproductive efficiency of cows and heifers. A literature search returned 42 previously published papers containing 164 treatment means that were eligible for use in the meta-analysis. Diet composition information of interest included neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF), organic matter (OM), crude protein (CP), lignin, ether extract (EE), non-structural carbohydrate (NSC) and starch percentages. For papers to be included, they needed to report reproductive outcomes, dry matter intake (DMI), experimental design details (treatments, design, number of experimental units, measurement SE or SD values, and P-values), and diets with all ingredients and inclusion percentages. Details on diet composition, intake, and reproductive outcomes were extracted from these papers and analyzed using linear mixed effects models with a random intercept for each study. When diet composition information was not reported, it was estimated from commercial feed library data and reported dietary feed inclusion rates. Days to service, days to ovulation, pregnancy at first artificial insemination, and overall pregnancy rate were the primary reproductive outcomes of interest. Significant variables were identified through a backward elimination approach. Overall pregnancy rate tended to be affected by the percentage of lignin in the diet (P = 0.078). Days to service was affected by dietary NDF (P = 0.013), ADF (P = 0.022), and starch (P = 0.027) percentages, and tended to be affected by lignin (P = 0.0768) percentage. Days to ovulation and pregnancy at first artificial insemination were not affected by the nutritional factors tested here. Additional assessment is needed to assess how dietary factors interact with other experimental and environmental variables to influence reproductive outcomes.

Effect of Organic Additives of Okra Cultivated in Unheated Greenhouses on Certain Fruit Characteristics

The experiment conducted during the winter season 2017-2018 in one of the unheated greenhouse in the Research Station of the Faculty of Agriculture collage - All Muthanna University in the south of Iraq inAll Samawah city, in order to study the "Effect of addition cows fertilizer , Water hyacinth compost and spray nanoparticle algae minutes and there impact on some qualities of okra fruits (Hasnawiya cultivar)". The experiment was contain (27) factor treatments and separated in possible combinations among three levels of bovine fertilizer (0, 2, 4) kg/m2and three levels of Water hyacinth compost (0, 2, 4) kg/m2and three concentrations of Organic fertilizer for marine algae nanoparticles extract (0, 0.75, 1.5) ml/L.The statistical design is split-split plot design and the experiment performed twice for three randomized sections and compared to the averages of the coefficients using the least significant difference test at the probability level (0.05). The main results are summarized as follows.1. The addition of bovine fertilizers in the levels of (2, 4) kg/m2the Significant increase in the percentage of total soluble solids for fruits, by an increase of (8.64, 7.08%) and dry matter of fruits by an increase (6.04, 9.78)%. Significant increase in fiber content (0.56 and 0.95%) compared to the comparison treatment, respectively, while the level of 4 kg/m2achieved significant increase in fruit content in vitamin C compared to the comparison treatment and an increase of 5.16%. 2. Levels (2 , 4) kg/m2Significant increase in percentage of total dissolved solids Vitamin C increased by 24.85, 42.23% by 20.02 and 27.00% by the percentage of dry matter and by 9.91 and 12.81%, which led to a significant decrease in fiber percentage by 6.28 and 11.78% Comparative treatment, respectively.3. Spraying with nanoparticle algae minutes in two concentrations (0.75 and 1.5) ml/l significantly increased the percentage of total dissolved solids by (27.13, 53.87)% and in the amount of vitamin C by (24.05 and 50.01%) and in percentage. The dry matter of the fruit increased by 5.90 and 12.36%, which resulted in a significant decrease in the percentage of fiber by 3.74 and 1.85% compared to the comparison treatment, respectively.4. Some bilateral and triple interference showed significant effect in some studied traits.

Improvement of shear strength characteristics of İzmir Bay’s dredged soil

In the last decades, Izmir Bay is negatively affected both environmentally and commercially due to the alluvial deposits carried by Gediz River and other rivers around. To find a solution to this problem, “Izmir Bay and Port Rehabilitation Project” was conducted. After the dredging process, approximately 22 million m3 of dredged soil was unearthed in and around the bay. The dredged soil comprises organic matter; thus, it has a problematic internal structure which has many uncertainties. Therefore, the engineering properties must be comprehensively clarified. In this study, the geotechnical properties of the dredged soil with different organic matter contents (0, 4, 7, and 11% OM) were investigated, and the shear strength behavior was examined with the direct shear test. First, shear strength characteristics of natural dredged material were defined and then, it was aimed to improve the shear strength properties with lime (L), silica fume (S), and thermal power plant fly ash (T). To define the internal structure of dredged soils with different organic matter contents, SEM, FTIR, and XRD analyses were conducted. The specific gravities ranged from 2.52 to 2.76, and the liquid limits ranged between 32.6 and 39.5. The plastic limit values are between 26.4 and 31.0. The plasticity of the dredged soil showed a proportional increase as the percentage of organic matter increased. The internal friction angles of dredged materials were ranged between 34 and 40°. Stabilization process positively affected the internal friction angle with all additive materials. Although lime-added samples have higher internal friction angle values for 20% additive content, silica fume and thermal power plant fly ash–added samples have higher internal friction angle values for 10% additive content.

Synthesis of MWCNTs using waste toner powder as carbon source by chemical vapor deposition method

The present work deals with the synthesis of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) from waste toner powder. XRD pattern of waste toner showed peaks related to magnetite and proximate analysis showed higher percentage of volatile matter (56.7%) which confirmed the possibility of using waste toner as a good source of carbon for the synthesis of CNTs. The process involved thermal breakdown of waste toner into hydrocarbons and used as a precursor to synthesize multi-walled carbon-nanotubes (MWCNTs) by chemical vapor deposition (CVD) method. The catalyst containing Ni4Mo0.2MgO1 was used for synthesis of CNTs. The process parameters were optimized using response surface methodology (RSM) and prepared CNTs were studied by using XRD, Raman spectroscopy, FESEM and HRTEM. The results shown the formation of multi walled carbon nanotubes with 40–50 nm from waste toner.

Study of quality indicators for meat raw materials and the effectiveness of a protective technological method under conditions of different content of heavy metals in a pig diet

The paper report results of research related to studying a change in the qualitative indicators and technological properties of meat and lard of swine under conditions of different diet compositions, specifically, with the addition of lead and cadmium (combined and separately) at the dose of 20 maximum permissible concentrations. The evaluation of effectiveness of the protective technological method (feeding experimental plant additive) at the simultaneous arrival of heavy metals with feed was given in order to restore the quality of swine production. It was found that lead and cadmium, both at combined and at separate arrival with feed to the organisms of young pigs had a negative impact on the nutritional and biological value of pork and its technological properties. Their influence led to a decrease in the caloricity of meat, retaining protein, fat, dry substances in it, while the most sufficient changes were observed in the animals of group IV, where lead and cadmium arrived at the same time. Active acidity of meat and its moisture-retaining capability of animals of all groups were within the norm. However, in animals that received elevated doses of heavy metals with feed, the pH of meat changed slightly toward the neutral medium (pH is 5.3–5.5, while control value of pH is 5.1), the moisture-retaining ability of the meat of the studied animals ranged from 55.1 % to 56.5 % (control was 55.1 %). The influence of diets with different composition resulted in a change of the qualitative indicators of lard of the studied animals, at this, there was a reliable increase in the percentage of dry matter (up to 2.84 %) and fat (up to 2.79 %) compared with the control. Feeding animals with the experimental plant additive along with the feed that contained heavy metals contributed to the enhancement of the calorie content of meat (up to 19.4 %), dry matter (up to 9.4 %), the protein-quality indicator (up to 5.9 %) compared with the animals that received heavy metals with the feed, but without the application of this technological method. This technological method also contributed to the technological improvement of the qualitative indicators of lard of the animal. Specifically, we noted an increase in the percentage of dry matter (from 0.4 % to 2.5 %), fat (from 0.7 % to 3.2 %) and a decrease of cell membranes in lard (from 8.6 % to 25 %) in comparison with the indicators of animals of groups I–IV and their approaching the control indicators.

English

A field experiment was carried out during 2012/2013 on acidic soil of Tsegede highlands, Northern Ethiopia to evaluate wheat crop response to different Fertilizers and Liming with four treatments: (1) (No fertilizer), (2) 64 kg/ha Nitrogen+ 150 kg/ha Minjingu organic hyper phosphate fertilizer, (3) 64 kg/ha Nitrogen and 20 kg/ha Phosphorus, and (4) 64 kg/ha Nitrogen and 20 kg/ha Phosphorus + 4.17 t/ha lime were arranged in Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) deign with three replications. Soil samples were collected before planting and analyzed for selected physicochemical properties, which revealed that textural class was sandy loam and the pH, Exchangeable aluminum and Exchangeable Acid as very strong acid and toxic for plant growth. The total percentage of organic matter, Nitrogen and Cation Exchange capacity (CEC) were as high; while very low in available phosphorus. Results indicated soil that received 64 kg/ha Nitrogen from urea+150 kg/ha Minjingu organic hyper phosphate, 64 kg/ha Nitrogen and 20 Phosphorus and 64 kg/ha Nitrogen and 20 kg/ha Phosphorus + 4.17 t/ha lime gave additional grain yield increment by about 191, 211 and 413% over the control, respectively. While the straw yield improved by 226, 248 and 422% respectively. The highest yield was recorded on soils with 64 kg/ha Nitrogen and 20 kg/ha Phosphorus along with lime followed by the 64 kg/ha Nitrogen and 20 kg/ha Phosphorus, and soil with application of 64 kg/ha Nitrogen from urea+150 kg/ha Minjingu organic hyper phosphate. The recorded plant height was significantly affected only at 64 kg/ha Nitrogen and 20 kg/ha Phosphorus + 4.17 t/ha lime (21.2%) over the control. Hence uncontrolled land encroachment in the low land areas can minimize to make these farmlands productive. The rate of these fertilizers and marginal rate of return was not studied. Key words: HAR-604, lime, Minjingu organic hyper phosphate, nitrogen, phosphorus.

Impact of yeast extract, zinc sulphate and organic fertilizers spraying on potato growth and yield

This study was carried out at a private farm in proximity to the Faculty of Agriculture, University of AL-Qasam Green, Babylon, Iraq with an objective to evaluate the performance of manure, organic poultry residuals, dry yeast extract and zinc sulfate on growth and yield of potato. The experiment was arranged in a split-plot within a randomized complete block design keeping three poultry litter doses (0, 1.5 and 3 Mt/ha) as the main plot treatments and five dry yeast extract doses (0, 2, 4, 6 and 8 g/l) and two zinc sulfate (ZnSO4) doses (200 and 400 mg/l) as the sub-plot treatments. The interaction of 3 Mt/ha poultry litter in combination with 8 g/l dry yeast produced the plants with the longest vines. The interaction of 1.5 Mt/ha poultry litter in combination with 4 g/l dry yeast extract produced the maximum stems, highest chlorophyll level, highest leaf area and most total and marketable tubers. Likewise, the interaction of 3 Mt/ha poultry litter in combination with 200 g/l ZnSO4 produced the heaviest tubers and maximum total and marketable yields. The interaction of 1.5 Mt/ha poultry litter in combination with 8 g/l dry yeast produced maximum percentage of dry matter and starch. The best response for higher total and marketable yields was recorded with the application of 3 Mt/ha poultry litter in combination with 200 g/l ZnSO4.

Poly(methylene-co-cyanoguanidine) as an Eco-friendly Nitrogen Fertilizer with Prolonged Activity

Poly(methylene-co-cyanoguanidine), PMCG, is an oligomeric polycation that has found its application in the waste-water treatment as well as in preparation of polyelectrolyte complex microcapsules for biomedical purposes. Considering the nitrogen-rich composition of repeating unit, PMCG may be a valuable polycation utilized as a novel slow-release fertilizer. The aim of this study was to evaluate the potential of PMCG as a nitrogen fertilizer during its 6-month incubation in the soil. Monocotyledonous oat (Avena sativa) and dicotyledonous radish (Raphanus sativus L.) were selected as representative model plants for plant growth test. The effect of PMCG on plant growth and development was dependent on both the PMCG concentration and time of incubation. An increase in the nitrogen amount in green parts of plants demonstrated the uptake of the plant-available form of nitrogen released from PMCG incubated in the soil. This resulted in an increased percentage of fresh matter and shoot height of the tested plants during their exposure to PMCG. Ecotoxicological impact of PMCG in the soil during incubation period against bacteria Allivibrio fischeri and crustacean Heterocypris incongruens was also assessed. PMCG was found as the potential polymer fertilizer that does not require special treatment and can be used as it is for the prolonged release of nitrogen in agriculture.

Study of the technique of magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging (MRSI) and application to evaluation of brain metabolites of systemic lupus erythematosus patients

In this study, MRSI was used to assess metabolite levels in the corpus callosum of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) patients and healthy subjects. For this, an average spectrum was produced from MRSI data, by combining different sets of spectra, which had different minimum percentages of white matter. The effect of eliminating low signal-to-noise spectra was also tested. With this methodology, it was possible to find a 10% decrease in the concentration ratio NAA+NAAG/Cr+PCr in SLE patients compared to healthy subjects, corroborating results found in previous studies using a single voxel technique.

Soil Geomorphology of Garpanchkot Hill Area and Its Influence on Land Use and Land Cover

The present study is about to find out different attributes of soil as well as geomorphology. It is very much relevant to the study of land use land cover (LULC). Garpanchkot hill is situated in Purulia district of West Bengal. There are two geomorphological and seven pedological parameters that have been selected for the study. Shuttle radar topographic mission (SRTM) and advanced land observing satellite (ALOS) data are analyzed by remote sensing software to find out the geomorphological character of the area. There are twenty soil samples that have been taken from top of the hill to foothill pediment area with the change of elevation and slope for laboratory analysis. Different statistical techniques are used for representation. Foot hill area of the Garpanchkot hill can be determined by less than 150 m elevation and 5o slope. Elevation and slope of rest of the hill area (greater than 150 m and 5o) are fully dominated by forest and scattered vegetation. Elevated area (greater than 205 m) with less slope (10o - 15o) is associated with dense forest. Escarpment area is associated with grass land and scattered vegetation. Foothill area is bearing the signature of scattered vegetation, bare soil ground and agriculture. The richness of clay minerals plays an important role in the foothill pediment area for development of agriculture. Sandy loam is dominating soil texture in the rest of the hill area. Percentage of organic matter (1.8%), status of salinity (6.65 - 7.72) and alkalinity (up to 138.6 μs/cm) remain high in the high elevated area due to forest cover. The area is very dry, only fed by the rainfall during monsoon season. Artificial reservoir feeds the foothill agriculture system. Rice, wheat, maize, sugarcane, pulses chili and vegetables are the main crops of this area.

The Effect of Spraying Boron and Seaweed Extracts (kelpak) on Vegetative Growth Characteristics and Concentration of Some Medically Active Substances for Lemon Grass (Cymbopogon Citratus L.)

This study includes the effect of spraying boron and seaweed extracts kelpak in the vegetative growth characteristics and concentration of some medically active substances for lemongrass plant. The experiment used a randomized complete block design with three replications. The Medians treatments have compared using Duncan’s test with multi limits at 5% possibility. The results arrived at can be summed up as follows. Discriminate treatment (B1K1) the highest rate of number of leaves (9.61 leave/plant) and the highest rate in plant height (134.14 cm), compared with comparison transaction ( B0K0 ) it gave the lowest rate for the number of leaves and less height of the plants. While the treatment giving overlap (B2K2) the highest moral value Percentage of dry matter for total vegetative (24.00) and the highest rate of percentage of dry matter for total root (33.00) and the highest rate of leaves area (168.08 cm2/leave) and the highest total chlorophyll concentration (35.18 SPAD) Compared with the least in comparison transaction ( B0K0 ) that gave less rate in percentage of dry matter for total vegetative and root and the less total chlorophyll concentration. Influenced treatment (B1K1) in the concentrations of the activeA substances to give it the highest concentrations of Myrcene (3.47 mg/gm) and Citral (28.01 mg/gm) and Limonene (42.72 mg/gm) and Geraniol (38.42 mg/gm) compared to the rest of the other transactions, while the lower concentrations of these in the treatment comparison ( B0K0).

Effect of Environmental Factors on Cyanobacteria Richness in Some Agricultural Soils

The physicochemical variations of soil, such as temperature, pH, nutrients, and the type of plant cultivation, affect the diversity of cyanobacteria, whether heterocystous or not. The aim of this study was to identify the species of cyanobacteria in a soil and the effect of environmental characteristics on cyanobacteria. Soil samples collected from six different agricultural sites in Al Diwaniyah city/Iraq during September 2016 in the autumn season were analyzed, and the physicochemical characteristics of the samples were measured using approved methods.The results showed significant correlation and differences between cyanobacteria composition, distribution, and physicochemical factors among soil sites. The Agricultural soil was slightly alkaline and moderately saline and contained abundant nutrients, cations and a high percentage of organic matter. All these characteristics influenced the distribution and diversity of cyanobacteria. Ninety-six species were identified, including four heterocystous species represented by Anabaena, Calothrix, Cylnidrospermum, and Nostoc. However, the non-heterocystous were represented by 13 species: Aphanocapsa, Aphanothece, Arthrospira, Chroococcus, Gloeocapsa, Lyngbya, Merismopedia, Microcystis, Microcoleus, Oscillatoria, Phormidium, Schizothrix, and Spirulina. The dominant species of cyanobacteria was Oscillatoria, followed by Phormidium, Chroococcus, Gleocapsa and Lyngbya. The highest value of Shannon’s and Simpson’s diversities were registered in the Ghammas site, which is a paddy field, but the lowest was registered in the Afak site, cultivated with the alfalfa plant. Soil was classified as finely textured with silty clayey characterization, favorable for cyanobacteria growth.

Response of Arucula Cultivars to Saline Nutritive Solution Enriched With Potassium Nitrate

The quality of water used to prepare a nutritive solution is a fundamental factor for plants to express their maximum yield potential, however, due to an emerging water scarcity, the use of saline water is turning into a challenge for producers and scientists. The present study was developed to evaluate the effect of potassium nitrate in two arucula cultivars fertigated with saline nutritive solutions in semi-hydroponic system. It was used a randomized block design, in factorial scheme 2 &amp;times; 4, with two arucula cultivars (Cultivada and Folha Larga) and four nutritive solutions [S1-standard nutritive solution; S2-standard nutritive solution + NaCl (7.5 dS m-1); S3-S2 + 50% of KNO3; S4-100% of KNO3], with three replicates, with each experimental unit represented by a gutter of 1.5 m filled with coconut-fiber based substrate and 30 plants per replicate. Plants were collected 40 days after planting and evaluated for following variables: height, amount of leaves, leaf area, above ground fresh matter, above ground dry matter, leaf succulence, percentage of dry matter, and specific leaf area. Cultivada is more productive than Folha Larga, but presented higher sensibility to salinity. Increase of salinity in the water for preparation of nutritive solution negatively affects arucula cultivars&amp;rsquo; development in semi-hydroponic system. The use of potassium nitrate reduced the effects of salinity on the Folha Larga&amp;rsquo;s development, but did not inhibit negative effects of salinity in any cultivar. Growth of arucula, Folha Larga, using saline water in semi-hydroponic system is feasible with addition of 50% of KNO3.

Perbandingan Karakteristik Mutu Biobriket Kulit Durian Dan Jenis Briket Arang Berdasarkan Persentase Volatile Matter

&lt;p&gt;Bioarang is charcoal (one type of fuel) made from various kinds of biological materials, for example wood, twigs, leaves, grass that can be carbonized. biobriquette is an alternative energy substitute for fuel produced from organic materials or agricultural waste (biomass) that is underutilized,&lt;br /&gt;especially durian shell waste. This study aims to look at the comparison of the quality characteristics of the durian shell biobriquette with the type of charcoal based on the percentage of volatile matter. &lt;br /&gt;The making of this biobriquette uses 1: 2 pati janeng from the biobriquette weight, the biobriquette particle size is 80 mesh, the cylindrical biobriquette form. The results showed that the biobriquette produced had met the fuel quality standards for households. Level biobriquette of durian shell volatile&lt;br /&gt;matter is obtained 6%, and for the type of volatile matter charcoal is 5%. Based on the quality standard for volatile matter is a maximum of 15%. Volatile matter test for biobriquette durian shell obtained can be used as an environmentally friendly fuel.&lt;/p&gt;