Percentage Of Eggs Research Articles

IMMUNOMODULATION OF HOUSE FLIES EXPOSED TO AZADIRACHTIN

In this study the lethal and sub-lethal effects of azadirachtin on adult house flies, and the main variations in theirimmune-related gene expression levels were detected. Flies acquiring azadirachtin by ingestion showed differentdegrees of susceptibility depending on concentration and time of exposure to this compound, with LC50valuecorresponding to 101.14 µg/ml, after five days of exposure to a dose of 7.5 µl/fly/day. Flies surviving ingestion of sub-lethal concentrations showed significant decrease in their lifespan and reproductive performance, including fecundityand percentage of egg hatching.A significant immune-stimulation effect of lower azadirachtin concentrations (25 µg/ml), and a generalimmunosuppression of most AMPs (i.e. attacin, cecropin, defensin,diptericin and muscin) at higher concentrationlevels (100 µg/ml) were observed. This study highlights the immunodeficiency potential of azadirachtin, providing new insights into understandingthe physiological response of Musca domesticato this botanical compound at the molecular level.

Laying Performance of Chicken Fed with Ginger Powder

This study was conducted to determine the laying performance of layer chickens supplemented with different levels of ginger powder in terms of hen housed egg production( HHEP) in percent, quality of egg, feed conversion ratio (FCR) and cost of feed to produce a dozen egg. Two-hundred forty head ready to-lay pullets (Babcock White) at 28 weeks were used in a Randomized Complete Block Design with four treatments replicated thrice. The treatments used were: T0-(control) pure commercial ration(PCR); T1-PCR + 1% ginger powder(GP); T2- PCR + 2% (GP); T3- PCR + 3% (GP). Egg production of the experimental birds were conducted in 12 months. Results showed that supplementing layer chickens with 1% to 3% ginger powder resulted to a generally higher monthly HHEP(%) compared to the control birds. Supplementation of ginger powder from 1% - 3% resulted to higher percentage of large, medium and small eggs. Better FCR was also noted in birds supplemented with ginger powder resulting to lower cost of feed to produce a dozen eggs. Supplementation of ginger powder at 1% can be used to layer chicken for better performance.

Low light intensity in Pekin duck breeder barns has a greater impact on the fertility of drakes than hens

The Pekin duck is an excellent model for the study of seasonal reproduction. To more completely understand the lighting requirements for maximal fertility in duck breeder houses, we housed adult (45 week old) drakes and hens in the Hope College aviary as 5 drakes and 25 hens. Light conditions in each floor pen were normalized based upon quantal energy and divided into the following categories: (1) to simulate summer, 14.5h 65 lux with 9.5h 1 lux; (2) to simulate winter, 8h 65 lux with 16 h 1 lux; (3) winter augmented, 8h 65 lux with 16 h at 15 lux. The experiment was repeated with rotation of light treatments among 3 pens until a final N = 6 was obtained. Daily, total number of eggs laid was tallied, and a daily average of eggs laid was calculated throughout the study. Weekly, eggs were weighed and the perivitilline membrane was assayed for the number of sperm holes as an indirect measure of drake fertility. As expected, winter conditions caused a reduction in the percent of eggs laid and a reduction in the number of fertilized eggs compared to the summer light conditions. The augmented winter light conditions prevented the loss in the percent eggs laid and fertilized eggs. Surprisingly, even after 4 wk of the study, the winter conditions did not cause a complete loss of fertility in the Pekin ducks. At the end of the study, no differences in the relative expression in brain deep brain photoreceptors or gonadotropin inhibitory hormone mRNAs were observed among any light treatment. Although a minimum (1 lux) of light can support some fertility, our findings suggest commercial Pekin duck barns may benefit from increasing the augmented light to 15 lux to maintain optimal fertility during winter months. Furthermore, our data suggest that drakes may be more sensitive to environmental light conditions than hens.

Demographic parameters of the predaceous ladybird, Hippodamia variegata (Goeze), on the aphid species, Aphis craccivora (Koch), reared on four host plants

The reproductive and demographic attributes of the aphidophagous ladybird, Hippodamia variegata (Goeze) (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae), when fed on the aphid species, Aphis craccivora (Koch), reared on four host plants, viz. Dolichos lablab L., Vigna unguiculata L. Walp, Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp., and Ranunculus sceleratus L., were investigated in the laboratory to find host suitability for the production of the ladybird. Results indicated that there was a significant effect of host plant on both reproductive and demographic parameters of the predator. The host plant suitability was in the rank order D. lablab = V. unguiculata > C. cajan > R. sceleratus. This ladybird started reproducing very early and laid a high number of eggs for a longer period of time when the adults were fed on aphids raised on D. lablab and V. unguiculata. Both the fecundity and percent egg hatching increased significantly in the case of the abovementioned two host plants. Similar host plant effects were found on demographic parameters of H. variegata, with significantly high values of net reproductive rate (rm), short generation (Tc), and doubling times (D.T.) on D. lablab and V. unguiculata. Age-specific fecundity of H. variegata at all host plant treatments was triangular in function with an initial increase in ovipositional rate with age, followed by attainment of peak and gradual decline till egg laying ceases. These peaks were higher on the host plant treatments, D. lablab and V. unguiculata. Sub-optimal values of both reproductive and demographic parameters were found on the host plant, R. sceleratus. Thus, it could be concluded that both D. lablab and V. unguiculata were the suitable host plants to raise aphid, A. craccivora, for the augmentative rearing of the ladybird, H. variegata.

The population structure and sex ratios of Bursaphelenchus xylophilus under α-pinene stress

Pine wood nematode (PWN), Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, is a serious pathogen of pines throughout the world. Previous work indicated that different concentrations of α-pinene could affect nematode reproduction, however the mechanism of that influence is not clear. In order to examine the reproductive strategies of PWN in response to the stress of the volatile material α-pinene, we investigated different aspects of population changes of B. xylophilus under two concentrations of α-pinene. The results show that a high concentration (214.5 mg ml−1) promoted population growth while a low concentration (56.33 mg ml−1) decreased the population. Population structure was analyzed and it was found that a high concentration of α-pinene decreased the percentage of adults but increased the percentages of larvae and eggs. Furthermore, from the results of an evaluation of sex ratios (female/male), it was determined that a high concentration could elevate sex ratios but a low concentration decreased ratios sharply. These results suggest that the PWN could regulate its population by changing sex ratios under stress of α-pinene. This study has provided a theoretical basis for the prevention and control of pine wilt disease caused by the pine wood nematode.

Effects of iron chelating agent on Schistosoma mansoni infected murine model

Schistosomiasis is one of the major health problems in many tropical and developing countries. Infection takes place once cerceriae penetrate human skin, then it changed into schistosomules. The schistosomules takes iron in the form of heme from host's haemoglobin, ferritin and transferrin. Iron is a vital element not only for growth and sexual maturity of schistosomules to adults but also for oogenesis. Since the trapped eggs are the pathological causative agent for most of pathogenesis and complications, the current work was designed to study the effects of early deprivation of schistosomules from iron in the host (in vivo) by chelating it with deferoxamine (DFO). The iron chelation has effects on growth, maturity and egg deposition, as well as it has ameliorative effects on liver pathology such as hepatic fibrosis. Mice were classified into four groups, normal control, DFO treated only, Schistosoma mansoni (S. mansoni) infected DFO untreated and S. mansoni infected DFO treated. The infected DFO treated mice showed significant reduction in fecal egg excretion with increased percentage of dead eggs and this was accompanied with a significant reduction of both total worm burden and hepatic egg load and increased dead egg percentage compared to the infected DFO untreated group. There was also a significant reduction in both serum and hepatic tissue ferritin concentrations in the infected DFO treated mice in comparison to the infected DFO untreated group. Additionally, a significant decrease in number and size of granulomas with subsequent improvement of liver fibrosis was recorded in the infected DFO treated group. This immunopathology was also associated with significant up regulation of Interlukine12 (IL12), Interferon gamma (IFN γ) and significant down regulation in interleukin4 (IL4), interleukin10 (IL10) in both serum and hepatic tissue in the infected DFO treated compared to other groups. Entirely, DFO succeeded in diminishing the growth, maturity and fecundity of S. mansoni with a subsequent improvement of hepatic pathology. As a result of the above findings, it can be concluded that DFO could be considered as a useful treatment against schistosomal infection.

PENETASAN TELUR IKAN GABUS ( CHANNA STRIATA ) DALAM MEDIA INKUBASI DENGAN LAMA PEMBERIAN OKSIGEN ( AERASI ) BERBEDA

The aims of this research were to determine the hatching percentage of snakehead fish egg which incubated on different duration of aeration (oxygen supply). This research had been conducted in the Fish Breeding Unit “Batanghari Sembilan”, Indralaya since October until November 2017. This research used Completely Randomized Design method (CRD) with 5 treatments and 3 replications consist of; P1 (24 hours, aerated), P2 (24 hours non aerated), P3 (12 hours aerated, 12 hours non aerated), P4 (10 hours aerated, 14 hours non aerated) and P5 (8 hours aerated, 16 hours non aerated). The result of this research showed that the best hatching percentage, were P4 81.64%. Survival rate of pro larva (3 day old / D3), the best result were treatment 4 (P4), 86,54%. Baside on, hatching percentage and survival rate of prolarva parameter, P4 is the best treatment. Furthemore, time efficiency and cost of operation fish breeding program, treatment P4 suggested. Key words: egg snakehead fish, aeration, dissolved oxygen.

Artificial spawning substrates and participatory research to foster cuttlefish stock recovery: A pilot study in the Adriatic Sea.

This two-year study evaluates the effects of new management strategies directed at helping the recovery of Adriatic cuttlefish populations. The ability of three specially developed artificial spawning devices–seagrass collectors (SC; deployed on artificial reefs), longline collectors (LC; deployed at mussel farms), and trap collectors (TC; delivered to 19 professional and 54 recreational trap fishermen together with a dedicated logbook)–to attract egg deposition was tested. All devices were provided with a polyethylene floating rope 8 mm in diameter that served as a collector for egg deposition. Total rope length was 1,440 m in SC (2,880 segments of 0.5 m), 250 m in LC (500 segments of 0.5 m), and 250 m in TC (10 m per trap). Although the sites where SC and LC were deployed were sheltered from the action of destructive fishing gears, heavy winter storms destroyed the SC after a year. Most recreational fishermen and none of the professional fishermen provided detailed information on percent egg coverage on their collectors. The collectors attached to the three devices proved highly suitable for cuttlefish spawning, collecting more than 500,000 eggs on 2,440 m of rope. The analysis of egg diameter distribution suggested three laying events during the spawning season. The logbook data showed that egg number peaked in June. The present approach, combining habitat reconstruction and participatory research, has the potential to contribute to the recovery of cuttlefish stocks in the framework of a broader management plan.

Status of Stink Bug (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) Egg Parasitoids in Soybeans in Louisiana.

Stink bugs are important insect pests of soybean, Glycine max (L.), in Louisiana. Scouting, economic thresholds, and insecticide applications are the main strategies used in the integrated pest management of soybean insect pests. However, biological control of stink bug eggs by parasitoids has the potential to reduce populations of these pests. A survey of stink bug egg parasitoids was conducted at different sites in Louisiana from 2008 to 2010. Similarly, a study on the incidence of stink bug egg parasitoids within soybean vertical strata and plant structures was conducted in 2009 to 2011. Species of stink bug eggs collected during the studies included the redbanded stink bug, Piezodorus guildinii (Westwood), the brown stink bug species complex, Euschistus spp., the southern green stink bug, Nezara viridula L., the spined soldier bug, Podisus maculiventris (Say), and the green stink bug, Chinavia hilaris (Say). The percentage of stink bug eggs parasitized in the central location of Louisiana was higher compared with the northwest location during the 2008 to 2010 growing seasons. There were no differences in percentage of stink bug egg parasitism within soybean plant strata between 2009 and 2011. Telenomus podisi Ashmead (Hymenoptera: Platygastridae) was the most abundant parasitoid, and it showed preference for P. guildinii. Other platygastrid species that emerged included Trissolcus euschisti Ashmead (Hymenoptera: Platygastridae), Gryon obesum Masner (Hymenoptera: Platygastridae), and Telenomus longicornis Johnson (Hymenoptera: Platygastridae). This study is the first to report the parasitization of P. guildinii eggs on soybeans in the United States.

Description of the Annual Reproductive Cycle of Wreckfish Polyprion americanus in Captivity

Successful spontaneous reproduction and the production of viable offspring of wild fish in captivity can take some years of adaptation, and may also involve different environmental conditions, sex ratios and densities compared to natural populations. We followed the reproductive cycle of wreckfish Polyprion americanus—a late maturing, deep-sea benthic species—in captivity in three different broodstocks in Spain under natural photoperiod and temperature, and one broodstock in Greece under a constant temperature of 16 °C for two consecutive years, to describe the reproductive cycle of the species and the associated sex steroid hormone profiles. Oogenesis begun in the fall and post-vitellogenic oocytes of 1250 μm were present between March and June. Males were in spermiation condition and produced good-quality sperm throughout the year, regardless of the temperature profile to which they were exposed. Some females completed oogenesis, underwent oocyte maturation, and spawned spontaneously under both constant and fluctuating temperatures. The sex steroid hormones of both males and females followed the already-known profiles during fish gametogenesis, except for 17,20β-dihydroxy-progesterone, which did not seem to be related to either female or male maturation. The female reproductive dysfunctions that were identified included (a) the arrest of oogenesis at the cortical alveoli stage in certain females; (b) the failure to undergo oocyte maturation in others; and (c) the production of large percentages of unfertilized eggs from the females that spawned spontaneously. Our study suggests that reproduction in captivity is possible in wreckfish maintained under typical marine aquaculture conditions, but that reliable spawning and production of high-quality eggs may require some years of adaptation to captivity, before the reproductive dysfunctions will be overcome.

Calcium particle size effects on plasma, excreta, and urinary Ca and P changes in broiler breeder hens.

An experiment was conducted using non-colostomized and colostomized broiler breeder hens to determine the effects of feeding limestone of 2 different mean particle sizes (185 microns and 3490 microns) on P excretion, total P and Ca retention, and urinary P and Ca excretion during a 6-week feeding study. Additionally, changes in plasma inorganic P (iP) and ionic Ca (Ca++) and urinary excretion of P and Ca were determined in one egg laying cycle of 24hours. One-hundred-fifty non-colostomized and 6 colostomized broiler breeder hens, 30 wk of age, were divided into 2 groups and fed broiler breeder diets supplemented with either small particle or large particle limestone. Two % acid insoluble ash (Celite) was added to the feed as a marker. Diets, excreta, and urine samples were analyzed for total P and Ca by ionic coupling plasma (ICP) analysis. The non-colostomized breeders fed large particle limestone compared to small limestone particles produced a significant increase in percent tibia ash (P < 0.0001) and egg specific gravity (P = 0.0382), but P excretion approached a tendency of being reduced (P = 0.1585). The urinary total P and Ca (∼18 and 9%, respectively) of total P and Ca excretion for breeders fed both sizes of limestone was not significantly different in the colostomized breeders. In plasma, both iP and Ca++ reached a peak during 18 to 20h and 20 to 24h post oviposition for smaller and larger particle sized limestone fed groups, respectively. The maximal excretion of urinary P was found during 11 to 20h post oviposition, whereas urinary Ca peaked during 0 to 11h post oviposition for both smaller and larger particle sized limestone supplemented groups. In summary, the findings indicate that the particle size (smaller and larger) of calcium source did not significantly influence the quantitative total urinary excretion of Ca and P but did influence the timing of Ca and P excretion.

PEMIJAHAN IKAN GABUS (Channa striata) SECARA ALAMI DAN SEMI ALAMI

ABSTRACTSpawning is early life cycle of fishes and breeding program process. Wild of snakehead fish (Channa striata) can spawning in the open water as fish habits. At aquaculture environmental the fish can spawning too. Spawning of snakehead fish by artificial spawning used hormone. This study want to know differently of natural spawning and artificial spawning. The result of study latency periode of artificial spawning 23-24 hours (one day), and natural spawning range 3-5 days, fecundity of artificial spawning is 2.847-6.668 eggs, natural spawning is 1.557-6.112 eggs, percentage of eggs fertilized artificial spawning is 98,78-99,75%,, natural spawning is 98,33-99,54%. The conclusion of this study is latency periode artificial spawning faster than natural spawning, fecundity and percentage of ferlized egg not significant between artificial and natural spawning. Keywords : Snakehead fish, Natural spawning, Artificial spawning

The efficacy of peanut oil and palm oil in preserving chicken eggs in a tropical environment

The study was undertaken to compare the effect of different storage methods on external and internal quality of Isa Brown eggs obtained from Rufai Poultry Farms Bakura, Zamfara State. Ninety (90) eggs were collected from the Rufai farms sales office at Talata Mafara, Zamfara State. The eggs were divided into three groups (A, B and C) of 30 eggs each. The mean weight of the eggs in each of the groups was determined. Group A was left uncoated in a crate, while groups B and C were coated with peanut oil and palm oil respectively, and stored for four (4) weeks at room temperature. The egg shell, mean egg weight, egg yolk, egg white (albumen) and volume of each individual eggs were evaluated. The average percentage whole egg weight loss for all the groups showed significant difference (p&lt;0.05) after preservation, with group A having the highest average percentage egg weight loss of 64.16±5.00%, although, group B had heavier weight compared to group A before preservation. Eggs coated with palm oil had better internal quality compared to peanut oil coated eggs and non-oil coated eggs, as it was seen to have intact internal content. A significant difference (P&lt; 0.05) was also seen in the volume of group B and C with group C having the highest volume of 67.67±10.79ml. In conclusion this study showed that all palm oil coated eggs had good external and internal quality and longer shelf-life than non-oil coated and peanut coated eggs. It was therefore recommended that eggs should be preserved by coating with palm oil, so as to extend their shell-life.Keywords: Chicken egg, Egg Albumen, Egg Yolk, Palm oil, Peanut oil, Preservation

Food Consumption of Livestock Products by Household Coast In South Bolaang Mongondow Regency, North Sulawesi, Indonesia

Food consumption from animals tends to increase due to the improving economic condition of people from a region. In addition, increased public awareness of nutrition can lead to increased consumption of food including animal food from livestock. The problem is that coastal communities are low-income people, resulting in a tendency to consume low livestock products. This research has been conducted with the aim to know the amount of income and consumption of livestock products (meat and egg) in South Bolaang Mongondow Regency. The research method used is survey method. Subdistricts and villages as samples have been determined by purposive sampling that is the subdistricts and villages located in the coastal area of South Bolaang Mongondow Regency. Respondents as many as 100 people were determined by simple random sampling. The results showed that the average of household income obtained was Rp 3022300 per month per household. The number of households consuming beef is as much as 100 percent, meat from local chicken 96 percent, goats 43 percent, chicken 6 percent, pig 4 percent and chicken eggs 90 percent. The average consumption of livestock products per year per household is 217.60 eggs, beef 1.15 kg, 1.34 kg chicken meat, 1.11 kg goat meat, 1.83 kg chicken meat and 2.50 kg pork. Based on the result of the research, it can be concluded that the income received by the household is low because only Rp 100,743.33 per day, the consumption of livestock product is still under the standard, for meat only about 1.37 kg / capita / tahun. Suggestions, it is necessary government intervention to improve livestock business as a source of income for coastal communities.

DETERMINATION OF MATERNAL ANTIBODY (IGY) CONCENTRATION AS A GENETIC MARKER TO IMPROVE FERTILITY, HATCHABILITY AND LIVABILITY PERCENTAGES IN TWO LOCAL STRAINS OF CHICKENS

The present study was carried out at the Department of Poultry and Fish Production, Faculty of Agriculture at Shibin El-Kom, Menoufia University. The aim of the present study was to determine the concentrations of maternal antibody (IgY) in blood serum of layers and hatched chicks, in addition to egg yolk of three, control, high and low IgY antibody lines of Sinai and Silver Montazah local strains of chickens as a genetic marker to improve fertility, hatchability and livability percentages. The results were summarized as follows: 1. Sinai strain had significantly higher IgY antibody concentration than Silver Montazah strain of chickens, being 4.68 vs 4.22 mg/ml in hen blood serum, 4.11 vs 3.46 mg/ml in egg yolk, 3.09 vs 2.66 mg/ml in hatched chicks serum and 48.00 vs 38.41 mg/egg yolk total, respectively. 2. Highly significant differences (P<0.01) among lines, the high (LH) lines harvested the highest IgY level and control line (CL) occupied intermediate level, whereas the low lines (LL) had the lowest IgY level in both strains of chickens. The means of IgY concentrations were 3.74, 6.15 and 2.44 mg/ml in Silver Montazah strain, where the corresponding values in Sinai strain were 4.63, 6.65 and 2.47 mg/ml for control, HL and LL lines, respectively. 3. The high IgY antibody lines had significant (P < 0.05) higher percentages of fertility than the control and low IgY antibody lines. The averages of fertility percentages were 76.97 vs 77.21 for control lines, 85.29 vs 88.19 for high lines and 68.38 vs 68.81 for low lines of Silver Montazah and Sinai strains of chickens, respectively. 4. The means of hatchability percentages of fertile eggs were 72.32% vs 77.60% for Silver Montazah and Sinai chickens, respectively. Also, means of hatchability percentages were 89.18 vs 91.89% for high lines, 75.11 vs 77.65% for control lines and 57.07 vs 61.33% for low lines of Silver Montazah and Sinai strains of chickens, respectively. 5. Sinai chickens had significantly (P < 0.5) higher livability (%) as compared to Silver Montazah chickens (80.65 vs 75.14%) due to the direct action of maternal antibody (IgY) transferred from layers to newly hatched chicks. 6. High IgY lines had significantly (P < 0.5) higher percentages of livability at 28d. The means of livability (%) were 75.83 vs 80.91 (%) for control lines, 87.92 vs 93.49 (%) for high lines, and 65.29 vs 65.79 (%) for low lines of Silver Montazah and Sinai strains of chickens, respectively. 7. Since the high IgY antibody improved fertility, hatchability and viability, So that, the IgY can be used as a genetic marker to improve some productive traits in chickens.

Evaluation of the Role of Irradiated, Culex pipiens , Mosquito (Diptera; Culicidae) in the Transmission of Hepatitis C Virus ( HCV)

In the present study, gamma radiation effects on the reproductive potential of the mosquito, Culex pipiens and its role in the transmission of the Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) were investigated. The susceptibility of female, Culex pipiens mosquitoes to gamma irradiation was carried out by exposed full grown pupae to doses 0, 20, 40, 60 Gy. The lethal doses were calculated, as the doses of gamma radiation increased, a progressive increase in the non- hatched eggs percentage. The viral load at mouth parts, in mid-gut and salivary gland, was detected in the irradiated females with LD75 (60 Gy) and non-irradiated using RT-PCR relatively at time 60 min., 5 and 13 days and tested in the mentioned position. Viral load in irradiated Culex pipiens that fed on an infected blood with a viral load 1.2 x 106IU/ml %was decreased by time from 6.0782 x 104 IU/ML% at zero time into 2.399 x 103 IU/ML% after 60 min. post-infection at the mouth parts. Also, the viral load decreased by time in the mid-gut from 2.63575 x 105 IU/ML% at zero time into 3.969 x 103 IU/ML% after 5 days post-infection, while HCV was not detected in the salivary glands. The current results indicated that the mechanical transmission through mouth parts in irradiated and non-irradiated Culex pipiens mosquitoes is plausible while the biological transmission did not occur.

Susceptibility of the life stages of cigarette beetle, Lasioderma serricorne (F.) (Coleoptera: Anobiidae) to ozone

The ban of methyl bromide and problems associated with the use of other stored-product pest control methods have demanded search for potential alternatives. Ozone, an oxidizing gas, is one of such potential alternatives. In this study, the susceptibility of life stages of the cigarette beetle, Lasioderma serricorne (F.) (Coleoptera: Anobiidae) to ozone, was investigated. The concentration-mortality relationships for all life stages exposed to 100–400 ppm at 50 ppm increments for 1 h were determined. The time-mortality relationships for adult L. serricorne exposed to 100 ppm ozone concentration for 1–6 h were also determined. Mortality was recorded as percentages of eggs that failed to hatch 10 days after treatment (DAT), larvae or pupae that failed to develop into adults 28 or 15 DAT, respectively, and adults that died 2 DAT. The concentration-mortality estimates suggested that, generally, higher concentrations were required to kill 99% of insects when treated without food compared to when treated with food made of whole wheat flour and brewer's yeast. In the absence of food, larvae were the most tolerant and adults were the least tolerant to ozone treatment and required 15, 974 ppm and 3769 ppm to kill 99% of the individuals respectively. In the presence of food, eggs and pupae were the most and least tolerant respectively. An exposure time of 7.1 × 1030 h was required to kill 99% of adults treated in the presence of food and 99 h in the absence of food. When adult insects were exposed to 100 ppm ozone for 1–6 h in the absence of food, a weak relationship between survival rate and exposure duration observed initially became stronger in subsequent days. The present study suggests that ozone treatment could be a potential alternative for the management of all life stages of L. serricorne.

MESIN TETAS TENAGA SURYA PADA PETERNAKAN ITIK ALABIO DI KECAMATAN GAMBUT KABUPATEN BANJAR

Breeding ducks Alabio not be separated from the activities of the hatch, but the productivity in generating Day Old Duck (day old ducklings) on hatching activity remains low. This is due to some problems in the hatchery that often the death of the electricity so that the temperature and humidity of the incubator is not constant during hatching. This will affect the duck embryonic development. Besides, reversal and provision of high humidity is still done manually so that the eggs are often removed from the incubator. Reversal of eggs is essential to prevent embio attached to the shell. South Kalimantan is a tropical region with year-roundsunshine. It can be stored to be utilized as a source of energy through the conversion of solar energy into heating the incubator. Aside from the use of solar energy becomes a substitute for the electricity and can last up to 15 years without having to pay subscription fees and usage of electricity. Solar power conversion technology can overcome the limitations of the heater in the incubator in the District Peat Banjar district, in addition to the modifications to the reversal of eggs and automatic sprayer. With this expected productivity hatchery to produce DOD will be higher. Yet another obstacle arises when DOD high productivity being offset by marketing efforts. For that partners business group sales of poultry Setia Budi prepared to be a partner in marketing the Day Old Duck (DOD), which previously only market the consumption of duck eggs. Measuring the success of this activity is to look at the operation of the incubator solar power during the 28 days prior to hatching without any outages, as well as the percentage of eggs that hatch, number of DOD that hatch in a healthy condition, business analysis more efficient hatching and the number of DOD that could be marketed.

Leg impairment affects the reproductive attributes of a ladybird, Menochilus sexmaculatus (Fabricius)

Abstract Natural injuries and their causes have recently garnered attention amongst researchers, however the effects of these injuries on life history traits are still sparsely investigated. In the few studies that have been conducted injuries are known to have a debilitating effect on male virility and reproductive performance. Thus the effect of leg injuries in males on mating behaviour and reproductive output in the ladybird beetle, Menochilus sexmaculatus was investigated. This is the first study on the effect of injury on any life history trait in Coccinellidae. The legs of the male were amputated at three different joints on the same side and opposite sides for one leg or two legs. These amputated males were paired with uninjured females and the mating behaviour and subsequent reproductive output was observed. Time to commence mating, latent period and mating duration in impaired males were observed and were all found to be higher than that of uninjured males. Fecundity and percent egg viability were reduced in all impaired male pairs. Males with physical disability were found to copulate for an extended duration, perhaps to ensure maximum paternity.

Different levels of metabolizable energy and sulfur amino acids in diets for white Bovans hens

Con el objeto de evaluar el comportamiento productivo de la gallina Bovans blanca de primer ciclo alimentadas con dietas con niveles diferentes de energía metabolizable (EM) y de metionina+cistina digestible (AAD), para lograr disminuir el porcentaje de huevo pequeño (&lt;42 g), al inicio de la producción se utilizaron 384 gallinas de 19 semanas de edad. Se usó un diseño completamente al azar, en un arreglo factorial de 4 X 2, donde el primer factor fueron los niveles de EM (2700, 2800, 2900, 3000 Kcal/kg) y el segundo factor fue la inclusión de diferentes porcentajes de AAD (0.45, 0.61). Cada tratamiento, contó con cuatro repeticiones de 12 gallinas cada uno. Durante ocho semanas se llevaron registros semanales, del porcentaje de postura, peso promedio del huevo, consumo de alimento; masa de huevo/ave/día y conversión alimenticia; además, se clasificó el huevo de acuerdo al peso. Los resultados obtenidos, no mostraron respuesta a los factores de estudio ni a la interacción entre nivel de EM y AAD, para ninguna de las variables productivas. Se encontró un efecto sobre el consumo de alimento del nivel de energía y aminoácidos azufrados (P&lt;0.05). Se disminuyó el porcentaje de huevo pequeño en los niveles más altos de EM de 2900 y 3000 Kcal/Kg (29.6 y 30.4 % respectivamente). Se incrementó (P&lt;0.05) el porcentaje de huevo grande en 3 % al usar dietas con el nivel de AAD de 0.61 %.