Percentage Of Eggs Research Articles

Ovicidal, pupicidal and bactericidal effects of aminopyridinium-based ionic liquids on Culex pipiens and certain human pathogenic bacteria

Culex pipiens (Diptera: Culicidae) is one of the most prevalent mosquitoes particularly in the Al-Madinah Al-Munawwarah region, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, transmitting numerous diseases such as arboviruses, avian malaria, elephantiasis, dirofilariasis, and encephalitis. Worldwide, Culex pipiens has developed resistance to numerous insecticides; therefore, considerable efforts have been done to introduce new mosquito control candidates. Due to their unique physical, biological, and eco-friendly properties, ionic liquids (ILs) have been recently considered as promising agents in controlling a variety of organisms. Six aminopyridinium-based ionic liquids (IL1–IL6) were assayed against eggs and pupae of C. pipiens. Percentages of non-hatched eggs, non-emerged pupae, the lethal concentrations (LC50 and LC90) of both C. pipiens eggs and pupae were recorded. after exposure, to different ILs. The effects of ILs against eggs and pupae were concentration and IL-dependant. The percentages of egg unhatchability were much higher than those of pupal mortality, as the percentage of egg unhatchability reached 99% after treatment with IL6 at 0.5 g/L, while the percentage of pupal mortality reached 40.8% after treatment with IL4 at 0.5 g/L. The LC50 and LC90 of ILs against pupae were much higher than those of ILs against eggs. Effects of ILs on Staphylococcus aureus (Bacillales: Staphylococcaceae) and Escherichia coli (Entrobacterales: Entrobacteriaceae) were also studied; some ILs showed a considerable effect on both bacteria species. This is the first study to show the ovicidal, pupicidal, and bactericidal effects of aminopyridinium-based ILs in controlling C. pipiens, S. aureus, and E. coli.

Data mining as a hatchery process evaluation tool

ABSTRACT The hatchery is one of the most important segments of the poultry chain, and generates an abundance of data, which, when analyzed, allow for identifying critical points of the process . The aim of this study was to evaluate the applicability of the data mining technique to databases of egg incubation of broiler breeders and laying hen breeders. The study uses a database recording egg incubation from broiler breeders housed in pens with shavings used for litters in natural mating, as well as laying hen breeders housed in cages using an artificial insemination mating system. The data mining technique (DM) was applied to analyses in a classification task, using the type of breeder and house system for delineating classes. The database was analyzed in three different ways: original database, attribute selection, and expert analysis. Models were selected on the basis of model precision and class accuracy. The data mining technique allowed for the classification of hatchery fertile eggs from different genetic groups, as well as hatching rates and the percentage of fertile eggs (the attributes with the greatest classification power). Broiler breeders showed higher fertility (> 95 %), but higher embryonic mortality between the third and seventh day post-hatching (> 0.5 %) when compared to laying hen breeders’ eggs. In conclusion, applying data mining to the hatchery process, selection of attributes and strategies based on the experience of experts can improve model performance.

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The document associated with this DOI has been withdrawn.

Efectos de probióticos y ácidos orgánicos sobre parámetros de incubación y producción en gallinas reproductoras

<p>Se estudiaron las respuestas correlacionadas entre los parámetros de la incubación en gallinas reproductoras pesadas suplementadas con una combinación de ácidos orgánicos y probióticos. Tres ensayos consecutivos fueron ejecutados durante los años 2013, 2014 y 2015. En cada ensayo, los reproductores fueron divididos en dos grupos: control y tratado, recibiendo agua y ácidos orgánicos con probióticos en agua de bebida durante 10 semanas consecutivas, respectivamente. En el grupo tratado se demostraron correlaciones negativas entre peso corporal a la semana 35 de la reproductora y peso del pollito bb (r= -0,99; p= 0,01); peso corporal promedio de la reproductora y total de huevos/gallina alojada (r= -0,97; p= 0,03); peso corporal promedio de la reproductora y producción de huevos (r= -0,96; p= 0,03); porcentaje de huevos incubables y porcentaje de huevos doble yema (r= -0,96; p= 0,04). El grupo control mostró correlaciones negativas entre el peso corporal promedio de la reproductora y el porcentaje de huevos incubables (r= -0,99; p= 0,01), y también entre el pico de producción de huevos y el peso del pollito de un día (r= -0,99; p= 0,04). Se registraron correlaciones positivas entre la uniformidad del peso corporal de la semana 35 y el peso del pollito de un día (r= 0,99; p= 0,05), así como la uniformidad de peso corporal y el peso promedio de los huevos (r= 0,99; p= 0,03) en el grupo tratado. En el grupo control hubo una correlación positiva entre pico de producción de huevos y porcentaje de huevos rotos (r= 0,99; p= 0,01). Existieron correlaciones entre las variables productivas y de incubabilidad que expresaron diferencias a favor de las aves tratadas con ácidos orgánicos y probióticos.</p><p> </p>

Chronic sublethal effects of ZnO nanoparticles on Tigriopus fulvus (Copepoda, Harpacticoida).

This study investigated for the first time the effects of ZnO nanoparticle (NP) chronic exposure (28days) on Tigriopus fulvus. Acute toxicity (48h) of three Zn chemical forms was assessed as well including the following: (a) ZnO nanoparticles (NPs), (b) Zn2+ from ZnO NP suspension after centrifugation (supernatant) and (c) ZnSO4 H2O. Physical-chemical and electronic microscopies were used to characterize spiked exposure media. Results showed that the dissolution of ZnO NPs was significant, with a complete dissolution at lowest test concentrations, but nano- and micro-aggregates were always present. Acute test evidenced a significant higher toxicity of Zn2+ and ZnSO4 compared to ZnO NPs. The chronic exposure to ZnO NPs caused negative effects on the reproductive traits, i.e. brood duration, brood size and brood number at much lower concentrations (≥ 100μg/L). The appearance of ovigerous females was delayed at higher concentrations of ZnO NPs, while the time required for offspring release and the percentage of non-viable eggs per female were significantly increased. ZnO NP subchronic exposure evidenced its ability to reduce T. fulvus individual reproductive fitness, suggesting that ZnO NPs use and release must be carefully monitored. Graphical abstract Graphical Abstract.

Evaluating Brassica napus and Brassica juncea meals with supplemental enzymes for use in brown-egg laying hen diets: production performance and egg quality factors

Canola and juncea meals (CM and JM) have been thoroughly evaluated in diets of white- but not brown-shell egg laying hens (BSLH). This study compared the effects of dietary CM, JM, or soybean meal (SBM) on production performance and egg quality of BSLH. Over 48 wk, 300 Lohmann Brown-Lite laying hens were fed diets containing SBM, 10% or 20% CM (CM-10 or CM-20), and 10% or 20% JM (JM-10 or JM-20), without (−E) or with (+E) a phytase/multicarbohydrase enzyme cocktail. Egg weight decreased with CM-20 inclusion compared with SBM (P = 0.027; SBM, 63.1a; CM-10, 61.8ab; CM-20, 61.1b; JM-10, 62.6ab; JM-20, 61.7ab; g egg−1). In a meal by enzyme interaction, enzyme inclusion decreased percent shell and egg specific gravity of only the hens fed CM-20 (P ≤ 0.008). Body weight decreased (P = 0.031; −E, 2135a; +E, 2078b; g hen−1) and feed efficiency was improved (P = 0.032; −E, 1.98a; +E, 1.95b; g feed g egg mass−1) when enzyme was included in the diet. Dietary treatment did not affect mortality (P > 0.05). All performance and quality parameters were within expected ranges; therefore, 20% CM and JM can be included in BSLH diets, and enzyme inclusion can be used to improve feed efficiency regardless of meal type fed.

Field evaluation of Mosq-ovitrap, Ovitrap and a CO2-light trap for Aedes albopictus sampling in Shanghai, China.

BackgroundThe Mosq-ovitrap (MOT) is currently used for routine surveillance of container-breeding Aedes in China. However, the effectiveness of monitoring Aedes albopictus using the MOT and other mosquito monitoring methods, such as the Ovitrap (OT) and the CO2-light trap (CLT), have not been extensively compared. Moreover, little is known about the spatial-temporal correlations of eggs with adult Ae. albopictus abundance among these three types of traps.MethodsComparative field evaluation of MOT, OT and CLT for Ae. albopictus monitoring was conducted simultaneously at two city parks and three residential neighborhoods in downtown Shanghai for 8 months from April 21 to December 21, 2017.ResultsSignificantly more Ae. albopictus eggs were collected from both MOTs and OTs when traps remained in the field for 10 d or 7 d compared with 3 d (MOT: 50.16, 34.15 vs. 12.38 per trap, P < 0.001; OT: 3.98, 2.92 vs. 0.63 per trap, P < 0.001). Egg collections of MOTs were significantly greater than OTs for all three exposure durations (Percent positive: X2 = 72.251, 52.420 and 51.429, P value all < 0.001; egg collections: t = 8.068, 8.517 and 10.021, P value all <0.001). Significant temporal correlations were observed between yields of MOT and CLT in all sampling locations and 3 different MOT exposure durations (correlation coefficient r ranged from 0.439 to 0.850, P values all < 0.05). However, great variation was found in the spatial distributions of Ae. albopictus density between MOT and CLT. MOT considerably underestimated Ae. albopictus abundances in areas with high Ae. albopictus density (>25.56 per day ⋅ trap by CLT).ConclusionThe MOT was more efficient than the OT in percent positive scores and egg collections of Ae. albopictus. The minimum length of time that MOTs are deployed in the field should not be less than 7 d, as Ae. albopictus collections during this period were much greater than for 3 d of monitoring. MOT considerably underestimated Ae. albopictus abundance in areas with high Aedes albopictus density compared to CLT. In areas with moderate Aedes albopictus densities, MOT results were significantly correlated with CLT catches.

Identification of Serratia marcescens isolated from Antheraea pernyi eggs and determination of bacterial pathogenicity and transmission pathway

The Chinese oak silkworm, Antheraea pernyi, is an important alternate host for mass production of Trichogramma parasitoids, which play a vital role in the biological control of lepidopterous pests in China. The quality of A. pernyi eggs is particularly important for mass production of these parasitoids. In this study, a pathogenic bacterium, isolated and purified from A. pernyi eggs that had turned gray in color, was identified as Serratia marcescens. We used morphology, biochemistry and 16S rDNA analysis to characterize the strain, which was named “APE strain”. Serratia marcescens APE strain was determined to be the causal bacterium associated with the disease in the eggs, verified by a test based on Koch’s Postulates. We tested the pathogenicity of S. marcescens APE strain on A. pernyi eggs; the percentage of diseased (gray) eggs reached 57.78% when uninfected eggs were exposed to a concentration of 1 × 109 cfu/mL bacterial suspension for 7 h. S. marcescens was transmitted mechanically by Trichogramma parasitoids. The transmission rate was 25.56%. In a horizontal transmission test, the highest percentage of uninfected eggs that developed infections was 51.43% after being treated with contents of diseased eggs for 12 h. In a vertical transmission test, the number of infected eggs per treated adult female was 63.8–92.3 after treatment with different S. marcescens concentrations, significantly lower than the 304.3 eggs per female in the control group. Furthermore, the percentage of infected (gray) eggs produced by adult moths exposed to bacteria in the larval stage was 80.5–85.3%.

A bacterium against the tiger: preliminary evidence of fertility reduction after release of Aedes albopictus males with manipulated Wolbachia infection in an Italian urban area.

Novel tools are needed to reduce the nuisance and risk of exotic arbovirus transmission associated with the colonization of temperate regions by Aedes albopictus. The incompatible insect technique (IIT) is a population suppression approach based on cytoplasmic incompatibility between males with manipulated endosymbionts and wild females. Here, we present the results of the first field experiment in Europe to assess the capacity of an Ae. albopictus line (ARwP) deprived of its natural endosymbiont Wolbachia and transinfected with a Wolbachia strain from the mosquito Culex pipiens, to sterilize wild females. We released ∼ 4500 ARwP males weekly for 6 weeks in a green area within urban Rome (Italy) and carried out egg (N= 13 442), female (N= 128) and male (N= 352) collections. Egg (N= 13 783) and female (N= 48) collections were also carried out at two untreated control sites. The percentage of viable eggs during release was, on average, significantly lower in treated sites than in control sites, with the greatest difference (16%) seen after the fourth release. The ARwP to wild male ratio in the release spots between day3 after the first ARwP male release and day 7 after the last release was, on average, 7:10. Released males survived up to 2 weeks. Approximately 30% of females collected in the release spots showed 100% sterility and 20% showed strongly reduced fertility compared with control sites. Results support the potential of IIT as a tool contributing to Ae. albopictus control in the urban context, and stress the need for larger field trials to evaluate the cost-efficacy of the approach in suppressing wild populations. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry.

Culex quinquefasciatus Egg Membrane Alteration and Ovicidal Activity of Cipadessa baccifera (Roth) Plant Extracts Compared to Synthetic Insect Growth Regulators.

BackgroundInsecticide resistance among mosquito vectors for synthetic insecticides still remains a major problem for control efforts. This study assessed the ovicidal potential of crude solvent extracts from the medicinal plant Cipadessa baccifera comparatively to standard registered synthetic insect growth regulators (IGR) on freshly laid eggs of Culex quinquefasciatus.MethodFive plant extracts were prepared using different solvents. The batches of eggs were exposed to different concentrations of each solvent extract comparatively to synthetic IGR. The hatched eggs of Cx. quinquefasciatus were subjected to different concentrations. The first instars that emerged from the eggs were counted daily. The egg hatching inhibition was observed 24, 48 and 72 hrs post treatment. The desiccation median time (DT50 and DT90) was calculated.ResultsThe percent egg hatching inhibition was inversely proportional to the concentration of extracts. The morphological damage to the eggs was observed. Among five solvent extracts, acetone extracts showed the highest ovicidal activity. The changes in eggshell morphology were observed. The maximum ovicidal activity was observed in acetone extracts with DT50 value of 1.70 hrs (0.91–2.22). The methanol plant extract using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry identified 14 compounds.ConclusionThese results suggest that the acetone extracts of C. baccifera have the potential to be used as an ovicidal agent for controlling mosquito populations in aquatic stages. The biodegradability of the extracts has the advantage of being eco-friendly.

Single-dose Albendazole 400 mg Effectiveness in &lt;i&gt;Ascaris lumbricoides&lt;/i&gt; and &lt;i&gt;Trichuris trichiura &lt;/i&gt;Infections

Soil-Transmitted Helminthiasis is caused by nematode worm infections, namely Ascaris lumbricoides (round worm), Trichuris trichiura (whipworm) and Necator americanus or Ancylostoma duodenale (hookworm). At present, the prevalence of Soil-Transmitted Helminthiasis in Indonesia is still high. To reduce the prevalence of Soil-Transmitted Helminthiasis in Indonesia, the Ministry of Health of the Republic of Indonesia holds a mass worm treatment program for pre-school age children and school-aged children. The drug given is albendazole 400 mg single dose. This study aimed to determine the effectiveness of a single dose of albendazole 400 mg against infections of Ascaris lumbricoides and Trichuris trichiura. This study used a Pre-Experiment research design (One Group Pretest-Posttest). The research subjects were 66 people. Subjects positive for Ascaris lumbricoides were 37 people (mild infection 67.57%, moderate infection 27.03% and severe infection 5.41%). After giving a single dose of albendazole 400 mg to 37 people who were positive for Ascaris lumbricoides, 37 people had not found eggs of Ascaris lumbricoides on faecal examination after treatment. Positive subjects Trichuris trichiura were 54 people (mild infections 51.85%, moderate infections 44.44% and severe infections 3.73%). After giving a single dose of albendazole 400 mg to 54 positive people Trichuris trichiura, in severe infections, the percentage of eggs dropped was 100%. In moderate infections, the percentage of the number of eggs dropped is 95.83%. In mild infections, the percentage of total recovery was 7.14%, and the percentage of eggs dropped was 39.29%. The results of the Wilcoxon test on Ascaris lumbricoides obtained a significance value of &lt;0.05, which means that there are significant differences in the examination before treatment and after treatment. The results of the Wilcoxon test on Trichuris trichiura obtained a significance value of 0.05, which means there were no significant differences in the results of the examination before treatment and after treatment. Albendazole 400 mg single dose is effective against Ascaris lumbricoides infection and is not effective against Trichuris trichiura infection.

Sulfate and hydroxychloride trace minerals in poultry diets – comparative effects on egg production and quality in laying hens, and growth performance and oxidative stress response in broilers

ABSTRACTTwo experiments investigated the effect of sulfate and hydroxychloride trace minerals (TM), Zn, Cu, and Mn, in laying hens and broiler chickens. In Expt. 1, Lohmann Brown pullets (total of 1,344) at 21 wk of age were used for a 24-wk experiment. Each of the two treatments had 32 replicates with 21 hens per replicate. At 45 wk of age, three eggs per cage were randomly selected and used for internal quality assessment. In Expt. 2, Ross 308 broilers (total of 1,080) were allocated to two treatments. Each treatment had 30 replicates with 15 chicks per replicate. On day 28, after weighing, three birds were randomly selected from 15 randomly selected pens per treatment. The birds were euthanized and blood was collected for analysis for uric acid, C-reactive protein and methylmalonic acid. Samples were also taken from pectoralis muscle of each chicken and analyzed for mRNA expression of protein synthesis or hydrolysis genes. On day 35, 7 birds per pen were used for carcass evaluation. In Expt. 1, egg weight was greater (P < 0.01) in birds receiving sulfate TM from week 16 (of experiment) onwards whereas the percentage of cracked eggs was lower (P < 0.01) in hens receiving hydroxychloride TM. Percentage hen-day production tended to be greater (P < 0.10) in hens receiving hydroxychloride TM in weeks 4 to 8 only. In Expt. 2, birds receiving hydroxychloride TM had greater (P < 0.05) weight gain and tended to have greater (P < 0.10) feed intake on day 35. Expression of the gene, PSMA1, was lower (P < 0.05) whereas plasma level of uric acid and methyl malonic acid tended to be lower (P < 0.10) in birds receiving hydroxychloride TM. It was concluded that hydroxychloride TM reduced egg loss in hens at peak production and that improved growth performance response in broilers can be partly explained by reduction in proteolytic activities in the pectoralis muscle and greater resilience to oxidative stress.

Protection of Irradiated Stored Maize against Angoumois Grain Moth, Sitotroga cerealella (S) And Zea Weevil, Sitophilus zeamais (L) by Using some Botanical Oils

The 3KGy dose caused complete mortality for Sitophilus zeamais adults 48h post-irradiation. The eggs of Sitotroga cerealella failed to hatch at both doses 1.5&3KGy. Usually the newly hatched larvae from irradiated eggs with 0.75 KGy died soon after hatching without passing through metamorphosis. Different concentrations (0.5, 1, 2, 4 and 8 %) from four selected oils of onion, clove, and orange were tested for their toxicity activity against eggs and weevils. Experiments conducted revealed that garlic oil at 4% concentration was more efficient against the adult weevil than the egg moth and exposure period 48h, which gave 100% and 76.66 % mortality, respectively. It was noticed that the same trend of toxicity for the three other oils held for both species. The reduction in the percent eggs hatched; pupation and emergence were directly proportional to the level of concentrations of tested oils and the time of exposure. Also, the reduction in the F1 progeny weevils was positively correlated with concentration and exposure time. It is possible using both favorite oils garlic and clove at LC95% to spraying polypropylene sacs for protection irradiated maize grains with a dose 3KGyfrom reinfestation by the tested insect within the storage period tested.

Effects of nest boxes in natural mating colony cages on fear, stress, and feather damage for layer breeders1,2,3.

Colony cages are commonly used in China for the natural mating of layer breeders. However, feather pecking (FP) is a major problem in this system, and feather damage mainly due to FP needs to be alleviated. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of nest boxes provided in colony cages. Each colony cage confined 10 roosters and 90 laying hens. The use of nest boxes as it relates to age, feather damage, sexual behavior, fertility, and fearfulness was evaluated. Thyroid hormones, which are considered to be physiological indicators of various forms of stress in poultry and may be correlated with the quality of feather coverage, were also tested. The control group and the nest box group each had 12 replicates, totaling 24 identical cages. Analyses were conducted using the linear mixed models procedure of SPSS Statistics 22.0. The results showed that the control group had a significantly higher proportion of hens with feather damage to 4 specific body regions (back, rump, tail, and belly) compared to the nest box group (P < 0.05). Increasing the use of the nest boxes took place from weeks 41 to 47 and at 53 wk of age, as seen by the percentage of eggs and number of sitting events in the nests, number of hens using the nests, and frequency of visits. There were no significant differences in fertility, the occurrence of mounting, or full copulation behavior between the 2 groups. Hens in the control group showed a significantly longer duration of tonic immobility at 43, 49, and 55 wk of age (P < 0.05). No significant differences were found between groups for the concentration of triiodothyronine or thyroxine, but a significantly higher concentration of corticosterone was measured in the control group than in the nest box group (P < 0.05). In conclusion, hens with access to nest boxes during the laying period had a decreased FP frequency, fewer damaged feathers, lower plasma corticosterone secretion, and were less fearful. This information contributes to the understanding of the FP behavior and stress sensitivity of layer breeders, which will provide a basis for the development and optimization of the colony cage equipment.

Differences in physicochemical properties of water from neighbourhood boreholes and their usefulness in &lt;i&gt;Clarias gariepinus&lt;/i&gt; egg hatching

Water parameters and egg hatching success in water from three boreholes within close proximity were investigated. The studies were conducted to ascertain differences in their quality and ability to support Clarias gariepinus egg hatching. The boreholes were tagged 300m, 400m and 330m in relation to their distances from a perennial stream within the vicinity. Temperature and pH were investigated using digital metres. Dissolved oxygen, alkalinity and total hardness were determined using titration method. The water parameters were measured twice a week for 5 weeks. Percentage egg hatching, time to commencement and termination of egg hatching were studied in triplicates. The results obtained showed that pH, Dissolve oxygen (DO), Alkalinity and total hardness were significantly different (P 0.05). Total hardness fluctuated most at 21% coefficient of variation (CV). Egg fertilization success was not significantly different (P>0.05). Percentage egg hatching (68.8%, 92.8% and 87.3% for 300m, 400m and 330m) respectively was significantly different (P<0.05). Higher coefficient of variation in hardness enhanced egg hatching. It could be induced in hatchery operations. Time to commencement (1443, 1453 and 1517) minutes and termination of hatching (1962, 1957 and 2037) minutes were significantly different (P<0.05). Larval survival by day-3 post hatch was significant[y different (P<0.05). The study provided evidence of disparity in water quality among the boreholes and revealed differences in their ability to support Clarias gariepinus egg hatching. These suggest carefulness in choice of borehole water for fish egg hatching regardless of proximity of boreholes. Keywords: Catfish, Propagation, Water and Egg

Strength and Durability Properties of Concrete with Partially Replaced Cement with Egg Shell Powder and Fine Aggregate with Quarry Dust

In present scenario concrete is highly consumed material in construction field due to its advantages, because of this the natural resources are depleting day by day at an alarming rate and there is an immediate need for finding alternate materials to the natural materials in concrete. In this paper an effort is made to find alternate partial replacement materials for cement and fine aggregate (FA). M40 grade concrete is adopted and the cement was replaced with egg shell powder with different percentages of 5%, 10% and 15%. The optimum percentage egg shell powder (ESP) is obtained at 10%. At optimum ESP the FA is replaced with Quarry Dust (QD) with percentages of 25%, 50%and75%. The maximum strength properties are obtained at 10% ESP and 50% QD and the concrete is also durable at 10% ESP and 50% QD with Water Cement Ratio is 0.38.

Biological and proteomic studies of Schistosoma mansoni with decreased sensitivity to praziquantel

The impact of the laboratory induced Schistosoma mansoni with decreased PZQ sensitivity on the biological performance of its different developmental stages and the concomitant structural changes of adult worms’ total proteins were investigated. PZQ exposed snails showed stoppage of cercarial shedding for eight weeks followed by progressive significant reduction of cercarial production along four successive weeks. In the vertebrate host, in comparison to Schistosoma mansoni susceptible isolate, inoculated cercariae with decreased PZQ sensitivity led to an evident decrease in male to female ratio associated with significant reduction in tissue egg counts and significant increase in dead egg percentage. Significant reduction in the fecundity was also determined. Interestingly, eggs from adult worms with decreased PZQ sensitivity showed two unique features as they found to be smaller and more spherical in addition to the observation of hourglass shaped miracidium in about 10% of the detected mature eggs. Proteomic analysis of adult worms with decreased sensitivity to PZQ using mass spectrometry revealed up-regulation of Ca2+ ATPase 2 and Hsp70. This study can point to the increase incidence of the neuroschistosomiasis due to the small size eggs of Schistosoma mansoni with reduced PZQ sensitivity. These worms can also impact the epidemiology in the field. The study can also provide help to elucidate underlying potential molecular mechanisms of resistance that could lead to possible strategies to reverse drug resistance.

PENGARUH KOMPOSISI LIDAH BUAYA ( Aloe vera), KULIT MANGGIS (Gracinia mangostana L.) DAN TEPUNG BERAS (Oryza sativa L.) SEBAGAI PELAPIS KERABANG TERHADAP KUALITAS INTERNAL TELUR AYAM RAS

The purpose of this research was to find out interior quality of 60 eggs laying hen coated by solution of Aloe vera, mangosteen peel solution (MPS), rice flour (RF) and stored during 14 days. This research carried out on December 2018 at the Animal Production and Reproduction Laboratory, Department of Animal Husbandry, Faculty of Agriculture,University of Lampung. The eggs was produced by Isa Brown at 60 weeks old laying period. Average weight of the eggs was 60.52±1.31 g and coefficient of variation 2.16%. The research was designed by Complete Randomized Design with four treatments and five replications for every treatment. The treatments were P0 (control,without coating), P1 (coating by 50 % Aloe vera, 25 % MPS, 25% RF), P2 (coating by 40% Aloe vera, 30% MPS, 30% RF), P3 (coating by 30% Aloe vera 30%, 35% MPS, 35% RF). Result of this research indicated that coating egg did not affect (P&gt;0.05) on decreasing weight of egg (DWE),yolk egg index (YEI), haugh unit (HU), and pH. Average of DWE was 3.17±0.66 %, YEI 0.29±0.03, HU 47.14±10.71, pH 7.48±0.31. It could be concluded that treatment of coating egg with Aloe vera, MPS, and RF didn’t affect DWE, YEI, HU, and pH. Analyzed data observations used variant with 5% trust level and continued with Least Significant Difference Test. The results showed that coating eggs using Aloe vera, mangosteen peel solution, and rice flour had not significant effect (P&gt;0.05) to percentage egg weight lost, the haugh unit, egg pH, and yolk index.&#x0D; Keywords : Interior quality of egg, Aloe vera, Mangosteen peel solution, Rice flour, Strain Isa Brown

Follicular dynamics and in vivo embryo production in Santa Inês ewes treated with smaller doses of pFSH

To evaluate follicular dynamics, there was assessment of superovulatory response and in vivo embryo production in ewes treated with relatively smaller doses of exogenous pFSH than typically used in combination with a dose of eCG at the beginning of the gonadotropin treatment period. Santa Inês ewes (n = 24) were randomly divided into three groups, based on mg dose of pFSH administered: G200 (n = 8), G133 (n = 8) and G100 (n = 8) in eight decreasing doses at 12 -h intervals. All ewes were treated with 300 IU of eCG concomitantly starting with first pFSH administration. Ovulatory follicular dynamics and follicular wall vascularization (FWV) were evaluated using a B-mode and color Doppler ultrasonic machine, respectively. Superovulatory response and embryo production were evaluated 6 days after estrous detection. In the G200 group, the preovulatory follicle size (PFS) were less (P < 0.05), ovulation time later (P < 0.05), and PFS rate greater (P < 0.05); while in the G100 group ovulation rate, and number and percentage of unfertilized eggs were greater (P < 0.05) than in the G133 group (P < 0.05). Number and percentage of viable embryos were greater in the G200 and G100 compared to G133 group (P < 0.05). The dose of 100 mg of FSH was as efficacious as the traditional dose of 200 mg, in combination with a dose of eCG, for superovulatory response and viable embryo production but there was a greater percentage of unfertilized eggs with this treatment.

Fertility after insemination with frozen-thawed sperm using N-methylacetamide extender on the Combatiente Español avian breed

The aim of this study was to evaluate the in vitro and in vivo quality of frozen-thawed sperm obtained from the Combatiente Español avian breed, with sperm having previously been diluted in N-methylacetamide (NMA). Experimental groups were established: fresh control semen (C); semen diluted without cryoprotectant (T1); semen diluted with extender containing NMA (T2); frozen-thawed sperm (with NMA) containing 500 × 106 spermatozoa (T3); frozen-thawed sperm (with NMA) containing 250 × 106 spermatozoa (T4). In the different groups, sperm motility and viability were assessed using a computer-assisted semen analyzer and flow cytometer, respectively. To evaluate the fertilizing capacity of the sperm, the percentage of fertile eggs was determined. The fertility rate after insemination with frozen-thawed semen was poor, and the concentration of the inseminating dose did not affect fertility rate (9.4 ± 2.7% and 7.0 ± 2.3%, respectively). The results indicate insemination using diluted semen without CPA leads to a reduced fertility, and the addition of 9% NMA to the extender has a greater negative effect on this in vivo variable. Furthermore, inclusion of NMA in the freezing-thawing processes reduced capacity of sperm for fertilization. Sperm viability was reduced during the freezing process, and the dilution in NMA extender affected both sperm viability and motility. The results indicate rooster fertility is negatively affected by sperm dilution, NMA addition and the frozen-thawed effects. Frozen-thawed sperm from Combatiente Español roosters maintained fertilizing capacity for no more than 6 days after insemination, whereas for fresh sperm this capacity was maintained for 14 days.