Percentage Of Crude Protein Research Articles

Impact of Methanol and Glycine Betaine on Yield and Quality of Fodder Beet Genotypes (Beta vulgaris subsp. vulgaris)

Two field experiments were carried out during 2018–2019 at the Hamedan and Qom sites, which are different ecological locations of Iran. Hamedan was selected as a temperate climate and Qom as semi-arid to study some of the morphological and physiological traits of fodder beet in various climatic conditions. The experimental map was designed as a split–split-plot in the form of a randomized complete block with three replications. The main plots were assigned three levels of methanol (i.e., control, 15, and 30% by volume). The sub-plots were restricted to two glycine betaine (GB) concentrations (i.e., control and four grams per liter of methanol consumed, and the sub-sub-plots consisted of six different genotypes of fodder beet). The results showed that root length, root and foliage yield/ha, as well as sugar content increased with the incremental level of methanol and/or GB concentration. Foliar application of methanol and GB also significantly changed the qualitative parameters including sodium content, catalase value, crude protein percentage, and dry matter digestibility. It should be noted that two sites differed in most of the investigated traits, so that Hamedan treatment had a more active role on fodder beet growth, yield, and quality compared with Qom. Meanwhile, there was a significant difference between fodder beet genotypes. Generally, spraying fodder beet with 15%by volume methanol or GB with concentration of four grams per liter of methanol is the recommended treatment for raising forage yield under the ecological circumstances of this research.

Effects of different sources and contents of dietary manganese on the performance, meat quality, immune response, and tibia characteristics of broiler chickens

This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of different sources and contents of dietary Mn on growth performance, carcass characteristics, meat quality, immune response, bone characteristics, and Mn deposition of tibia in broiler chickens. A total of 600 one-day-old male broiler chickens were assigned to the basal diet (control) + a 3 × 3 factorial arrangement of treatments with 5 cages per treatment and 12 broiler chickens per cage. Treatments were included control or control supplemented with 60, 90, or 120 mg Mn/kg from each Mn source [Mn-sulphate, Mn-proteinate, and nanoparticle of Mn (nano-Mn)]. The results indicated that the broiler chickens fed the control diet had greater weight gain, white blood cell and lower breast percentage as compared to the broiler chickens receiving diets containing Mn supplementations (P < 0.05) during d 0 to 42. Broiler chickens fed the diet containing 120 mg nano-Mn/kg had lower liver percentage (P < 0.05) as compared to the broiler chickens fed the other diets. The greater heart percentage was observed in broiler chickens fed the diets containing nano-Mn as compared to broiler chickens fed the Mn-proteinate (P < 0.05). The greater heterophil to lymphocyte ratio was observed in blood of broiler chickens fed the diet containing nano-Mn as compared to broiler chickens fed the diet containing Mn–sulphate (P < 0.05). The lower malondialdehyde concentration in muscles was observed in broiler chickens fed the diets containing nano-Mn after 3 d of storage in refrigerator as compared to other sources (P < 0.05). Malondialdehyde concentration in thigh meat decreased with increasing dietary Mn content after 3 and 6 d of storage in refrigerator (P < 0.05). Broiler chickens fed the diets containing nano-Mn and Mn-proteinate had greater crude protein percentage in breast muscle as compared to broiler chickens fed the diet containing Mn-sulphate (P < 0.05). Physical traits of tibia bone were neither influenced by the dietary added Mn nor by the sources of Mn. Our data indicated that addition of Mn as nano-Mn in the diet of broiler chickens decreased lipid oxidation of meat, and increased pH values, crude protein percentage of meat, and heart percentage. However, dietary nano-Mn increased stress in broiler chickens through increased the heterophil to lymphocyte ratio. Broiler chickens fed the diets supplemented with Mn had better percentages of breast, meat quality, and Mn concentration of tibia than broiler chickens fed the control diet.

Evaluation of Nutraceutical Properties of Pleurotus ostreatus (Jacq.) P. Kumm (Pleurotaceae)

Recently, consumption of mushroom is on the increase in many developing countries. They serve as food supplements in diets of the people. The present study was conducted to evaluate nutraceutical properties of the oyster mushroom (Pleurotus ostreatus), a widely cultivated mushroom in Nigeria. Properties such as proximate composition, mineral ions and antioxidants contents were analyzed using standard methods. P. ostreatus was found to contain high percentage of crude fibre, moisture content, carbohydrates, crude fat, total ash, crude protein and oil matter. Percentage of mineral ion such as sodium, calcium, potassium, magnesium, phosphorus, iron, copper and zinc were found to be lower in value. Antioxidants such as flavonoid, phenol, lycopene, β Carotene and ascorbic acid in P. ostreatus were found to be high in value. Overall, the percentage content of minerals in P. ostreatus was less than 1%, proximate composition was 33.64% and antioxidants was 66.16%. This showed that P. ostreatus had a high content of antioxidants, moderate amount of proximate composition and low amount of minerals. As P. ostreatus contains low calorific value and very high content of antioxidants, dietary fibres and minerals, it can therefore be said to be potentially good for medicinal purposes especially among the vegetarian consumers

Soybean hulls inclusion on silage of wet brewery waste

This study aimed to evaluate the effects of soybean hulls inclusion in the silage of wet brewery waste. The experimental design was randomized in block, where the treatments were constituted by four levels of soybean hulls on the silage (0, 15, 25, and 35%), with three (silos) replicates per treatment. All data collected were subjected to ANOVA and subsequent polynomial regression at 5%. Soybean hulls inclusion caused a linear increase (p &lt; 0.05) in the pH, dry matter, acid detergent fiber, neutral detergent fiber and total carbohydrates content of the silage. This inclusion also caused a significant reduction (p &lt; 0.05) in the effluent losses and percentages of crude protein, fats, hemicellulose, non-fibrous carbohydrates and total digestible nutrients. Thus, it was concluded that soybean hulls can be used as an additive in the silage of wet brewery waste. Up to 35% of inclusion, there was a significant reduction in the effluent losses, a little increase on pH and enrichment of nutritional content, especially in the dry matter.

PSXIV-17 Meat quality and fatty acid composition of lambs reared under thermal stress in grazing conditions and slaughtered at two body weights

Abstract Interest in meat quality and its fatty acid composition stems mainly from the need to find ways to produce healthier meat. In Puerto Rico, no documented information is available on the nutritional profile in the meat of lambs raised under local conditions (crossbred animals raised in heat stress and grazing naturalized pastures, NP). The quality of meat and fatty acid composition was evaluated, of 12 lambs grazed NP &amp;gt; 8h, tropical grass hay and water ad libitum, 150g of concentrate (12% CP), and mineral blocks. Six animals were slaughtered at two live weight of 22 (SW1) or 35 (SW2) kg to determine the meat quality given by pH, color, nutrient content, and the fatty acid composition in the Longissimus dorsi muscle. The data was analyzed using a completely randomized design with two treatments and six repetitions. SW1 and SW2 had similar pH (5.57 vs. 5.73), but lambs at SW1 displayed lower (P &amp;lt; 0.01) a* value than those slaughtered at SW2 (11.18 vs 13.57), but L* (38.91 vs 37.56) and b* (10.72 vs 10.67) values were similar. On both slaughter weight moisture (75.63 vs 74.51), ash (4.10 vs 3.34), crude protein (24.36 vs 25.12), and crude fat (2.30 vs 2.01) percentage of the meat was similar. The total lipid content (0.953 vs 2.25), saturated fatty acids (34.68 vs 42.98), and monounsaturated fatty acid (28.36 vs 37.28) of lambs at SW1 was lower than those at SW2, but n-6 and n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (18.74 vs 8.57and 6.61 vs 2.88, respectively) were higher (P &amp;lt; 0.05). The n-6/n-3 ratio was similar for both SW groups (2.84 vs 2.96). Differences in individual fatty acid content due to the slaughter weight were observed. In conclusion, the meat quality and the fatty acid composition of the Longissimus dorsi were affected by slaughter weight of lambs grazing naturalized pastures.

Proximate, microbial and mineral compositions of Millet Pennisetum gluacuum L. and sorghum bicolor compounded straw feed for ruminant

The study was aimed for the production and determination of the proximate, microbiological and mineral compositions of Millet Pennisetum gluacuum L. and Sorghum bicolor compounded straw feed for ruminant production. The result revealed a pH 5.791 which is suitable for fibre in the feed and promote chewing and rumination processes in the rumen, low percentage moisture content of 1.37 was recorded due to high drying in the field, high percentage fat and crude protein of 4.67 and 6.97 respectively this was as a result of the inclusion of groundnut cake as source of protein and fat in the feed, percentage digestible protein was 3.58, crude fibre value of 27.56 which satisfied the 18% requirement in the diet of ruminants, percentage carbohydrate was 54.2, and estimated energy value (Kcal) 286.95. Microbiological analysis showed a total plate count of 5 x10-4 cfu/g, Mould count of 1 x10-3 cfu/g, while Yeast, Staphylococcus, Coliform, Shigella, Salmonella and Escherichia coli count were not detected respectively. Mineral composition of sorghum and millet Pennisetum gluacuum compounded straw feed showed the presence of Fe, Na, K, Mg, Zn, Cu Mn, and Cr as 120.4189mg/kg, 570.9844 mg/kg, 227.1493 mg/kg, 568.2669 mg/kg, 12.9195mg/kg, 14.0666mg/kg, 62.9926mg/kg respectively and 18.584 mg/kg while Ni and Pb were not detected in the formulated ruminant feed.

RESEARCH OF INNOVATIONS IN FEED PRODUCTION - PANNONICA PEAS (VICIA PANNONICA СRANTZ)

Indicators of productivity of a mixture of Lathyrus pannonicus with Triticosecale, as an innovative product in fodder production, have been introduced. Observations have shown that in the interphase period from full sprouting-budding of Lathyrus pannonicus Triticosecale were in the phase of full earing. According to the average daily increase in green mass, a variant was noted in which 75% of Triticosecale (115.2 kg / ha) and 50% of Lathyrus pannonicus (65.2 kg / ha per day) were sown. In Lathyrus pannonicus with different sowing rates, the average daily yield increase decreased to 55.8–59.4 kg / ha against the background of N45P45K45, and for the dose of mineral fertilizers N30P30K30 it was 44.5–49.2 kg / ha. As the dominant crop of the phytocenosis, Triticosecale has the same tendency, where the growth, respectively, reached 107.0–112.8 and 95.7–101.9 kg / ha per day. It was found that option 6 dominated in the yield of green mass, which provided 46.2 and 8.77 t / ha of dry matter with a seeding rate ratio of 75: 50% against the background of mineral fertilizers N45P45K45. The increase in the yield of green mass was by 10.8 and 12.0% of dry matter for option 3 (50: 50%), as well as by 16.7 and 11.0%, respectively, compared to the background N30P30K30. Lathyrus pannonicus provided single-species sowing 17.72-21.35%. The indicators of the chemical composition of Lathyrus pannonicus changed when grown in a mixture with Triticosecale. With the maximum dose of mineral fertilizers and a ratio of seeding rates of 50: 50%, it was 20.15%, or increased by 2.79% than against the background of N30P30K30, or was lower than single-species sowing by 1.20%. Fluctuations in crude protein content between seeding rates and fertilizers were 0.16–1.11 and 2.42–3.29%, respectively. The content of crude fiber in mono-sowing of peas was 26.09–27.72%, and in binary mixtures it increased by 2.20–2.63%. Depending on the studied, the proportion of crude fiber decreased from 3.35 to 26.78%. The total percentage of crude protein in dry matter was caused by the proportion of Lathyrus pannonicus and Triticosecale in the botanical composition. With the application of mineral fertilizers in a dose of N45P45K45, the content of crude protein in var.6 was 14.69%, which is explained by the high percentage of the cereal component in the herbage and the low content of crude protein. By means of exchange experiments, the high digestibility of plant raw materials of a mixture of Triticosecale with Lathyrus pannonicus was determined.

​Performance and Nutrient Status of Crop Contents of Indigenous, Vanaraja and Crossbred Chickens under Scavenging System

Background: Indigenous birds are low producer of egg and meat due to poor genetic potential. So, improved dual type backyard chicken rearing can increase egg and meat production in the rural areas. Scavenge feed resource is also an important factor on the performance of rural chicken. The nutrient status of these birds under scavenging system shall help to take future steps in this area. Methods: A study was conducted on 600 numbers (200 each of Indigenous, Vanaraja and Crossbred) chicken. The day old chicks were distributed in a contiguous area for convenience of the study. Accordingly 30 farmers (10 numbers of farmers for each group) were selected randomly and 20 numbers of chicks were provided to each of them for rearing. The chicks were brooded for initial three weeks by the beneficiaries by their traditional methods and different parameters were recorded. Result: The final body weights and part period egg production up to 52 weeks of age were found to differ significantly (P≤0.05) among the types of chicken. The egg size was significantly (P≤0.05) different. Significantly (P≤0.05) higher percentage of Crude protein (CP) and Crude fibre (CF) and lower Nitrogen free extract (NFE) of the crop contents were recorded in Vanaraja than Indigenous and Crossbred chickens. The mean CP contents of crop were significantly (P≤0.05) highest in Vanaraja (10.24±0.37%) and lowest (9.16±0.29%) in Crossbred chicken. The mean CF contents of crop were differed significantly (P≤0.05) among the type of birds. The mean NFE content was significantly (P≤0.05) different among the types of chicken. The study showed that the nutrient concentrations of scavengeable feed resources consumed by rural poultry were below the recommended levels for optimum growth and egg production.

English

The present study was conducted to probe out the nutritive losses caused by Rhyzopertha dominica (F.) and Trogoderma granarium (Everts) were quantified in six rice genotypes (KSK-434, KSK-282, Irri-6, Shaheen basmati, Basmati 385 and Chenab basmati). Percent crude protein, ash and moisture content were measured for qualitative losses, while for quantitative losses, frass weight and weight loss were examined after infestation period of 90 days of. Highest weight losses (25.76%) and (15.37%) were observed in KSK-434 by infestation of R. dominica and T. granarium, respectively, compared with un-infested grains after a storage period of 90 days. Highest frass weight (8.57 g) was recorded for KSK-434 while relatively low frass weight (4.16 g) was recorded for Basmati 385 by infestation of R. dominica. Relatively low frass weights of 5.67, 4.46 and 4.01 g were recorded in KSK-434, Chenab basmati and Shaheen basmati, respectively by attack of T. granarium. Highest percentage moisture values (14.03 and 11.24%) were recorded for KSK-434 by infestations of both test insects compared to non-infested (controls). Percent crude protein was decreased (from 6.97% to the 4.92%) due to infestation of R. dominica values by strain were KSK-434 (4.54%), Shaheen basmati (4.89%) and chenab basmati (4.92%). In the case of T. granarium infestation, almost all the varieties sustained the low protein contents except KSK-434 (5.02%) and Basmiti 385 (5.17%) and Shaheen basmati, protein contents loss comparable to non-infested control (7.09%). Ash content was high in genotype KSK- 282 (0.68 %) compared to control. KSK-434 and Chenab basmati had relatively low ash percentage due to high infestation of T. granarium. R. dominica attack produced the highest percent ash content (0.66%) in KSK-282 and the least (0.44%) in KSK- 434. The tested rice genotypes were more susceptible to R. dominica than T. granarium among the different genotypes of selected cereals.

Assessment of Cinnamon (Cinnamomum verum) Bark Extract on Proximate Composition and Sensory Qualities of Smoked-Dried African Catfish Clarias gariepinus (Burchell, 1822)

The study determined the effect of Cinnamon (Cinnamonum verum) bark extract solution on proximate composition and sensory evaluation of smoke-dried catfish stored at ambient temperature (37+2oC) for 28 days. The experimental treatments are the control, 0.5%, 1% and 1.5 %( w/v) cinnamon bark extract solutions. Thirty-nine fish of average mean weight of 24.87+1.25g were gutted, washed and randomly assigned to the treatments. Thereafter, the fish were soaked into the treatments for 30minutes and later hot smoked for 12hours. After smoking, the fish were stored in boxes and placed on laboratory table for one month. The catfish Clarias gariepinus treated with 1% solution of Cinnamon bark extract had the highest moisture content with mean value 13.65+0.82%, followed by 6.93+1.66% recorded in fish sample treated with 1.5% solution of the extract, lowest percentage crude protein content 38.15+0.82% was observed in fish treated with 1% concentrate of the extract and percentage carbohydrate content indicate that the control have the lowest carbohydrate content with mean value 1.92+0.01% which is significantly different (p&lt;0.05) from other treated sample while sample treated with 1.5% solution of the Cinnamon bark extract have the highest percentage carbohydrate with mean value 15.73+1.64%.Sensory evaluation was also assessed using 7-point hedonic scale and reveals that the smoked catfish retained very good score for appearance, colour, flavour, texture and general acceptance after 28days of storage and the overall acceptability mean score in fish treated with 5g and 15g cinnamon bark extract solution indicate the product is being generally accepted (2.87+0.59%) and (2.34+0.56%) respectively. Cinnamon (Cinnamonum verum) bark extract solution could be used to protect stored smoke-dried catfish from loss of nutritional value and general acceptability thus limiting economic loss and possible health risk to consumers.

Influence of fermentation time on proximate composition and microbial loads of Enset, (Ensete ventricosum), sampled from two different agroecological districts.

In southern Ethiopian households, kocho is one of the staple foods which can be kept longer and fermented naturally using locally prepared pits, but evidence about the influences of fermentation of kocho at a different time and agroecology on proximate compositions and microbial loads are limited. Fermented kocho samples at different fermentation times were collected from highland and midland districts of Sidama region of Ethiopia. The standard procedure of AOAC (2005) method was followed. Four microbiological load analyses were conducted. Factorial analysis using JMP 13 was conducted. Across the fermentation time, total carbohydrate, ash, crude protein, and crude fat ranged 36%–40%, 1.9%–3.2%, 3%–4.3%, and 0.1%–0.3%, respectively. The highest total ash content was observed in week one of fermentation both in midland and highland samples. However, in midland, the increment of fermentation time showed a reduction of total ash percentage. Crude protein and fat were observed similar both in midland and highland (p > .05). The titrable acidity of Kocho varied from 0.16% to 0.22%. It was shown that it increased in the first three months of fermentation. It was also found to be increased as the fermentation time is increasing. Aerobic mesophilic, lactic acid bacteria, yeast, and mold were highly observed in Kocho as compared to Enterobacteriaceae. The loads varied across the fermentation time. Enterobacteriaceae and yeast and mold count of Kocho decreased with increased fermentation time. In conclusion, agroecology did not affect crude protein percentage as the fermentation time is increased. However, it was shown that fermentation increases protein and fat percentages. The increment of the acidic contents may also suppress the microbial growth for better food safety of kocho products.

Growth Performance, Waste Reduction Efficiency and Nutritional Composition of Black Soldier Fly (Hermetia illucens) Larvae and Prepupae Reared on Coconut Endosperm and Soybean Curd Residue with or without Supplementation.

Simple SummaryBlack soldier fly (BSF, Hermetia illucens) larvae have a high potential to convert organic waste into high-value products. However, the growth performance, waste reduction efficiency, and chemical composition of BSF larvae are greatly influenced by the rearing substrate. This study focused on investigating the growth performance, waste reduction efficiency, and nutritional composition of BSF larvae reared on different ratios of coconut endosperm (C) and soybean curd residue (S), with or without supplementation, compared to standard diets (Gainesville: G and starter chicken diet: CK). The results showed that BSF larvae fed CK has the highest larval weight, followed by those fed coconut endosperm and soybean curd residue at a ratio of 20:80 (C20S80), and coconut endosperm and soybean curd residue at a ratio of 50:50 (C50S50) without supplementation. The greatest waste reduction efficiency was observed in the G, C50S50, and C20S80 groups without supplementation. The highest crude protein content in larvae was presented in the G and C20S80 groups followed by the CK and C50S50 groups. Therefore, equal proportions of C and S without supplementation is likely the best formulation for growth performance, waste reduction efficiency, and nutritional composition of BSF larvae when compared with standard diets.Black soldier fly (BSF, Hermetia illucens) larvae are considered as insects with a high potential to convert organic waste into high-value products. The objective of this study was to investigate the growth performance, waste reduction efficiency, and nutritional composition of BSF reared on different ratios of coconut endosperm (C) and soybean curd residue (S), with or without supplementation, compared to standard diets (Gainesville: G and starter chicken diet: CK). Seven-day-old larvae were randomly divided into eight experimental groups (G, CK, and three different ratios of C and S with or without supplementation) with three replicates with an equal weight of larvae. The supplement contained calcium, phosphorus, amino acids, and a mineral–vitamin premix which was formulated to correlate with CK. Each replicate was terminated, measured, and evaluated when 40% of larvae had reached prepupal stage. The highest larval weight gain was presented in BSF fed CK, followed by those fed coconut endosperm and soybean curd residue at a ratio of 20:80 (C20S80), and coconut endosperm and soybean curd residue at a ratio of 50:50 (C50S50) without supplementation (numbers after C and S represent their percentage in the formulation; p < 0.001). Harvesting was delayed in the BSF fed C80S20 with and without supplementation (p < 0.001). The number of total larvae and prepupae was not significantly different between groups (p > 0.05). The greatest waste reduction efficiency was observed in the G, C50S50, and C20S80 groups without supplementation (p < 0.001). All groups with supplementation had a higher proportion of ash in both larvae and prepupae compared to non-supplemented groups (p < 0.001), but lower growth performance. The highest percentage of crude protein in larvae was presented in the Gainesville and C20S80 groups followed by the CK and C50S50 groups (p < 0.001). Equal proportions of C and S without supplementation are suggested as a rearing substrate. However, growth performance was lower than for CK; therefore, further studies could investigate cost-efficient techniques to promote this parameter.

Changes in physicochemical properties and antioxidant activity of fermented kepayang (Pangium edule Reinw.) seeds

One method for processing Pangium edule Reinw. seeds for consumption is fermentation. The aim of this study was to determine the physicochemical characteristics of P. edule Reinw. seeds during fermentation and antioxidant activity of the extracts. P. edule Reinw. seeds were boiled for 2 hrs and subjected to spontaneous fermentation for 40 days. The physicochemical properties were evaluated according to AOAC methods. Raw and fermented P. edule Reinw. seeds (day 40) were dried and extracted using ethanol and distilled water. The antioxidant activity was measured using 2,2-diphenyl-1- dipicrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging assay while total phenolic content was measured by following the Folin-Ciocalteu method. The results showed that there were no significant differences in water activity while the pH value was decreased along fermentation days. The TSS was significantly increased from day 0 (11.00) to day 30 (19.50), however, it drastically decreased to 11.50 after 40 days of fermentation. The value of lightness (L*) parameter was decreased from 66.44 to 25.28 on day 40 but no significant differences for a* and b* parameter. For proximate analysis, the percentage of ash, crude protein, crude fat, and crude fibre were significantly increased while moisture content and carbohydrate were significantly decreased throughout the fermentation days. Besides, the highest DPPH activity was observed in the ferment-water extract at concentration 10 mg/mL which about 95.61% while the highest total phenolic content was obtained from the ferment-ethanol extract (173.79 mg GAE/100 mg). In conclusion, there were some changes in the physicochemical properties of P. edule Reinw. seeds during fermentation and potentially has antioxidant activities. The results of this study might be used as basic information to develop the fermented seeds as a functional food.

Value addition of Cissus quadrangularis stem powder in Ethiopian flat bread: Injera and its effect on Nutritional composition, Sensory attributes and Microbial load.

Injera is one of the common foods which are highly consumed daily in all parts of Ethiopia. Cissus quadrangularis has been documented in Ayurveda for its medicinal uses in gout, syphilis, venereal disease, piles, osteoporosis, anorexia, diarrhoea, scurvy, menstrual disorders, otorrhoea and epistaxis. Despite the health benefit it offers, it is not used in East African cuisine. Considering its good nutritive properties, efforts have been made in this study to determine the effect of Cissus quadrangularis stem powder on the nutritional properties of injera. Blends of different ratios of teff flour and Cissus stem powder (98:2, 96:4 and 94:6) were used to prepare injera and 100% teff flour injera was used as control. When compared with control injera, percentages of ash, crude fibre, crude fat and crude protein of the Cissus quadrangularis stem powder incorporated injera increased from 3.12 ± 0.06% to 4.79 ± 0.82%, 2.55 ± 0.71% to 3.94 ± 1.52%, 2.43 ± 0.38% to 3.68 ± 0.63% and 10.01 ± 0.17% to 12.58 ± 0.42% respectively; while carbohydrate content decreased with increased level of incorporation from 81.89 ± 0.41% to 76.01 ± 0.63%. The mineral and phytochemical content of injera significantly increased with the incorporation of Cissus quadrangularis stem powder, except for minerals potassium and phosphorus. The control sample and 2% Cissus stem powder incorporated injera were rated high by the panelists. However, up to an incorporation level of 4% Cissus quadrangularis stem powder, the injera was found to be sensorily acceptable and it also decreased the microbial load of injera during storage.

Plasma metabolomic profiles as affected by diet and stress in Spanish goats

The effects of high-condensed tannin (CT) diet combined with preslaughter stress have not been studied at the metabolome level in goats. This study was conducted to determine the effects of feeding sericea lespedeza (SL; Lespedeza cuneata), a high-CT legume, and transportation stress on plasma metabolome in goats. Uncastrated male Spanish goats (age = 8 months; BW = 26.0 ± 0.48 kg) were either fed ground ‘Serala’ SL hay (SER), bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon) hay (BG), or bermudagrass hay-dewormed goats (BG-DW; Control) at 75% of intake, with a corn-based supplementation (25%) for 8 weeks (n = 12/Diet). At the end of the trial, goats were subjected to one of two stress treatments (ST): transported for 90 min to impose stress (TS) or held in pens (NTS) before slaughtering, in two replicates. Live and carcass weights, and blood samples were collected at 0, 30, 60 and 90 min of transportation or holding time (Time). The data were analyzed using MIXED procedures in SAS and metabolomics data were analyzed using the R software. When measured after ST, SER group had the lowest body weight (P < 0.05) among the three diet groups. Carcass weights were high in the BG-DW, low in SER, and intermediate in BG group. Plasma creatine concentrations decreased over Time (P < 0.01) in the TS goats in all diet groups. Meat crude protein percentages were higher (P < 0.05) in SER (22.5 ± 0.22) and BG-DW (22.3 ± 0.22) groups compared to the BG group (21.6 ± 0.22). At the metabolome level, SER group had the lowest (P < 0.05) glycine, alanine, threonine, taurine, trans-hydroxyproline, methionine, and histidine concentrations and highest (P < 0.01) lysine and citrulline concentrations among the Diet groups. Butyric acid, concentration was higher (P < 0.05) in the SER group compared to BG group. Eight medium- and long-chained acylcarnitines were higher (P < 0.05) in the BG-DW group than SER or BG groups. In general, amino acid levels decreased and acylcarnitine increased with Time (P < 0.05) in all groups. Sericea diet can be beneficial in enhancing stress coping abilities in goats due to elevated butyrate, lysine, and citrulline levels; however, SER resulted in lower energy level in goats compared to BG or BG-DW groups. Fatty acid metabolism is the main energy pathway in all groups during prolonged stress. Inclusion of certain varieties of SL in the diet must be carefully controlled to prevent possible negative effect.

Response of Some Maize Hybrids to Foliar Spraying Treatments 2- Yield and Components

To study the response of yield and its components and grains quality of some maize genotypes to foliar spraying, two field experiments were carried out at the Experimental Station Farm, Faculty of Agriculture,, Egypt, during the 2017 and 2018 seasons. Each experiment was carried out in a strip-plot design with four replications. The vertical-plots were assigned with maize genotypes i.e. Three Way Cross 324, Single Cross 128, and Single Cross 131. The horizontal-plots were occupied with foliar spraying treatments i.e. without, foliar spraying with; commercial fertilizer Fert-plus powder, amino acids, yeast extract, and the mixture Fert-plus powder + amino acids + yeast extract. The results showed that genotype 131 surpassed other studied genotype and recorded 100-grain weight, grain yield/ha, and total carbohydrates percentage in grains in both seasons. genotype 128 registered the tallest plants and the highest values of stover yield/ha and crude protein and oil percentages in grains in both seasons. Foliar spraying maize plants three times with the mixture treatment produced the highest values of growth, yields and its attributes and grains quality characters followed by, yeast extract then commercial fertilizer Fert-plus powder as a source of NPK and amino acids in both seasons. It can be concluded that foliar fertilizing maize genotype 131 or 128 with the mixture Fert-plus powder at the rate of 4 g/liter + amino acids at the rate of 2.5 ml/liter + yeast extract at the rate of 100 ml/liter water in each spraying in order to maximize productivity and grains quality under the environmental conditions of the research area.

Development of Ready to Eat Fish Paste Using Chub Mackerel (Scomber japonicus) Tail Off cuts

Purpose: The Scomber japonicas (Chub mackerel) is one of the popular marine fish species used in canning industry yet the production of fish tail off cuts during canning process considered as a waste leaving the significant loss to the manufacturer. The present study was focused on the development of a ready to eat fish paste using chub mackerel tail off cuts.Research Method: Fish paste was prepared using three (03) different recipes. Minced fish tail off cuts were incorporated at 63.5, 51.1 and 61.1% with spices and other ingredients added accordingly. To find the best recipe for chub mackerel, physicochemical properties, definite sensory attributes, stability and the safety of the fish pastes were examined.Findings: Recipe 03 incorporated with 61.1% of minced fish had the highest overall acceptability together with maximum scores for flavour, colour and texture. Further, recipe 03 had the highest crude protein and lowest crude fat percentage. The pH of all fish pastes shown to have a significant reduction during the first 08 weeks nevertheless the values were within the acceptable level. Lowest free fatty acid content was also detected in recipe 03 while peroxide value was insignificant in all the recipes. Moreover, Clostridium botulinum was not detected in fish pastes which assured the safety of the end product during 08 weeks of storage at room temperature.Research Limitation: The shelf life of the prepared fish pastes were not tested for a longer period.Originality/Value: Chub mackerel tail off cuts can be successfully used to produce a ready to eat fish paste as a value-added fish product while minimizing the waste of edible by-products.

The dietary administration of miswak leaf powder promotes performance, antioxidant, immune activity, and resistance against infectious diseases on Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)

The feeding experiment's main purpose was to estimate the influence of fortification of tilapia diets with miswak leaf powder (MLP) on performance, digestive enzyme activity, chemical body composition, antioxidant status, immune response, and resistance against bacterial and fungal infections. O. niloticus fingerlings (15.22 ± 0.06 g) were fed four formulated diets fortified with MLP at 0, 2.5, 5, and 10 g kg−1 diet for 56 days. The fish were injected with Aeromonas hydrophila for 14 days at the end of the feeding trial, and then the mortality percentage was recorded daily in all treated groups. The obtained results showed that dietary administration of MLP at 2.5 g kg−1 recorded significantly higher values in all growth, feed utilization, and feed efficiency parameters. The digestive enzyme activity was significantly (P < 0.01) higher in fish fed a low level of MLP (2.5 or 5 g kg−1) when compared with the control group. Furthermore, the higher concentration of MLP (10 g kg−1) significantly reduced the mortality rate induced by Aeromonas hydrophila infection, increased crude protein percentage in fish body and represented highly in vitro antibacterial and antifungal efficiency. Based on the findings of the challenge tests against A. hydrophilia, higher survival was found in infected fish, explaining that MLP at high level of 10 g kg can be used to resist the outbreak of the A. hydophilia disease in tilapia. In conclusion, our obtained data showed that applied MLP in tilapia diets could promote performance, feed efficiency, antioxidant status, immune activity, and enhanced resistance of O. niloticus against infections.

Evaluation of Proximate Compositions of Some Edible Insects in Zaria Kaduna State Nigeria

The present study was carried out to evaluate the proximate compositions of some edible insects in Zaria. Five edible insects were sampled for this study, Crickets (Branchytropes memberanacoeus), Dung beetles (Helicropris angulifera), Termites (Macrotermes nigeriensis), small Grasshopper (Zonocerus variegatus) and large Grasshopper (Kraussaria angulifera). Cricket species were recorded to have the highest value for moisture (4.18%) and Ash (11.62%). Big grasshopperhad the highest value for Carbohydrate (34.08%). Termites had the highest percentage of crude protein (58.99%) and crude fiber (7.09%). Proximate composition values obtained for edible insects sampled for this work were all significant(P&lt;0.05) except for Crude Protein. It is therefore recommended that more Termites (Macrotermes nigeriensis) should be consumed for protein and crude fat (lipid) derivation. The lipids content recorded for termites in this work were higher than those of Chicken (1.5%) and Fish (2.7-5.0%).

Use of Chelex-100 for the molecular diagnosis of five animal pathogens

The goal of this work was to evaluate the nutritional quality in 3 cultivars of alfalfa, belonging to different winter dormancy (GRI), subjected to two cutting frequencies during one year of cultivation, based on the abundant information existing in studies carried out in productivity, coverage and persistence, not so in the determination of quality of forage subjected to different frequencies of cuts and contrasting GRI. Three cultivars (GR6-Verzy), (GR9-Mecha) and (GR10-Ruano) were tested. The experimental design was a complete split plot with four repetitions. Two treatments defined by the cutting intervals were established: T1: 25 days and T2: 35 days. These were specified for spring, summer and fall seasons. For winter the interval was 45 and 55 days in T1 and T2, respectively. The evaluated variables were: percentage of dry matter (% DM), percentage of crude protein (% PB), percentage of neutral detergent fiber (% FDN) and percentage of acid detergent fiber (% FDA). Significant differences were found for all the nutritional variables studied, for both treatment with p &lt;0.05 with InfoStat program. Interaction between cultivars and treatment was observed for % PB. The 35 days cutoff frequency of yielded the lowest percentages of PB and the highest percentages of FDN and FDA. Hence the forage resulting from this frequency is of a lower quality, leading to decreased digestibility and lower performance of pasture for livestock.