Percentage Of COD Removal Research Articles

Catalytic ozonation of N-methyldiethanolamine over mixed oxides derived from Mg/Fe-LDH.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficiency of catalytic ozonation to increase the degradation of aqueous N-methyldiethanolamine (MDEA) solutions, using two lamellar double hydroxides, namely MgxFe-LDH with x = Mg/Fe = 2, 3, were synthesized by the simple and rapid co-precipitation method. Then, the obtained materials were calcined at 400 °C for 6 h. The calcined products were respectively designated as HTcMg2Fe and HTcMg3Fe, and characterized by powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), N2 physisorption (BET), Fourier transform infrared spectra (FT-IR), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The powders produced were used in the ozonation reaction to remove MDEA from aqueous solutions. Experimental results showed that the highest MDEA removal efficiency is in the catalytic ozonation process. Under the optimal conditions for heterogeneous catalytic ozonation of MDEA: initial concentration of 4 Wt% MDEA, 30 °C, catalyst mass of 30 mg/100 ml solution, and contact time of 60 min. The results showed the highest percentage of COD removal, which was up to 80.76% for HTcMg2Fe higher than that of HTcMg3Fe 80.36%.

New Application of Polyoxometalate Salts as Cathode Materials in Single Chamber MFC Using Wastewater for Bioenergy Production

Microbial fuel cells (MFCs) are a promising technology that can be applied in a bifunctional process in which wastewater treatment is used for renewable electric power generation. In this study, novel transition metal-modified Keggin-type lacunar polyoxometalate salts (L-POMs) Cs5PMo11M(H2O)O39 (M = Fe, Co), were synthesized and characterized by X-ray diffraction, SEM, EDX, IR, TGA/DSC, and UV-Vis/DSR spectroscopies to be tested, for the first time, as a cathode component in wastewater-fed air chamber MFCs. Both materials were tested in the presence and absence of light to evaluate their photocatalytic behavior. The best performance in terms of electricity production was obtained for the MFC containing the Co-modified POM-based cathode, which showed a maximum power of 418.15 mW/m2 equivalent to 331 mW per cubic meter of treated wastewater, and a maximum COD removal percentage of 97% after 96 h of MFC operation. Co- and Fe-modified POMs had outstanding optical behavior with lower energy gap values, 1.71 and 2.68 eV, respectively. The newly developed materials can be considered as promising alternative cathode catalysts in a new generation of MFC devices integrating full carbon removal from wastewater and a fast reduction of oxygen.

Aquaculture Wastewater Quality Improvement by Floating Raft of Native Aquatic Plants in An Giang Province, Vietnam

The development of aquaculture in An Giang province posed a risk of lowering the surface water quality of the Mekong River. This study assessed the pollution level of surface water affected by aquaculture areas in the province and the efficiency of the floating raft of native aquatic plants on aquaculture wastewater quality improvement. Water samples were analyzed for SS, COD, BOD5, N-NH4+, Total N, and Total P. The Water Quality Index was calculated according to the Vietnamese technical guidelines (VN_WQI). The quadrat method was applied to determine the density of aquatic plants. The result showed that surface water quality affected by aquaculture areas in An Giang province did not meet national standards, and the WQI ranged from heavy to good pollution. Experimental results showed that when using the treatment tank, including floating rafts of Water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes), Morning glory plants (Ipomoea aquatica), and Climbing dayflower (Commelina diffusa), the removal percentages of SS, COD, BOD5, N-NH4+, Total N, and Total P were 92.6%, 89.6%, 93.9%, 93.4%, 64.3%, and 94.6%, respectively, in the first three months of the farming season. The removal percentages of SS, COD, BOD5, N-NH4+, Total N, and Total P were 92.7%, 89.9%, 91.5%, 93.6%, 67.8%, and 94%, respectively, in the fourth month until fish harvest in the treatment tank. Therefore, floating rafts of native aquatic plants could absorb nutrients and quickly remove pollutants. The quality of aquaculture wastewater after treatment was significantly improved.

Reformation of dairy effluent-a phycoremediation approach.

Microalgae are a unique renewable resource utilized since ages, serving as a reservoir for the production of various metabolites. In this study, dairy waste water (DWW) is used as the nutrient media for the cultivation of microalgae. This study focuses on the phycoremediation process of converting rich nutrients in the effluent into biomass and removing contaminants using microalgae. The specific growth rate reached the maximum of 0.55day-1 in Desmococcus olivaceous, followed by 0.39day-1 for Scenedesmus dimorphus, 0.23day-1 in DCS (consortia composing all three strains in equal ratio), and lastly 0.22day-1 in Chlorella vulgaris. The biomass productivity was 1.44g L-1day-1, 1.06g L-1day-1, 0.88g L-1day-1, and 0.65g L-1day-1 in D. olivaceous, S. dimorphus, C. vulgaris, and DCS, respectively. The COD and BOD removal percentage was 82.85% and 45.40% in D. olivaceous, 81.98% and 44.25% in C. vulgaris, 80.73% and 53.45% in S. dimorphus, and 80.10% and 43.10% in DCS, respectively. These results emphasize the promising role of algae in dairy effluent treatment, highlighting the effluent as a suitable medium for microalgae cultivation. It verifies the circular bio-economy concept where the treated wastewater is converted into value-added products.

Optimization and modeling of Tramadol hydrochloride degradation by the homogenous photo-Fenton-like system assisted by in situ H2O2 formation.

This study examines the removal efficiency of Tramadol hydrochloride (TR) and mineralization (chemical oxygen demand, COD) by the effective photoinduced Fenton-simulated system under artificial light (UVA). The Box-Behnken design was used to optimize the value of each parameter. The model yielded the following optimal parameters: [TR]0 = 10 mg, ratio ([Oxalate ]0/[Fe3+]0) = 100, initial pH = 2.83, and [Fe3 +]0 = 1.298 mg with effective TR removal (100%) and COD removal efficiency (72.82%). The presence of oxygen has a positive effect by increasing hydrogen peroxide production from 4.36 to 8.12 mg L-1 and by maximizing a change in Fe3+ speciation. The degradation kinetics of ΤR in the oxygen-saturated medium is four times faster than that in the normal aerated medium. The Kapp rate constants increased quickly from 5.72 × 10-2 to 20 × 10-2min-1. The percent COD removal increased to 87.46%, and the final pH increased from 5.31 to 6.23.

COD REMOVAL FROM MUNICIPAL WASTEWATER USING ELECTROCOAGULATION BY DIFFERENT AL/FE ELECTRODES

In the present study different combinations of Al and Fe electrodes are used for improving the treatment efficiency in the electrocoagulation (EC) process to purify the domestic wastewater. Various factors are to be studied for the assessment of the COD removal efficiency in the form of pH (3–9), time (10–60 min), and density of current (9.0–40 A/m2). Depending on the influencing factor Al–Al and Fe–Fe able to minimize COD percentage up to 85.0 % and 90% respectively. Similarly 86.0 % and 87.50 % of COD were removed, when aluminium and iron were combined as Al–Fe and Fe–Al respectively. Further, the operating parameters were investigated on the removal of COD. The present study reported that, the combination of electrodes affects greatly on the efficiency of percentage removal of COD using the EC technique.

The potential of microalgae Dunaliella salina to treat shrimp pond wastewater in a PAN/GO membrane bioreactor

Graphene has attracted a significant amount of attention because to its excellent mechanical, electrical, thermal, and optical characteristics. In this work, a membrane bioreactor with hollow fibre PAN/GO nanocomposite was studied for the treatment of Persian Gulf shrimp pond wastewater. Dunaliella salina microalgae have been used for better treatment and the formation of sludge mass in a shorter period of treatment in the MBR system. Additionally, GO nanoparticles were used in order to improve the hydrophilicity of the membranes. Various tests, such as Pure water permeate (PWP), X-ray diffraction spectroscopy (XRD), Atomic force microscopy (AFM), Dynamic light scattering (DLS), Contact angle (CA), Scanning electronic microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared substances (FTIR) were used to characterize the synthesized membranes. To evaluate the treated wastewater, several factors were evaluated, including: TP, TN, TSS, NTU, BOD, COD, EC. The contact angle was reduced by the inclusion of GO nanoparticles from 53.8° for PAN-0 to 45.4° for PAN-3. The results of FTIR analysis confirmed the synthesis of GO and showed the formation of different deposits as fouling on the surface of the prepared membranes after MBR process. Also, the removal percentage of COD and BOD5 was over 90% for membranes with graphene oxide nanoparticles. The turbidity for all fabricated membranes were removed ∼98%. Also, very little fouling occurred in the membranes constructed with GO membranes and the maximum concentration of GO let to maximum performance regarding to the high potential of fouling control. In addition, the growth of Microalgae Dunaliella salina with shrimp wastewater was observed successfully. In conclusion, the finding of this work not only proposed a promising solution for controlling fouling in an MBR but also resulted in a benefit product, i.e. microalgae Dunaliella salina.

Photocatalytic treatment as a polishing step for the degradation of bio‐recalcitrant fractions of winery wastewater under solar, UVA‐LED, and blacklight irradiation

AbstractBACKGROUNDThis study investigates, for the first time, the most beneficial conditions for photocatalytic oxidation under ultraviolet (UV) irradiation provided by either a solar simulator, UVA light‐emitting diode (UVA‐LED), or UVA blacklight lamp (UVA‐BL) as a post‐treatment step for the degradation of the residual COD and color in winery wastewater (WiWW) after biological treatment.RESULTSThe effect of WiWW dilution (0, 50%), TiO2 concentration (0–1000 mg/L), catalyst type (TiO2, ZnO), pH (3, 6, 8.4), H2O2 addition (0–1000 mg/L), and treatment time on process efficiency was evaluated. At the best‐assayed conditions (1000 mg/L TiO2, 1000 mg/L H2O2), COD removal percentages in the range of 94–97% were obtained and color was removed by 99% within 180 min of treatment under all irradiation sources. The process was enhanced when the WiWW was subjected to 50% dilution and its pH was adjusted to 6. Among the three irradiation sources, UVA‐BL led to a marginally higher photocatalytic performance than solar and UVA‐LED, both of which achieved similar removal efficiencies. Regarding energy efficiency, UVA‐LED was found to be up to 1.7 times more energy efficient than UVA‐BL/TiO2. Finally, in most cases, the phytotoxicity of secondary effluent was eliminated during solar photocatalytic treatment.CONCLUSIONAlteration of basic operating parameters significantly improved process efficiency. In all cases, LED‐driven photocatalysis combined high removal performance and energy efficiency, proving to be an appropriate and sustainable alternative to solar photocatalysis for 24 h operation or for supplementary application during the harvest, when the majority of WiWW is generated. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry (SCI).

Simultaneous landfill leachate treatment and electricity production by sediment microbial fuel cell

The sediment microbial fuel cell (SMFC) is a new technology that uses exoelectrogenic bacteria and organic compounds to transform chemical energy into electrical energy. The application of SMFC technology is gaining popularity since it can simultaneously reduce contaminants in wastewater and generate electricity. An SMFC performance is mainly governed by the kinetics of the electrodes within the fuel cell, of which the materials that make up the electrodes significantly impact their performance. The objective of the ongoing investigation was to study the performance of three types of electrodes for minimizing pollutants from landfill leachate wastewater while also generating electrical energy. Sediment and leachate samples were taken from the Regional Landfill wastewater treatment facility in Blang Bintang, Aceh Besar, the Province of Aceh. Three transparent acrylic reactors with a length, width, and height of 45 cm, 20 cm, and 12 cm, respectively, were employed in this experiment. The electrode materials utilized in this study were zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), and iron (Fe), with each electrode having a surface area of 124 cm2. Temperature, pH, voltage, and carbonaceous compound removal measured as COD were used to assess the SMFC performance. The study results showed that the temperature and pH of the three reactors have a similar trend, and the values are not much different at 24.36±0.25°C and 9±0.03, respectively. The reactor installed with Cu electrode produced the maximum electrical voltage of 470 mV, whereas those with Fe and Zn had the highest voltages of 107 mV and 23 mV, respectively. The percentage of COD removal for reactors equipped with Zn, Cu, and Fe electrodes was 40.70%, 41.09%, and 41.23%, respectively. Although the COD removal by each reactor of different electrode materials did not show a significant difference, the reactor with Cu electrode gave better performance when viewed from the electrical voltage.

Optimization of Influential Parameters for the Degradation of Metronidazole Contained in Aquaculture Effluent via Sonocatalytic Process: Kinetics and Mechanism

This study examined the synthesis of a viable catalyst for the degradation of metronidazole contained in aquaculture effluent. Zinc oxide nanoparticles (n-ZnO) were synthesized via the precipitation method and calcined at 500oC in a muffle furnace to enhance the degradability properties. The morphology showed a hexagonal structure with an average particle size of 71.48 nm and the elemental composition showed a higher weight percent of 59.15% for zinc and 21.65% for oxygen. The FTIR confirms the vibrational characteristic mode of the Zn-O band at 427.21cm-1. The XRD showed a good crystallinity and the BET surface area was 8.58 m2.g-1 which showed that the n-ZnO possesses more active sites that can remove pollutants from wastewater. However, no studies have been done on the removal of MNZ in aquaculture effluent. The kinetics followed pseudo-second-order kinetics and the Langmuir-Hinshelwood model best fit the degradation process with R2, Kc, and KLH values of 0.96781, 1.486 × 10-1 mg. Lmin-1) and 8.790 × 10-2 (L.mg-1). Under the influential parameters, the percentage COD removal achieved for MNZ in aquaculture effluent was 62.6%, 89.8%, and 98.5% of MNZ at 20% ultrasonic amplitude, 5 mL 2% H2O2 and 0.02g n-ZnO within 60 min sonication time for US only, US/n-ZnO and US/n-ZnO/H2O2 systems. Hence, MNZ contained in aquaculture effluent can best be degraded with the synergetic effect of the US/n-ZnO/ H2O2 system.

Removal of cod from real textile wastewater using three low-cost adsorbents - its kinetic models and adsorption isotherms

ABSTRACT In this work, batch adsorption studies were carried out using three low-cost adsorbents like rice husk ash (RHA), corncob ash (CA) and sugarcane bagasse fly ash (BFA) with the aim of removing COD from textile wastewater (TWW) having an initial concentration of 1026 mg/L. Batch experiments were conducted to study the adsorption behaviour through the effect of adsorbent dosage, pH and contact time on the adsorption of COD removal. The results showed that the removal percentage of COD could be over 70–75% at the optimal adsorbent dosage of 6 g/L, at a pH of 8.0 to 8.5 and a contact time of 40 min for RHA and BFA. At the same time, less COD removal was observed while using CA as an adsorbent giving only 50–55% COD removal. The applicability of the Langmuir, Freundlich, Temkin and Dubinin–Radushkevich isotherm models for the three low-cost adsorbents adsorption data was tested. Langmuir isotherm plots indicated that the adsorption process is favourable and best fitted. In the Temkin adsorption isotherm, the values of ‘B’ (heat of adsorption) showed positive values, which indicates that the reaction with all three adsorbents was an exothermic reaction. From the results of the Dubinin–Radushkevich adsorption isotherm, the constant E (mean free energy) values lying within 8 indicated that the adsorption process is physical adsorption. Kinetics data showed that the pseudo-second-order kinetic model showed a good correlation for the adsorption than the pseudo-first-order. Therefore, RHA and BFA can be potentially used as low-cost adsorbents for treating TWW.

Removal of COD and Ammoniacal-Nitrogen from Industrial Wastewater using Adsorption with Plantain Husk Adsorbent

The rate of depletion of ground/surface water has increased due to the weakness in the existing laws, contamination of the ground water and excess usage of water that produce increased quantity of wastewater. In this study, wastewater from Dangote Fertilizer Limited (DFL) was treated using adsorption method of treatment with consideration of the factors (pH, temperature and contact time) that impedes the efficiency of the method. Plantain husk, which is an agricultural waste, was used as adsorbent in the adsorption process. Response Surface Methodology (RSM) was used to determine the experimental number of runs after which it gives the optimum conditions of those parameters considered. The plantain husk was characterized using Gas chromatograph with Flame Ionization detector (GC-FID). The results obtained in the study revealed that utilization of the plantain husk as adsorbent in adsorption process for the removal of COD and Ammoniacal nitrogen from industrial wastewater will yield a high percentage removal (values). Ammoniacal nitrogen removal with plantain husk adsorbent was about 93% maximum and as pH increased to 7.5 (alkaline), a slight decrease in the Ammoniacal nitrogen removal percentage to about 92% could be attained. Furthermore, percentage removal of COD from the wastewater of about 83% maximum could be obtained. Effect of temperature on COD removal is a direct correlation as increase in temperature could lead to the decrease in COD removal. It can be concluded that the interaction between contact time and pH as compared to other interactions has an overall positive effect in the adsorption process of Ammoniacal nitrogen removal from wastewater. Being an agricultural waste and environmentally friendly materials, adsorbent from plantain husk should be considered for treatment of industrial waste water for removal of COD and ammoniacal nitrogen.

Preparation and testing of low-cost bioadsorbents for improving the anaerobic digestion of post-hydrothermal liquefaction wastewater (PHWW)

There are currently several promising technologies for the removal of toxic compounds from wastewater; most of them are expensive or require sophisticated equipment. Thus, this study proposes that peanut shells be used as low-cost bioadsorbents for the removal of organic matter (COD) and ammoniacal nitrogen (NH4+-N) from Spirulina hydrothermal liquefaction wastewater (PHWW). Additionally, anaerobic digestion (AD) was used as a biological treatment for pretreated PHWW (by adsorption) to promote additional organic matter removal while recovering energy in the form of methane. In this way, native (PB) and modified (APB) forms of peanut shell bioadsorbents were investigated. APB was activated using NaOH and HCl. For comparison, granular activated carbon (GAC) was chosen as the standard. The adsorbate-PHWW was obtained by using 20% solids (w/v) in the hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) of Spirulina at 260 °C for 60 min. Response surface methodology (RSM) was used to explore and optimize the effect of various adsorption parameters, such as temperature, pH, and adsorbent dosage. Biochemical potential (BMP) tests were conducted under mesophilic conditions. In adsorption assays, PB was found to be more efficient at removing NH4+-N, while APB and GAC achieve higher COD removal percentages. In comparison to untreated PHWW, bioadsorption promoted higher efficiency phenol removal and COD conversion to methane during BMP tests. The anaerobic processes that followed APB and PB adsorption significantly removed more COD than the process fed with GAC-pretreated PHWW. These results established the feasibility of using peanut shells as bioadsorbents in the pretreatment of PHWW, which resulted in an increase in biogas/methane yield.

Electrochemical degradation of favipiravir (anti-viral) drug from aqueous solution: optimization of operating parameters using the response surface method

ABSTRACT The aim of the current study is to investigate the efficacy of the electro-Fenton process in the degradation of favipiravir drugs from aqueous solutions, which has increased in use as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic. The Response Surface Methodology (RSM) was developed using a Central Composite Design (CCD) in which five independent variables, including Fe2+ concentration, current density, initial FVP concentration, pH, and reaction time, were coded with high and low levels, and the maximum removal percentage of FVP (97.8%) and COD (91.65%) were determined as responses. In the EF process, 530 mg/L H2O2 was produced in-situ by cathodic reduction of O2 in aqueous solution and thus FVP has been successfully oxidized through hydroxyl radicals. The H2O2/Fe2+ ratio was determined to be 0.51 under optimum conditions. At the end of the experiment, the maximum energy consumption was found to be 2.12 kWh per g COD. The FVP was completely mineralized in a very short time by the EF process, according to the LC-MS/MS examination. The EF process followed the pseudo first-order kinetic model with the rate constants of 0.023, 0.016 and 0.006 1/min for pH 2, 3 and 4, respectively. According to the findings of this study, the electro-Fenton process is an effective method for removing FVP from aqueous solutions. To the authors’ knowledge, this is the first study to show the degradation and optimum conditions of FVP in aqueous solution using the electro-Fenton (EF) process.

Advanced Wastewater Treatment by Using Entrapped nZVI into Alginate (Ag) Biopolymer: Adsorption Isotherm, Kinetic Models, and Statistical Analysis

Wastewater treatment by nanotechnology, specifically magnetic nanosorbent as nanoZero Valent Iron (nZVI), is a new technology for degradation of wide ranges of organic pollutants by the effect of free electrons as Advanced Oxidation Processes (AOPs) and adsorption processes. Due to their effectiveness, economic, and safety properties, this study prepared and characterized nZVI to be entrapped into natural alginate biopolymer (Ag/nZVI). The removal of wastewater chemical pollutants was tested by studying the variations of COD levels. The effect of operating conditions was studied at different pH, Ag/nZVI doses (g/L), contact time (min), stirring rate (rpm), and initial COD concentrations. Also, Adsorption isotherm, kinetic studies were conducted to estimate equilibrated reaction mechanisms. Linear regression analysis was tested to find the Response Surface Methodology (RSM) relations between variables and removal percentages. Nonlinear Feed-Forward backpropagation system was built for Artificial intelligence neural networks (ANNs) importance detections. Finally, this study approved effective COD removal percentages reached 76%. The maximum removal efficiency for initial COD concentration 400 mg/L was observed at pH 6, using wet dose 3g/L, 30min, and 150 rpm.

The Effectiveness of Chitosan Extraction from Crustaceans’ Shells as a natural coagulant

Crustaceans’ shells are one of the resources that can be used as raw materials for chitosan extraction. Chitosan can act as bio-coagulant to remove turbidity through coagulation process. Usage of chitosan extracted from biopolymers are safer and environmentally friendly that can substitute synthetic coagulant such as alum and lime (calcium oxide) which may cause diseases to humans. This study aims to extract chitosan from waste crustaceans’ shells which are crabs (Litopenaeus Vannamei) and shrimps (Matuta Victor) as well as to analyse the effectiveness of chitosan as a natural coagulant. By using the following concentration of chemicals, 0.5N and 1N of HCl for demineralization, 0.5N and 1N of NaOH for deproteinization and, 50% of NaOH for deacetylation. Crab sample A had been the most effective against crab sample B, shrimp sample A and shrimp sample B in terms of conductivity removal percentage, TSS removal percentage, and COD removal percentage, which was 73.02%, 98.93% and 33.95% respectively. In conclusion, crustaceans’ shells contained chitosan has great potential to be used as bio-coagulant.

Quantitative structure–activity relationship(QSAR) models for color and COD removal for some dyes subjected to electrochemical oxidation

ABSTRACT Electrochemical oxidation is an efficient method for the destruction of dyes in wastewater streams. The experimental conditions during electrochemical oxidation (EO) and molecular structure of a dye greatly influence the extent of degradation. The extent of degradation for a variety of dyes by EO can be predicted conveniently by the use of Quantitative structure–activity Relationship (QSAR) models. An abundant amount of published data on dye degradation by EO using highly variable experimental conditions lies unutilized to prepare QSAR models. In this study, an effort is made to use published experimental data on EO of aqueous dyes after applying an easy method of normalization, to prepare QSAR models for percent color and COD removal. Normalized color and COD removal were obtained by multiplying the reported removal by volume of reactor and concentration of dye; and divided by total current passed and the time of electrolysis. More than 15 molecular descriptors were computed using Schrodinger-suit 2018-3. The multiple linear regression (MLR) approach was used to develop normalized color and COD removal models. The quantum chemical descriptors: highest occupied molecular orbital energy (HOMO) and lowest unoccupied molecular orbital energy (LUMO), polar surface area (PSA), hydrogen bond donor count (HBD), and number of atoms were found significant. The statistical indices: goodness-of-fit, R2 > 0.75, and internal and external validations, Q2 LOOCV and Q2 ext, > 0.5, satisfied the criteria for predictive models and indicated that the method of normalization used in this study is adequate. Developed QSAR models are quite simple, interpretable, and transparent.

Removal of COD, TDS and Ammonia (NH3-N) in Produced Water with Electrochemical Using Aluminum (Al) and Iron (Fe) Electrode

The activities of the oil and gas industry have the potential to cause pollution for the environment. This pollution can arise due to the production of petroleum processing, storage, and industries that use petroleum. Produced water is the largest liquid waste generated by these activities. The number will increase as long as a field where exploration continues to produce. In this study, an electrochemical method using Al-Fe electrodes with the addition of 1 g/L NaCl as an agent to provide chlorine as an oxidation mediator to accelerate NH3-N removal in produced water. Chemical reactions that occur during the electrochemical process as driving force, the reduction process is specific with conductive and active electrochemical substances then can manipulated with potential (voltage) and current time. A combination of an electrode is using aluminum and iron electrode plates with each thickness 0.1mm. The voltage variations during the process were 3, 6, 9, and 12V. This process is continuous, and samples are taken every 45, 90, 135, 180, and 225 minutes. The results showed percentage of COD removal is 53.14% from 430.25 mg/L to 201.6 mg/L, ammonia (NH3-N) removal is 91.64% from 17.71 mg/ L to 1,48 mg/L and TDS removal is 78.14% from 12670 mg/L to 2769 mg/L. 9V for 225 minutes during the electrochemical process is an optimum condition that can reduce contaminants in produced water, so the quality standards of Minister of Environment Regulation No.19 2010 are fulfilled. The electrochemical method was chosen to produce water treatment because the equipment required is simple and easy to operate and does not cause new waste.

Predesign Cost Estimation of a Potential Wastewater Treatment Plant for Jordan Petroleum Refinery-Electrocoagulation

The aim of this paper is to investigate whether simulated Jordan refinery wastewater can be treated through electrocoagulation (EC) to conform to the most stringent Jordanian norms for reusing this wastewater for irrigation of cut flowers and to perform cost analysis for a treatment plant whose core are the EC reactors. The method used for estimating the fixed (capital) costs of the treatment plant is taken from literature and is based on a study estimate (factored estimate) that depends on the knowledge of major items of equipment. Most of the operating costs are estimated based on percentages which are also taken from literature. The best percentage removal of COD, BOD, TSS, fat, oil & grease (FOG), bicarbonate (HCO3−), and phenol from simulated Jordan refinery wastewater, so that it conforms to Jordanian norms, were 84.4%, 82.1%, 27.3%, at least 98.8%, 94.9%, at least 96.7%, respectively, at a current of 10 A, treatment time of 5 min, Al/SS electrodes, and inter-electrode distance 10 mm. Overall treatment costs for the simulated wastewater was found to be 10.75 $/m3 (27 $/kg CODremoved). It is concluded that simulated Jordan refinery wastewater cannot be treated so that it conforms to the most stringent norms for using it for cut flower irrigation but could be treated to conform to the norms for using it for irrigation of cooked vegetables, parks, and playgrounds. Moreover, EC is a suitable technology for the treatment of Jordanian recalcitrant refinery wastewater and the cost for its treatment is affordable. • An affordable overall treatment cost for Jordan refinery wastewater was found. • Optimal pollutant removal efficiencies were achieved in electrocoagulation tests. • During wastewater treatment the most stringent Jordanian norms were not reached.

Pengolahan Air Bekas Rendaman Cengkeh Dari Suatu Pabrik Rokok Secara Kimia (Koagulasi- Flokulasi)

Clove soaking wastewater that is discharged directly into water bodies without being carried out first results in environmental pollution. Researchers made observations for the characteristics of 2 sampling times, with the COD and BOD concentrations for the first sample, respectively, the COD concentration was 5,703.5 ppm and BOD was 2,270.8 ppm. For the second sample, the concentration of COD is 4,181.4 ppm and BOD is 2,020.7 ppm. Therefore, the researchers tried to treat the water from the cloves soaked by coagulation – flocculation processing. The chemical used in the coagulation stage is alum as a coagulant, while at the flocculation stage, polyelectrolyte is used as a flocculant (auxiliary coagulant). The success indicator in this research is the percentage of COD and BOD removal for treated wastewater. This research was conducted in two stages of processing, the first processing using a dose variation of alum, while the second processing using a dose variation of polyelectrolyte. It was found that alum dose added of 3000 ppm resulted in COD removal percentage of 62.6% and BOD of 72.3%, while in the flocculation process the dose of polyelectrolyte (anionic) added 100 ppm and was able to remove COD and BOD by 60% and 32%.Keywords: Coagulation, Flocculation, Alum, Polyelectrolyte