Percentage Of Babies Research Articles

ANALISIS ANGKA KEMATIAN NEONATAL DI PROVINSI BALI DENGAN PENDEKATAN ANALISIS REGRESI

Neonatal mortality rate (NMR) is the number of infant death up to 28 days expressed in 1,000 live births in the same year. The aim of this research is to obtain the best model for NMR in Bali and to find significant factors that influence NMR in Bali using multiple linear regression and spatial regression methods. The data used in this study was obtained from the Health Departement in each district in Bali.The result shows that there is no spatial dependence between regions and no interregional heterogeneity. This suggests that spatial regression is not applicable in this study. Hence, we model the NMR using multiple linear regression. Furthermore, we obtained the estimated NMR model in Bali is . In conclusion, the factors that influence the NMR are the percentage of babies with low weight and percentage of households with a clean and healthy living behavior.

Incidence and Prevalence of Tongue-Tie

What is the prevalence of tongue-tie (the proportion of total cases in a population)? Is the incidence (occurrence of new cases) increasing or are clinicians simply identifying it more often? The most reliable way to estimate incidence and prevalence is through population-based epidemiological studies. So far, these are limited. However, there has been some research that allows us to approximate rates. Our expert panel offers their judgment on two questions: What is the approximate percentage of babies with tongue-tie? And is incidence increasing?

Impact of deployment of “Stork Network” in hospitalizations in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit

Objective: to assess the impact of the deployment of “Stork Network” (Rede Cegonha) in hospitalizations in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit. Methods: a retrospective cross-sectional study with 283 medical records of newborns hospitalized in neonatal intensive care unit before and after the implementation of Stork Network, correlating data from pregnant women with the babies’ conditions. Results: after the implementation of Stork Network, the percentage of pregnant women who performed six or more visits to the hospital increased 6.5% and the diagnosis of hypertensive disorders of pregnancy reduced 10.8%. It was also noted reduction of one week in the mean gestational age of babies and 14.4% reduction in the percentage of babies weighing ≥2500 grams. The number of deaths during hospitalization increased from 2.4% to 14.5%. Conclusion: the goal of performing screening and monitoring of risk pregnancies was reached, however, the reduction of neonatal mortality rate is still challenging.

Maternal and fetal outcome of placenta previa in a tertiary care institute: a prospective two year study

Introduction: Placenta previa (PP) is an important cause of maternal and fetal morbidity and mortality worldwide but there is not much data from the developing countries about maternal and fetal outcome1. Aim: To determine the incidence and maternal and fetal outcomes among women with placenta previa (PP). Material and Methods: This is a prospective observational study carried out at Sri Ramachandra Medical College, Sri Ramachandra University Porur, Chennai, in the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology between July 1st 2012 to July 31st 2014. Results: Total number of patients delivered during this period were 8694 and out of which 174 patients were diagnosed with placenta previa, so the incidence is 2%. Of women with placenta previa, 3.44%(n=6) had placenta accreta. Incidence of placenta previa was the highest in the maternal age group 20-29 years i.e. 72.9%, Perinatal morbidity was studied as the percentage of babies requiring resuscitation and NICU admission which was 37.35%(n=65). Caesarean hysterectomy was performed in 1.14% (n=2) cases, there were 1.72 %(n=3) perinatal deaths. Keywords: Placenta previa, Placenta accreta, Postpartum hemorrhage

NICE neonatal early onset sepsis guidance: greater consistency, but more investigations, and greater length of stay

BackgroundIn August 2012, new national guidance (National Institute of Health and Care Excellence (NICE) CG149) for management of early onset sepsis (EOS) was introduced in the UK. The guidance outlined...

Evaluation of infants with birth weight less than 2500 g admitted to health centers of Mashhad University of Medical Sciences,1990

Introduction: Birth weight is one of the most important determinants of survival and growth is associated with child health. In addition to the high mortality rate, incidence of mental retardation, paralysis, spinal cord injury, deafness, cerebral hemorrhage in low birth weight are more.The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of infants born weighing less than 2,500 g (LBW) in women referred to health centers of the city of Mashhad in 2011. Method : This study was retrospective descriptive study. Information was collected from 38,823 birth mothers in urban and rural health centers in Mashhad city in 2011 , were analyzed using Excel software. Results : A total of 32,556 records , 38,823 mothers who had given birth in urban and rural was 6267. The number of babies born weighing less than 2500 grams were 1815 cases , 1489 in urban and 326 in rural areas . Therefore the percentage of babies born weighing less than 2,500 grams is equivalent to 4.67% of the entire city of Mashhad, the index equals 4.5% in urban areas and 5.2 percent in rural areas. Conclusion : Pregnant women at high risk should be identified and provided with the necessary training to prevent low birth weight infants.

Associação entre indicadores de risco ao desenvolvimento infantil e estado emocional materno

OBJETIVO: analisar a associação entre os estados emocionais maternos depressivo e ansioso, combinados ou de modo isolado, em relação à presença de risco ao desenvolvimento infantil na faixa etária de 0 a 4 meses. MÉTODO: trata-se de estudo observacional, analítico e de coorte. Para a obtenção dos dados foram utilizados os Inventários de Beck de Depressão e de Ansiedade e analisada a interação mãe-bebê a partir do protocolo de índices de risco ao desenvolvimento infantil em uma amostra de 182 díades. RESULTADOS: o percentual de bebês com pelo menos um índice de risco no grupo de mães que apresentaram depressão e ansiedade combinada foi significantemente maior (34,2%; p<0,001) do que nas mães sem alteração emocional. O mesmo foi obtido em relação às mães com algum nível de depressão ou de ansiedade (26,6%; p<0,01). Ainda, obteve-se correlação significante entre os graus de depressão e ansiedade (G= 0,83; p< 0,01e), o que demonstra que mães com maior grau de depressão, também obtiveram maior grau de ansiedade. CONCLUSÕES: houve associação significante entre ansiedade e depressão maternas e presença de risco ao desenvolvimento infantil, o que indica a necessidade de inserção de políticas públicas para o acompanhamento e tratamento de tais díades quando necessário.

In vitro fertilization - from concept to first child Commemorating the 2010 Nobel Prize in Medicine.

Since the birth of the world’s first test-tube baby in 1978, more than 4 million babies have been born worldwide with the help of in vitro fertilization (IVF). In Slovenia, the first babies were born in 1984. In 2005, the percentage of babies born with biomedically assisted reproduction was 3.9 % and was the highest in Europe. IVF is nowadays a widely available and accepted method for helping infertile couples. However, the path to success was long and difficult. In this article, we present the development of IVF from the first ideas about fertilizing eggs outside the body from the end of the 19th century, followed by experiments on different animal species, the first human pregnancy and finally the birth of the first child in the United Kingdom. Many pioneers from other countries, particularly Australia and the United States of America, were instrumental in developing IVF as we know it today. Unfortunately, covering the history of IVF would greatly exceed the purpose of this article. During its history, the method was modified with innovative improvements. In its beginnings, there was a great deal of scepticism and opposition from certain public as well as scientific circles, an attitude that changed radically. The fact that the pioneer Robert Edwards received the Nobel Prize for Medicine in 2010 is proof of the growing acceptance of the method. Surely, IVF is a complex medical field, which raised and still raises ethical and legal questions. But from a merely human perspective, it is simply a method which gave infertile couples the opportunity to fulfill their lifetime dream.

Exclusive breastfeeding and its relevance to infant teething

Objective: To determine the relevance of exclusive breast-feeding practice, in the development of healthy oral tissue among teething infants. Method: A cross sectional study design of children aged 6-36 months was carried out in 14 wards of Jos North Local Government Area. A multistage sampling technique was adopted in selecting 1081 mothers who qualified and were interviewed using structured interviewer questionnaire on their knowledge and perception on common complaints during teething in children. The index children were examined for number and type of teeth erupted using mouth mirror under natural light. Result: One thousand and eighty-one mothers and their babies were interviewed and examined; out these 16.5%, 38.7% and 44.8% babies were of age groups 6-12, 13-24 and 25-36 months respectively; 50.2% were female and 49.8% were male. Of the babies examined 62.4% were exclusively breast-fed. There was a significant association between maternal educational status and knowledge of teething complaints. Three hundred and twenty-six (30.1%) babies had cough during their teething period, 349 (32.3%) experienced drooling of saliva, and 352 (32.6%) were observed to bite objects during teething. The high percentage of babies that were exclusively breast-fed but did not experience these symptoms were found to be statistically significant (p = 0.00). Seven hundred and forty-two (68.6%) babies had diarrhoea during teething; out of these 459(42.5%) were exclusively breast-fed and it was however not found to be statistically significant (p = 0.55). Conclusion: This study draws attention to the relatively poor anecdotal evidence related to symptoms associated with the teething process. The result has also demonstrated that exclusive breast-feeding is not only able to reduce the symptoms ascribed to teething, but also promote the development of a healthy oral tissue. Key words: Breastfeeding, teething, development, oral tissues

Pregnancy in Patients with Tetralogy of Fallot

The objective was to evaluate pregnancy outcome in women with tetralogy of Fallot, including impact of corrective cardiac surgery on pregnancy outcome in a tertiary care referral hospital. The study was a retrospective analysis of maternal and perinatal outcome in all women with tetralogy of Fallot treated in a cardio-obstetric unit during 1996-2008. Ten women had 21 pregnancies. Of the 10 women, 7 with uncorrected tetralogy of Fallot had 16 pregnancies. Obstetric and cardiac complications were more frequent in the uncorrected group (70% vs 40% and 40% vs nil, respectively). The frequency of spontaneous abortion and preterm birth was greater in the uncorrected group (37.5% vs nil and 25% vs nil, respectively). The percentage of babies who were small for gestational age was 40% in the uncorrected group and 20% in the corrected group. Tetralogy of Fallot carries substantial risk to mother and fetus. Surgical correction is associated with improved maternal and perinatal outcome. These patients need detailed prepregnancy evaluation and should be under joint supervision of an obstetrician, a cardiologist, a congenital cardiac surgeon, and an anesthetist.

The national neonatal audit programme: results, challenges and changes

<h3>Aims</h3> To present results from the national neonatal audit, and to review issues with data collection, interpretation of results, and the need for change. <h3>Methods</h3> A national web based audit of 10 specific measures of neonatal care. <h3>Results</h3> Since 2006 the number of neonatal units contributing data to National Neonatal Audit Programme (NNAP) has risen to 166, 93% of the 178 units in England. For those babies upon whom data were received, the rates (ie, percentage positive answers) have remained relatively constant at approximately 85% for temperature and 75% for BP measurement in the first hour of babies &lt;28 weeks, whereas surfactant administration has fallen from a quarterly peak of 88% to 76% (difference=12%, 95% CI 6.4 to 17.6). The recorded rate for antenatal steroid administration at 24–34 weeks gestation is 70%. 50% of parents are recorded as being seen by a senior staff member within 24 h of admission. Data recording remains incomplete for all questions, varying from &gt;95% completion for data on antenatal steroids to &lt;60% for that on senior staff seeing the parents. There is a huge variation in the percentage of babies &gt;37 weeks being admitted to NNUs: in the last quarter of 2008 level 1 units admitted 2.5 to 10%, level 2 units 1.9 to 13.3% and level 3 units 1.2 to 11.5% of such babies. The collection of data on breast milk feeding has changed since inception of the audit: 78% of all babies on NNUs get their mother9s own milk. A pilot study on the 2-year health status questionnaire yielded a low return. Some units have reported changes in practice as a result of these data. <h3>Conclusion</h3> The NNAP is progressing and data collection is improving, but it needs time, commitment and funding to become more complete and accurate. Some questions need reviewing. Data-based quality improvement has begun as shown by the descriptions of change received from participating units.

Relactation, Translactation, and Breast-Orogastric Tube as Transition Methods in Feeding Preterm Babies

The transition from tube feeding to exclusive breastfeeding represents an important period for preterm babies because of their clinical fragility and immature development. This study describes this transition in preterm infants in relation to different feeding approaches: relactation, translactation, and breast-orogastric (OG) tube, considering the duration of the transition, weight gain in the transition, feeding-related problems, and breastfeeding status at discharge. This is a descriptive study of a series of 432 babies using retrospective data from the medical records at the IMIP Kangaroo Mother Care Unit, in the northeast of Brazil. At discharge, the percentage of babies who were exclusively breastfed in the relactation, translactation, and breast-OG tube groups were 85%, 100%, and 100%, respectively, with a satisfactory transition time and weight gain and with 1.6% of cases with feeding-related problems. The results showed that the relactation, translactation, and breast-OG tube seem to be efficient methods in the feeding transition of preterm infants.

Is the hour-specific bilirubin nomogram suitable for predicting hyperbilirubinemia

To demonstrate the effectiveness of the hour-specific serum bilirubin nomogram, described by Bhutani et al, in predicting significant hyperbilirubinemia in term Turkish newborns. A total of 217 healthy term newborns without signs of hemolysis were enrolled. Serum bilirubin levels were obtained at discharge and whenever visible jaundice was observed. According to the percentile-based hour specific bilirubin nomogram the babies were grouped into four categories (high, high/low, intermediate or low risk zone). All babies were followed up for hyperbilirubinemia and examined between 7 to 10 days of life and a bilirubin level was obtained when jaundice was observed. The mean predischarge bilirubin of cases was 9.71+/-3.4mg/dl. Thirty six patients (16.6%) received phototherapy while none of the cases had an exchange transfusion. The distribution of cases according to the high risk, intermediate, low/high, and low zones and the percentage of babies who received phototherapy were, 21(63.6%), 10(38.5%), 3(4.5%) and 2(2.2%), respectively. The risk of phototherapy decreased to 0.35 times for every increasing week of gestational age. Babies in the high intermediate and high risk zones were more likely to receive phototherapy (OR:24.5 and OR:83.6) The hour-specific serum bilirubin nomogram described by Bhutani et al. predicted clinically significant hyperbilirubinemia in Turkish term newborns.

Infants’ responses to arm restraint at 2 and 6 months: A longitudinal study

This study examined the continuity, stability, and change of infants’ responses to a frustrating event (i.e., arm restraint) between 2 and 6 months in terms of both negative reactivity and its regulation. Fifty-two healthy, full-term infants and their mothers participated in an arm restraint procedure. Infant behaviors were observed and coded at 3-s intervals. The results showed that infants’ reactivity to frustration and their ability to regulate such reactivity significantly changed in level over time. Individual differences in frustration reactivity were stable across the two ages; two regulatory behaviors (i.e., orientation to mother and avoidance) could be observed in the same percentage of babies at both 2 and 6 months. At 6 months, several significant associations between frustration reactivity and infant regulatory behaviors emerged. These findings suggest that the arm restraint procedure may be usefully employed to study individual differences in infants as young as 2 months of age.

Neonatal surgical jaundice revisited.

Neonatal hyperbilirubinemia is a common problem in newborn nurseries and manifest clinically as jaundice. Nearly 25-50% of all newborns and a much higher percentage of premature babies develop hyperbilirubinemia. This is mostly physiological, but a small percentage of these babies have pathological jaundice, requiring detailed investigations and management. It is also absolutely essential to consider a possibility of extra-hepatic biliary atresia early, during management of a case of neonatal direct hyperbilirubinemia as early surgical intervention results in a better outcome in EHBA. This article aims to describe the diagnostic approach to neonatal hyperbilirubinemia with special emphasis on conditions requiring surgical intervention also it throws light on present status of EHBA in Indian circumstances.

Methodological factors involved in neonatal screening using transient-evoked otoacoustic emissions and automated auditory brainstem response testing

The methodological factors involved in screening neonates for hearing loss, using transient-evoked otoacoustic emissions (TEOAEs) and automated auditory brainstem responses, have been evaluated from a large sample of neonates. The risk factors, commonly used to select babies for a targeted screen, have very little correlation with failing TEOAE testing. The parameters used to determine passing or failing the TEOAE test and the false alarm rate change markedly with age in the first few days of life as, of course, did the percentage of babies who failed the test. The stimulus level used was the default setting for the Otodynamics equipment but the stimulus level measured in the ear canal decreased over the first 140 h of life. It is thought that this reflects the impedance changes in outer and middle ears and possible changes in middle ear dynamics. The methodological variables investigated here can illuminate some of the differences in previous reports of neonatal screening, in particular the reported hit and false alarm rates.

Vocal development of 9-month-old babies with cleft palate.

This study compared the prelinguistic vocal development of 9-month-old babies with unrepaired cleft palate (n = 30) and age-matched peers (n = 15). Samples of the babies' spontaneous vocalizations were obtained while they interacted with their primary caregiver during play. The groups were compared on a number of variables including (a) canonical babbling ratios, (b) percentage of babies who reached the canonical babbling stage by 9 months, (c) syllable and segmental aspects of babbling, and (d) vocal frequency. Results indicated that the babies with cleft palate had smaller canonical babbling ratios than their age-matched peers, with just 57% of the babies with cleft palate reaching the canonical babbling stage by 9 months compared to 93% of the noncleft babies. Although syllable types and length were similar for the two groups, differences were noted for consonant characteristics. The babies with cleft palate had smaller consonant inventories, with fewer stops, glides, and velars noted. Glottals occurred more frequently in the vocalizations of the babies with cleft palate. Finally, no statistically significant difference was noted in the number of vocalizations produced by the two groups. Some possible explanations for why babies with cleft palate are delayed in babbling are explored.

When children "have children"--reproduction biological problems in girls between 11 and 15 years of age

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the obstetric risk in pregnant adolescents under 16 years of age. From July 1, 1970 to June 30, 1993, 188 girls aged 11-15 years were delivered at the 2nd Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Vienna; 4569 primiparous women between 20 and 24 years with singleton pregnancies served as a control group. No significant differences between the two groups were found for the frequency of pregnancy-induced hypertension (2.1% vs. 3.5%), premature delivery rates (24.4% vs. 29.8%), percentage of babies weighing less than 2500 g (10.1% vs. 9.1%), mean birthweight (3082 g vs. 3117 g), frequency of intrauterine growth retardation (2.1% vs. 2.4%) and malformations (1.6% vs. 3.1%) and perinatal mortality to the end of the first week (1.1% vs. 0.5%). Adolescent mothers were found to have more spontaneous deliveries (85.1% vs. 74.9% in the control group, p < 0.005), lower Caesarean section rates (6.4% vs. 11.3%, p < 0.05) and fewer babies with a birthweight exceeding 4000 g (1.1% vs. 4.3%, p < 0.05). For the first time, the pregnancy outcome of European adolescents was studied over a period of 23 years. We conclude on the basis of our results that maternal and neonatal risk in mothers under 16 years of age does not exceed the obstetric risk in adult mothers.

Neonatal screening for cystic fibrosis: A comparison of two strategies for case detection in 1.2 million babies

Objectives: To review the overall performance of a neonatal screening program for cystic fibrosis (CF) from 1981 to 1994, and to compare two strategies of case detection. Program design: Initially, immunoreactive trypsin (IRT) was measured in dried blood spots, and because of the low sensitivity of this test at days 3 to 5, a second sample was needed from babies with positive test results. Since 1993 a positive IRT assay result has been followed by direct gene analysis for the common CF mutation, ΔF508, with the use of the same sample. Cases with false-negative results were actively sought throughout the period. Results: With IRT alone, 1,015,000 babies were tested. Of 389 babies with CF, 30had a clinical diagnosis of CF made after a negative screening test result or an administrative error. Early diagnosis was achieved in 92%. With the IRT/DNA protocol, 59 of 62 infants had a positive screening test result (44 were homozygous for ΔF508) among 189,000 babies tested. Three babies with CF had no copy of this mutation, but two were identified early because of meconium ileus. The false-positive rate was much greater for IRT alone than for the IRT/DNA test (0.69% vs 0.054%). All false-positive cases in the IRT/DNA protocol were, of necessity, CF carriers. Conclusion: The percentage of babies with CF who had an early diagnosis was similar with the two protocols, but we concluded that the advantages of the IRT/DNA test for screening, particularly in the avoidance of the need for second IRT samples, outweighed the drawback of unwanted carrier detection. (J Pediatr1995;127:965-70)

Risk of cerebral hemorrhage in premature and mature newborn infants

We launched a prospective cranial ultrasound screening study at the Maternity Hospital of the University of Giessen to examine the incidence and severity of brain damage in newborns. More than 90% of all neonates born during 1984-86 were included in the study (n = 2781) and were screened for cerebral abnormalities on 5.9 +/- 3.3 (SD) day post partum. There were in 7.8% sonographic abnormalities, the most frequent being peri/intraventricular haemorrhages (5.2% PIVH of various degrees (grade I-III). Periventricular leucomalacia, porencephalia, subarachnoidal haemorrhages, and hydrocephali were rare (less than or equal to 0.2%). The incidence of PIVH increased progressively with decreasing gestational age, e.g. from 1.5% at 41 weeks up to 61% at 24-30 weeks of gestation. A large percentage of babies with cerebral haemorrhages were clinically normal. There was a close inverse relationship between the Apgar score at 1,5 and 10 min and both incidence and severity of PIVH. However, the relation between PIVH and both cardiotocography (matched-pairs analysis) and arterial cord blood-pH was poor. The incidence of PIVH was increased in growth retarded newborns (pH less than or equal to 7.29), preterm multiples and amnionitis, but not after preeclampsia and premature rupture of membranes. It is interesting to note that, in mature newborns (greater than or equal to 38 weeks), there was no difference in the incidence of PIVH between spontaneous deliveries, vacuum extractions, and Caesarean sections, and that there was no difference between vaginally delivered (1.5%) and sectioned breech presentations (3.5%) in this group. In preterms at 35-37 weeks with protracted labour and secondary Caesarean section, the incidence of PIVH was high (19%). We conclude, that neonatal cranial ultrasound screening is an important tool for risk assessment and quality control in obstetrics. It clearly improves both the quality of the advice given to the patients and the clinical management of high-risk pregnancies.