Percentage Of Respondents Research Articles

Lipid management in India: a nationwide, cross-sectional physician survey

BackgroundCurrent international guidelines on dyslipidemia are not concordant on various aspects of management. Also, there are no uniformly accepted Indian guidelines. We, therefore, performed a physician survey to understand lipid management practices in India.MethodsAn anonymous survey questionnaire was administered to gauge physicians’ self-reported behavior regarding lipid management aspects. Results were expressed in terms of percentages based on the number of responses obtained.ResultsA total of 404 physicians participated in the survey. Eighty-eight percent respondents ordered a lipid profile before starting statin therapy, and 80% preferred to set lipid targets, though the tools used for calculating cardiovascular risk varied. Atorvastatin was preferred over rosuvastatin in primary prevention (72.9 vs. 32.4%), secondary prevention (54.6 vs. 46.7%), diabetic patients (56.3 vs. 40.3%) and post-ACS (78.3 vs. 34%). High-intensity statins were preferred by 73.7% of respondents in post-ACS cases. Fifty percent doctors chose not to use a statin in diabetic patients, irrespective of their LDL-C levels. The most preferred drug option for managing atherogenic dyslipidemia and moderate hypertriglyceridemia was statin-fibrate combination (55.1%) and fibrates (35.4%), respectively. Sixty-three percent doctors preferred to prescribe statins in patients with moderately high LDL-C and normal triglycerides, without CHD or CHD risk equivalents. Around 28% of doctors preferred not to use pharmacotherapy for managing isolated low HDL. Of the participants, 73% used fibrates in ≤20% of their dyslipidemic patients, with fenofibrate being the most preferred (90.5%). Ezetimibe was mainly used in patients with uncontrolled LDL-C despite statin therapy (52.4% respondents). Most preferred approaches to manage statin intolerance included reducing statin dose (39%) and stopping and restarting statins at a lower dose (34.5%). Fifty-two percent of doctors chose not to alter pre-existing therapy in patients who had LDL-C levels at goal but elevated non-HDL-C levels.ConclusionThis is the first survey in India that provides useful insights into Indian physicians’ self-reported perspectives on managing dyslipidemia in routine clinical practice. Despite concordance with the currently available guidelines in certain aspects, there is incongruence in managing specific dyslipidemia problems. Further continuing medical education and the development of evidence-based, India-specific lipid guidelines can help reduce some of these differences.

Utilization of Postnatal Care Services among the Rural Women in Bangladesh

Background : Low utilization of routine postnatal care (PNC) is an important determinant of high maternal and neonatal mortality in Bangladesh.Objective : To determine the utilization of post-natal care services among the rural women in a selected area in Bangladesh.Methodology : During October 2015 to March 2016 a descriptive, cross-sectional study was carried out among 200 married women of reproductive age who had a live baby below 5years of age. Sample was selected purposively from village Islampur in Dhamrai Upzilla under Dhaka district. After taking informed consent data were collected by face to face interview using structured questionnaire.Results : The study revealed that 73.50% of the respondents utilized PNC services among them 55.10% took PNC for less than 3 times and 28.57% took PNC for more than 3 times during postnatal period. Most of them 86% were house wife; age between 25-30 years. About 35% respondents were educated up to secondary level and 31.5% were from middle economic group. In this study 79.50% respondents received Antenatal care and advice for Post-Natal Care (PNC) Source of information for PNC was 32.5% from health workers. Fifty nine percent respondents took PNC on combined decision of husband and wife. A significant number of respondents 61.91% received postnatal care at Upazilla Health Complex. Most of the respondents 73.47% found health care provider available on duty and good behavior were found by 72.11% respondents. Among respondents 62.59% attended Health Centre by walking. Only 59.86% respondents got free PNC service. Regarding importance of PNC 67.5% believed for healthy mother and 12.5% for healthy baby.Conclusions : Post Natal Care service utilization was satisfactory (73.50%) in the study area which is higher than the national figure (36%). The findings of the study clearly showed that female education, monthly household income, antenatal care utilization, distance of health center turned out important factors in determining the postpartum care utilization among the mothers. Availability and interaction with health care providers also affected the postpartum care utilization in the study population.Northern International Medical College Journal Vol.8(2) January 2017: 208-212

Perception of intern doctors about the newly introduced assessment system in the final professional MBBS examination

It was a descriptive study. The objective was to find out the perception of intern doctors regarding newly introduced assessment system in final professional MBBS examination which was held in July 2011. Data were collected from 500 inter doctors of selected medical colleges by using self administered questionnaire. It was found that majority (84%) of the respondent expressed their satisfaction with the newly introduced assessment method .Of the students 95.5% mentioned that SAQ is better than Essay questions. Inclusion of MCQ, SOE and OSCE in examination is worthy was opined by about 86.6%, 81.7%, 78% of the students respectively. Nearly eighty nine (89%) percent respondents thought that adding of a certain percentage of mark of formative assessment in final examination is better. About 29% of respondents said that examination phobia in oral /viva is not reduced by introducing SOE, 26.2% believed that all examinees are not judged in same standard by examiners by means of OSCE and 31% respondents believed that result of examination in SOE, some extent depends upon the examiners desire and intention. So, it reveals that the new assessment method is not implemented properly. Students also identified strengths and weakness of the new assessment.Bangladesh Journal of Medical Education Vol.5(1) 2014: 6-9

Knowledge, Attitude and Practice of Resident Doctors for use of Generic Medicines at a Tertiary care Hospital

: Objective: To assess knowledge, attitude and practice of resident doctors regarding generic medicines at a tertiary care teaching hospital. Method: This cross sectional study was conducted in 296 resident doctors of a tertiary care teaching hospital using a prevalidated questionnaire, consisting questions of knowledge(17), attitude(8) and practice(10). Data were analyzed for frequency and percentage analysis. Results: A total of 242(81.76%) resident doctors responded to questionnaire. Respondents were aware of the terms generic medicines(100%), branded generic (173,71.4%) and brand medicines (216, 89.2%) and regulations regarding prescription of generic medicines in the hospital(178,73.5%). Majority of participants responded equivocally to: whether generic medicines are cheaper (154, 63.6%) and equally efficacious (166,68.5%) as brand medicines; are easily available(125,51.6%) and switching from brand to generic medicines affects the outcome(192,79.3%). Majority of respondents believed that generic medicines cost less because of inferior quality (174,71.9%), have doubtful efficacy in serious diseases(108,44.6%), can be prescribed in all diseases(150, 61.9%) and prescription of generic medicines should be compulsory (37%). Regulations by government (186, 76.8%), education of medical students (187,77.2%) and incentives to doctors(149,61.5%) were suggested to improve generic prescribing. All the respondents prescribed generic medicines, consisting of 68.9% of total prescription medicines. Concerns about efficacy (242,100%), safety (149,61.5%) and availability(140,57.8%) were the major reasons cited for preferring brand medicines. Fifty percent respondents disagreed on substitution of a brand with a generic medicine by pharmacists. Conclusion: Resident doctors have good awareness about generic medicines and prescription regulations and commonly prescribes these medicines. Concerns about efficacy safety and availability of generic medicines are major reasons for preferring brand medicines.Key words: Generic medicines, Knowledge, Attitude, Practice, Resident doctors.

SIWA WOMAN PARTICIPATION IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL INDUSTRIES IN SIWA OASIS

ABSTRACT The research aimed to determine the level of participation of Siwa Woman in the development of environmental industries, And determine the relationship between the independent variables and the degree of the level of participation of Siwa Woman in the development of environmental industries, Determine the percentage contribution of variables moral relationship level of Siwa woman participation in the development of environmental industries, and to identify the motives of Siwa Woman in the development of environmental industries. This research was conducted in Siwa Oasis, It was selected sample of (256) respondents by 33.6% of the overall size, data were collected by using a questionnaire specially to achieve the research objectives, the statistical tools included percentage Frequencies, Pearson's correlation coefficient were used to data analysis. The study concluded the following key results The results showed that respondents with low participation in handmade carpets industry is 14.7%, While the respondents with medium participation is 22.3%, while respondents with high participation is 63%. The results indicate that the percentage ofrespondents with low participation in pickling olives are 12.3%, While the percentage of respondents medium participation is 15.9%, while the proportion of respondents with a high participation is 71.8 percent. The results showed that respondents with low participation in the manufacture of animal feed ratio is 17.2%, While the percentage of respondents medium participation is 15.2%, while the proportion of respondents with a high participation is 63.6 percent. Data suggests that respondents with low participation in the garment manufacturing Siwa is 7.3%, While the percentage of respondents participating medium is 9.9%, while the proportion of respondents with a high participation in the garment manufacturing Siwa is 82.8%. Results show that in the category of 7.8% total participation level low in the development of environmental industries, and 16.4% of them fall in the proportion of middle-class participation for the development of environmental industries, And 75.8% of the respondents fall in the category of high participation for the development of environmental industries in Siwa Oasis. Results show that the level of Siwa woman participation in the development of environmental industries was a significant relation at a level of 0.01 in all of: Capacity animal tenure, The degree of belonging to the tribal community, and the degree of adherence to tribal customs and traditions, Degree trend towards environmental industries, and the degree of exposure to sources of information on the environmental industries, As the value of simple correlation coefficient of Pearson: 0.225, 0.241, 0.217, 0.219, and 0.231, respectively, While the relationship was significant at the 0.05 level with age, While respondents 0.149 Pearson simple correlation coefficient values, and there was no significant relation to: the degree of education of the surveyed, the area of agricultural holdings. It turns out that the percentage contribution of these variables in explaining the contrast kidney respondents were significant at the 0.01 level And its contribution was all in the predictive ability and the other is 51.5%, of which 35.2% to the degree of exposure to sources of information on environmental industries, 9.5% to the point of belonging to the tribal community, and 5% to the degree of adherence to tribal customs and traditions, to 1.8% and the degree of the trend toward environmental industries. The results showed that the most important motives of Siwa woman in the development of environmental industries are: Increasing the family income to their participation in the environmental industries (89.5%), Help the family in the bride processing (83.9%), Out of the house to receive an education and to work in the environmental industries (76.7%).

Knowledge regarding adverse effects of selected cosmetic products among higher secondary level girl students, Chitwan

Cosmetics are substances used to enhance the appearance or odour of the human body. The age that females begin wearing makeup gets younger and younger with every new generation. A descriptive study design was used to find out knowledge regarding adverse effects of selected cosmetic products among higher secondary level girl students. A total 70 female students of Maiya Devi Girls’ College, Bharatpur-10, Chitwan, 34 students of grade 11 and 36 students of grade 12 were selected by using probability simple random sampling lottery method. The result revealed that out of 70 respondents, 30% were of age 17 years, 51.4% were studying in grade 12. 34.3% respondents’ had experienced adverse effects from using cosmetic products, 50% had experienced acne, almost all respondent’s 98.6% got information of cosmetic products from television. Majority 82.9% of the respondents answered that cosmetic products are the substance use to enhance the appearance of body. Cent percent respondents’ had knowledge that lipstick cause lip cancer, 88.6% had knowledge that kajal cause dry eye syndrome, 97.1% had knowledge that skin lightening cream and sunscreen cause skin cancer and perfumes cause skin irritation, 87.1% had knowledge that mascara cause eye irritation, and 98.6% had knowledge that nail polish cause cancer and reading expiry and manufacture date can prevent the occurrence of adverse effects. Majority 72.9% of respondents had average level of knowledge, 17.1% had low level of knowledge and 10.0% had high level of knowledge. Statistically there was significant association between level of knowledge of the respondents’ regarding adverse effects of selected cosmetic products and grade of respondents (p = 0.044).

Assessment of Livestock Service Delivery Pattern by Mobile Veterinary Units (Mvus) in Kandhamal District of Odisha Anupama Jena and Mahesh Chander

An ex-post-facto study was conducted to assess the livestock service delivery pattern of Mobile Veterinary Unit (MVU), with a sample size of 90 farmers, who had availed the services of MVU, in Kandhamal district of Odisha. According to Total weighed mean square analysis (TWMS), preventive services were ranked first as the most available services in MVU, while in other veterinary service centers, curative services were most available. Further, cent percent respondents reported that the services by MVU were supply driven, whereas, in case of other agencies, only 16.7 per cent told that it was supply driven. Majority (76.7%) of respondents said MVU provides service on demand, moreover, cent percent respondents reported ‘doorstep’ availability of MVU services. Majority (57.8%) of farmers received services through MVUs three times in last 12 months, while, only two times by any other veterinary service centers during the same period. The minimum fee charged for the services delivered through MVU was only Rs. 2.0, while, Rs. 50-100 were being charged by other veterinary service centers.

Awareness on Avian Influenza among the Workers of Selected Poultry Farms in Dhaka City

Bangladesh is a poor, densely populated country of South East Asia and vast proportion of the people here live under poverty level where poultry is emerging as a huge industry. There are about 220 million chickens and 37 million ducks in Bangladesh, millions of households rely on poultry production for income generation and nutrition. So any mishaps in the poultry industry, such as outbreak of bird flu, would have enormous economic as well as health consequences in Bangladesh. This was a cross-sectional study carried out among the poultry workers of selected poultry farms in Dhaka city. The study was conducted for a period of six months starting from January 2008 to June 2008. A total of 150 poultry workers aged 9 years and above irrespective of sexes were interviewed using semi-structured questionnaire by face to face interview. The main objective of the study was to assess the level of awareness on avian influenza among the poultry workers of selected poultry farms in Dhaka city. Data analysis revealed that 98% of the respondents ever heard avian influenza and their main source of information was television (98%). About ninety percent respondents mentioned that it is caused by virus (89.3%). Among the respondents about three fourth (68%) mentioned that it is transmitted by direct contact and 92% had the knowledge on sign and symptoms in poultry. Eighty percent of the respondents had the knowledge on transmission from poultry to human, 63% had the knowledge on transmission from human to human whereas 46.7% had the knowledge on sign & symptoms of avian influenza in human. More than eighty percent (88.7%) of the respondents believed that it can be prevented by vaccine, 56.7% believed that using personal protective equipment’s can prevent it. Though the study sample was small which might not be representative of population however, data would be useful in development of planning and program strategies.

EFFECTIVENESS OF ECOLOGICAL SANITATION FROM THE VIEWPOINT OF URINE APPLICATION ON VEGETABLES IN CENTRAL NEPAL

Ecological sanitation can be defined as water conserving and nutrient recycling system for use of human urine and excreta in agriculture. In Nepal, every year 180 thousand ton of chemical fertilizer were imported. Ecological sanitation would count a lot to utilize locally available resources, to regenerate soil fertility, and to save national currency. The study was carried out at District, Nepal from March – August, 2016 to test the efficacy of human urine for improving crop performance and to estimate the feasibility of ecological sanitation. Five eco-san toilets were constructed and questionnaire survey was done. Villagers were asked about socio-economic parameters, farming practices, awareness of ecological sanitation and fertilizer value of urine. Eighty three percent respondents were engaged in agriculture growing mainly vegetables, which may raise the feasibility of ecological sanitation. Their concern on water deficiency in dry season, high demand of chemical fertilizer, sanitation awareness need to be solved. In the field experiment, cauliflower was cultivated to compare the fertilizer value of urine with chemical fertilizer and no fertilizer with three replications. Urine fertilized plots produced similar yields compared to those with chemical fertilizer and higher yields than those without fertilizer. To be able to generalize this conclusion, it is important to conduct experiments with different seasonal crops. Article DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.20319/mijst.2017.31.5566 This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-Non-commercial 4.0 International License. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/ or send a letter to Creative Commons, PO Box 1866, Mountain View, CA 94042, USA.

Factors Influencing Acceptability of Family Planning among Women in Rural Communities in Ife Central Local Government Area, Osun State, Nigeria

Family planning has been proven to save and enhance the lives of women and children. However, sub-Saharan Africans living in rural areas tend to use fewer contraceptives and have more children than their urban counterparts. Moreover, there is gap between awareness and use of modern contraceptive. This study, therefore, investigated the factors that may influence acceptability and consequent use of family planning among rural women in two communities in Ife Central Local Government Area, Osun State, Nigeria. A survey of 400 consenting women was done using a pretested self-administered questionnaire, which included questions on awareness on family planning and factors which are likely to predict its use. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, Chi-square test of association and logistic regression. The age of the respondents was 21.1±9.0 years and there were more Christians (94.2%) than Muslims and other religious groups. A large majority (79.0%) were currently married, with most respondents possessing junior secondary certificate. Almost all (96.4%) respondents had heard about family planning. However, only 20.0% were aware of the place where the services are available in their communities. Most of them (61.5%) noted that they were influenced to use family planning through organisations, which did social marketing of the products. Twenty-one percent respondents opined that their spouses would not approve of the use of family planning. Forty-three percent desired to have at least four children. Factors predictive of uptake of family planning were number of children (HR=1.74, 95% CI 1.15-2.53) and level of education (HR=2. 12, 95% CI 1.43-3.22). A total of 35% of the respondents agreed to accept the method but practice and acceptance of family was very low. Interventions such as reproductive family planning health education, social marketing, awareness and campaign targeting this population must be intensified in order to. derive the maximum benefits of family planning to individuals and the nation, ultimately.

Agricultural waste management practices in Trishal upazilla, Mymensingh

A study was conducted to assess the present status of agricultural waste management by farmers in Trishal upazila of Mymensingh district, Bangladesh. During April to May 2015 and data were collected from the sample of 70 farmers and 5 farms. A structured interview schedule was used for collection of data. The study explored the relationship between the four selected type farming (independent variable) of farmers with their generation of agricultural waste (dependent variable). In this study the highest amount waste (straw and husk production) is closely related with the size of cropland. Straw production less than or equal 1000 kg is 36.62%, straw production less than or equal 10000 kg is 54.92%, straw production less than or equal 20000 kg is 5.63% and straw production less than or equal 30000 is 2.81% and husk production less than or equal 1000 kg is 35.71%, husk production less than or equal 10000 kg is 55.71%, husk production less than or equal 15000 kg is 8.57%. So as the dairy and poultry waste is also relate with the number of cows and birds. Average amount of dung is 8.87 kg per day and average amount of used litter was 46.36 kg per 800 bird production. For management biogas was suggested by 12.5 percent respondent. Composting and fish culture were suggested individually by 4.17 and 8.3 percent respectively. Due to manage agricultural waste efficiently it is necessary to initiating program to introduce the economic benefits of waste management and start training programs for farmers.Res. Agric., Livest. Fish.3(3): 395-402, December 2016

Knowledge, perception and preparedness of future prescribers about antimicrobial stewardship

The study was aimed to evaluate the knowledge, perception and prepared-ness of the 4th year students of three medical colleges of Bangladesh during January 2016. The questionnaire was designed to evaluate knowledge, perception and preparedness about antimicrobial stewardship and resistance. Out of two hundred and seventy six students provided with questionnaire, one seventy one (82%) had responded completely. The term ‘antimicrobial stewardship’ was familiar to only 6% students. Thirty nine percent respon-dents correctly responded on antibacterial spectrum. Seventy two percent students mentioned that teaching on antimicrobial should begin from 3 rd year and 89% felt necessity of spending more time on antimicrobials. This study revealed that future prescribers recognize the necessity of targeted teaching on antimicrobial to prepare them to prescribe antimicrobials rationally.

Differences in Knowledge of Climate Change between Male and Female Livestock Farmers in Nsukka Agricultural Zone of Enugu State, Nigeria

This study identified gender differences in knowledge of climate change among livestock farmers in Nsukka agricultural zone, Enugu State. Data were collected using a multistage sampling technique to select 80 livestock farmers. Percentage, mean statistics and standard deviation were used in the presentation of the results. Hypothesis for the study was analysed using t-test. The results showed that the mean age of respondents was 49 years and 31.2 percent of farmers had secondary school education. Both male (50 percent) and female (55 percent) respondents had medium knowledge on climate change as it relates to livestock production. The major information sourced by male and female respondents was on where to sell their livestock (97.1% and 100.0%). There was no significant difference between men (M = 13.92; t = 0.971) and women’s (M = 13.20; t = 0.971) knowledge on climate change with respect to livestock production. Campaigns should be intensified to sustain and improve existing knowledge on climate change among male and female livestock producers in the study area. Keywords : Gender, climate change, knowledge, livestock production.

Impacts of climate variability on livestock population dynamics and breed distribution patterns in selected districts of Western Amhara, Ethiopia

Summary Climate change affects the livestock populations. As temperature increases, the rainfall distribution patterns shifts. These indirectly change the ecosystems like changes in crop yield, alter the distribution of animal diseases, geographically restriction of rare breed populations and increased competition for resources. Therefore, the objective of the study was to quantify impacts of climate variability on livestock population dynamics and breed distribution patterns. The study was conducted in Gondar Zuria, Farta and Bahir Dar Zuria districts. The sites were selected based on agro-ecology and livestock distribution potential. Data were collected through desk reviews of different documents and studies, focused group discussions, key informants interviews and different projection models. The results revealed that 70 percent of respondents believed that the trends of livestock breed distribution varied from year to year and from agro-ecology to agro-ecology. The number of cattle and equines are decreasing from year to year due to climate variability. Particularly, the crossbred cattle population decreased in 1998, 2002 and 2008 due to shortage of rainfall, increments of temperature and feed shortage. A correlation analysis was used to quantify impacts of temperature and rainfall on livestock population dynamics and breed distribution. The analyses revealed that sheep (r = −0.535, P < 0.05) and cattle (r = −0. 512, P < 0.05) were negatively affected by climate variability. Whereas goats were having positive relationship (r = 0.345, P < 0.001). As the average maximum temperature steadily increases, the population dynamics of ruminant livestock fluctuated after the year 1996. About 92.2, 78 and 83.3 percent respondents in Farta, Gondar Zuria and Bahir Dar Zuria districts, respectively, stated that there is a fluctuation in amount of rainfall distribution during the main rainy seasons. About 84.5 percent of respondent of the three districts also believed that climate change made variation in rainfall distribution. About 52 percent of the respondents also suggested that if livestock is to be protected from climate change and related effects, changing the farming system with appropriate breed is important and can be achieved with the zero-grazing system. The farmers also recommended with stocking climate change adaptive and productive breeds. In conclusion, climate variability affected livestock population dynamics and breed distribution pattern negatively.

A Structural Compendium on Perceptual Displays of Rural India towards the Role and Impact of ICT

The core purpose of the paper is to explore perceptual displays of rural India towards the role and impact of ICT in transforming the lives through education and telecommunications. After meticulous review of pertinent literature on ICT, and its policy framework, the researcher administers both quantitative and qualitative field data collected from the villages of Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Kerala, and Tamil Nadu with a sample of 250 from each state. More than 90 percent of respondents from the four southern states in India clearly thought that the role and impact of ICT is very momentous. Predominantly, cent percent respondents from Kerala evinced that ICT is the major reason for achieving the tag of "100% Literacy State". And also in the remaining three states viz., Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, and Tamil Nadu, the literacy rate has crossed mind-boggling figures only because of ICT's reinforcement. Even in the arena of telecommunications, these four states average telecom density is more than the country's average. The paper concentrated only on how ICT function empirically to build human capacity in rural south-India through the sectors of only education and telecom. This study is first of its kind and precious to all stakeholders of the ICT sector like educational institutional, telecom firms, customers, employees, and governments, etc.

Insureds’ Perception towards Insurance Services in Pokhara

The basic objective of this study is to analyze the perception or opinion of Insured on the services provided by the insurers, agents and surveyors in Pokhara valley. Study shows 71.57 percent respondents agreed insurance creates awareness among people. Similarly, 73.53 percent respondents agreed it also provides social security. Regarding interest rates on loan, 57.43 percent respondents are indifferent on their opinion that whether the rate of interest on loan is cheaper or not but 30.69 percent are agreed that interest on loan is cheaper. Sixty-six point six seven percent respondents are neutral that payment of loan installment is easier or not but 22.22 percent opined installment payment is easier in insurance companies. In the context of satisfactoriness of insurance services, 50.49 percent respondents agreed that services of insurance companies are satisfactory. Out of 92 respondents, 71.74 percent argued that they are satisfied with the services of insurance agents and 28.26 percent are not satisfied. Of the total respondents, 35.89 percent agreed on the performance of insurance surveyors is satisfactory and free of bias. But 33.33 percent respondents on the other are neutral about the performance and behavior of surveyors. On the whole, the above facts imply that the perception of insureds towards insurance services is satisfactory in Pokhara valley.Repositioning Vol.1(1) 2016: 23-36

Online Newspapers Providing Credible Information: A Survey of Indian Online News Readers

An online survey was conducted among 3,183 online news readers in India. The aim of the survey was to know the reliable source of information of online readers and their reading habits, gadgets for online news reading, favourite news content, age group and gender. The questionnaire sent through the e-recourses (e-mail, Facebook, Twitter, and blog). Most of the online news consumers 60.3 percent (n=1920) believe that websites of news organisations is the most credible source of information available on the Internet. As many as 97 percent online readers are also using traditional media for the news, 60.3 percent (n=1909) respondents says text is the most favourite content for the news, 33.4 percent (n=1063) like the photo gallery and 35 percent (n=642) people are reading online news many times in a day. Majority of online readers are below the age of 30. 62 percent (n=1941) are using smartphones for the online news.

Effectiveness of Levofloxacin in Community Acquired Pneumonia in Adult Bangladeshi Population

Community- acquired pneumonia (CAP) is a common condition with a significant mortality. Levofloxacin is recommended for the empiric management of CAP in inpatienst and outpatients. The present study conducted to find out the effectiveness of Levofloxacin in CAP among Bangladeshi Population. Total 50 Patients aged more than 18 years, diagnosed pneumonia based upon clinical features of respiratory tract infection and rediological changes, were included in this study. The study consists of four visits: first one for screening and enrollment. Second visit on day 2-4 during which patient on therapy, third visit 5-7 day after the last dose of the drug and fourth visit 28days after the last dose of the drug. The mean # SD of age of the respondents was 34.3# 19.1 years with a range of 18-100 years. Among the respondents 62.0% were male and 38.0% were female. Most of the respondents presented with fever (98.0%) and cough (100.0%) and chest pain was present in 66.0% cases. Ninety six percent respondents presented with productive cough and only 4.0% respondents with dry cough. Consolidation in left lower zone was the most common findings (32.0%) followed by consolidation in right mild zone (30.0%). Among the respondents 32.0% were treated with oral form and 68.0% were treated with injectable form of levofloxacin. About 92.0% were improved with the treatment. Levofloxacin monotherapy is well tolerated, cost-effective treatment for patients with CAP. Further large scale multi- centered study will help to strengthen this outcomeMedicine Today 2015 Vol.27(2): 9-13

Assessment of present bio-security practices in live poultry markets in some selected areas of Bangladesh

A study was conducted to assess the existing bio-security practices in different live poultry markets in some selected areas of Bangladesh such as Dhaka City Corporation, Sirajgong Sadar and Sahjadpur Upazila from January 2015 to May 2015 using semi-structured and pre-tested questionnaire along with observation. A total number of one hundred twenty (120) respondents were purposively selected from the above mentioned locations. Forty (40) respondents were selected involved in live bird market and information collected from each area of markets to know the different contributing factors of live bird market bio-security situation through personal interviewing method. The results of the present study reveals that around seventy one percent (71%) live bird’s sellers used different type’s drugs to keep their birds sound and alive until sold out all birds. This study noticed that more than 71 percent respondents did not dispose the dead birds scientifically. The survey result showed that about fifty percent (50%) respondents used separate dress during working period at their sale centers. It was also observed that 87 percent respondents did not use commercial disinfectant to clean their dressing materials. Further it is noted that the sanitary and hygienic practices of the most live poultry sale centers were poor. This study clearly revealed that there was a high risk of disease transmission and dissemination both to poultry and human beings due to poor bio-security of live poultry markets in the study areas. It could be concluded that immediate necessary steps need to be undertaken by the government and other regulatory organizations to improve the live bird market situation for ensuring the safe poultry meat in the country. Asian Australas. J. Biosci. Biotechnol. 2016, 1 (2), 333-337

The Impact of Poverty Reduction Program into Papuan Women Economy Behavior in District of Kemtuk Gresi, Jayapura Regency (Case Study)

Based on The Intenasional Summit which had launced the 8th important issues on Millenium Development Goals (MDGs), is very usefull to improve the communitylife. The quality of women’s life has been one of basic aspects to build sustainable development of a nation (Khofifah, 1998). Sustainable development can take place if the entire communities (men and women) being optimally involved in whole development program with using efficient and effective principles. The quality of life is largerly determined by formal and non formal education, both poor degree of health and nutrition, buruknya derajat kesehatan dan gizi, and also the presence of accessbility to development resources. Those factors mentioned above are mutual supporting and can not be separated from one another. Although, development activity in Papua Province is growing up, the society is still livingin the cycles of poverty, especially for women in District of Kemtuk Gresy, Jayapura Regency, Province of Papua. The aims of the study are : 1) to know the impact of Poverty Reduction Program (into the changing of economy behavior of Papuan Women in Kemtuk Gresi, Jayapura Regency, Papua Province; 2) to explore how Poverty Reduction Program influenced the generating income of Papuan Women. The methods of data collection are in-depth interview to 150 respondents, and 5 key informants (Community, Traditional, Religion, Women, and Youth Leaders), and observation as well. In order to find the answer, is using descriptive qualitative. The result of the first research question indicated that in terms of Changing of economic behavior: 34 percent of Papuan Women in Kemtuk Gresi are changing their economic behavior, mainly their production and marketing strategy; whereas 66 percent of respondents are still in traditional way for production and marketing. The second result is 38 percent of respondent’s income is increasing, and 44 percent respondents are remains static or even volatile, finally, 18 percent respondents are going out from economic activities, because of missing capital of business. Starting from the result, we can give some recommendations: 1) changing economic behavior should be started from young people, so all parties should participate intensively to push young women entrepreneur to engage in business activity; 2) the government should involve traditional leaders to support women entrepreneurs by providing a piece of land or other forms of capital.