Percentage Of Dry Weight Research Articles

Globe Artichoke Yield and Quality as Affected by Foliar Application of Seaweed Extract and Cooling Periods of Crown Pieces

This study was carried out at private farm located at Shubrakhet City, in Behiera Governorate during the two successive seasons of 2017/2018 and 2018/2019, to evaluate the effect of foliar application with seaweed extract and cooling periods of crown pieces on vegetative growth, yield and quality of Globe Artichoke. The experiments were carried out in a split plot design with three replicates. Each experiment included three cooling periods (0, 15 and 30 days) at 5 C were arranged in the main plots, then the four seaweed extract (control, 250, 500 and 750 mg/l) were arranged in the sub plots. The collected data were analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA) with the aid GENSTAT 5 package, and significant means were separated and announced using the Least Significant Difference (LSD) at 5%, probability level. The gained results indicated that cooling period at 30 days and foliar application of seaweed extract at 750 mg/l; brought about the maximum vegetative growth characters values of Globe Artichoke, i.e. survival rate, plant height, leaf fresh weight, leaf dry weight and dry matter percentage, also, yield and yield components (early yield/plant, total yield/plant, head length, head diameter, neck diameter, head fresh weight, head dry weight and head dry matter percentage), as compared with the control treatment during both seasons. Likewise, increasing cooling periods up to 30 days and seaweed extract up to750 mg/l; gave the highest average values of all chemical compositions such as total sugars, reducing sugars and total soluble solids but inulin, recorded the highest percentage at 15 days cooling and foliar application of seaweed extract at 750 mg/l, as compared with control treatment.

بررسی تأثیر دو گونه قارچ میکوریزا-آربوسکولار در سطوح مختلف تنش رطوبتی بر برخی ویژگیهای رشدی ذرت

در شرایط تنش ، همزیستی گونه‌های قارچ میکوریزا-آربوسکولار با ریشه گیاه میزبان، تأثیر مستقیمی بر تحمل خشکی در گیاهان دارد. به‌منظور بررسی تأثیر دو گونه قارچ میکوریزا-آربوسکولار در سطوح مختلف تنش رطوبتی بر برخی ویژگی‌های رشدی ذرت، این آزمایش به‌صورت فاکتوریل با دو عامل در قالب طرح پایه کاملا تصادفی با پنج تکرار در شرایط گلخانه اجرا گردید. عامل اول مربوط به سطوح تنش رطوبتی شامل 60، 80 و 100% ظرفیت زراعی و عامل دوم مربوط به دو گونه قارچ میکوریزا شامل Glomus intraradices و Glomus mosseae و شاهد (عدم تلقیح) بودند. نتایج نشان داد که تنش رطوبتی موجب کاهش ارتفاع بوته و وزن خشک اندام هوایی به ترتیب به میزان13% و17% شد. تنش رطوبتی بر وزن خشک ریشه بی تاثیر بود ولی، قارچ‌های مایکوریزا وزن خشک ریشه را افزایش داده و تاثیر G. mosseae نسبت به گونه G. intraradices بیشتر بود. علیرغم افزایش شدت تنش رطوبتی، قارچ­های مایکوریزا شاخص کلروفیل SPAD را افزایش داد. بیشترین شاخص کلروفیل مربوط به تیمار تلقیح با قارچ G. mosseae در 0.6 ظرفیت زراعی معادل 37.02 بود. گیاه تلقیح شده با قارچ G. mosseae نسبت به G. intraradices کارایی بیشتری در حفظ رطوبت نسبی آب برگ در شرایط تنش رطوبتی داشت. بیشترین درصد کلونیزاسیون ریشه معادل 39.04 در تیمار تلقیح با قارچ mosseae G. در 60% رطوبت زراعی به دست آمد. به‌طورکلی، نتایج پیشنهاد می­کنند که در شرایط تنش رطوبتی، گونه G. mosseae قادر به برقراری ارتباط همزیستی مؤثرتری با ریشه گیاه ذرت تحت شرایط انجام این آزمایش بود.

Bio-efficacy of fungicides and bio control agents against root rot of soybean incited by Rhizoctonia solani

Bioagents, fungicides and their combinations were tested under net house conditions to know their efficacy incontrolling root rot of soybean. The parameters recorded included percent germination, dry weight, vigour index and vigour index mass. Seed dressing with Aazoxystrobin + T. viride showed highest significant effect on germination per cent and dry weight. However, seed dressing with T. harzianum were significant on fresh weight and vigour index.

Propagation of Three Cultivars of Rosa hybrida L. through Stenting Method

In the commercial production of roses, introducing a method to reduce the time of propagation with maximum success is crucial. This study was conducted to investigate the effect of different concentrations (0, 1500, 3000, 4500 mg/L) of Indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) on propagation of three cultivars of Rosa hybrid L. ('Dolce Vita', 'Samurai' and 'Utopia') by stenting (simultaneous cutting and grafting) method under greenhouse conditions. The cultivars were grafted onto Rosa hybrida L. 'Natal Briar' rootstock. The factorial experiment was performed in a completely randomized design with three replications. The stentings were cultured in coco peat and perlite medium at 1:2 ratio in a greenhouse under mist system. After 60 days, the percentage of grafting, rooting percentage, root number, longest root length and fresh and dry weights of roots and shoot traits (including leaf number, shoot number, and longest shoot length) were determined on the stentings. The highest rate of rooting in Dolce Vita cultivar was obtained at 1500 mg/L IBA and in Samurai and Utopia cultivars at 4500 mg/L IBA. Among the three cultivars of roses, highest percentage of rooting (93.75%), healing percentage (93.75%), root length (12.47 cm), fresh weight (0.84 g) and dry weight (0.07 g) of roots were observed in stentings treated with 4500 mg/L of IBA in Rosa hybrida L. cv. Samurai. Interaction between IBA concentrations and cultivars on chlorophyll (a, b and total) and carotenoid contents were significant in all the three cultivars of roses.

Evaluation of potential fungicides, botanicals, biocontrol agents and their combination against M. phaseolina inciting root rot of sesame

The most effective fungicide (vitavax power), potential antagonist/ biocontrol agent (T. viride) and botanical (Neem oil) which were obtained during poisoned food technique and dual culture technique under in vitro conditions were further tested to know their individual as well as combined effect on seedling emergence, plant growth parameters and root rot incidence in potculture with susceptible variety (VRI-1) in M. phaseolina inoculated soil. The results indicated that combined seed treatment with P. fluorescens, neem oil and vitavax power recorded maximum germination percentage (93.33%), root (5.70 cm) and shoot length (11.9 cm), dry weight (0.28 g plant-1) and maximum percentage reduction of dry root rot (71.38%) followed by seed treatment with P. fluorescens and vitavax power (64.11%) and least reduction in root rot incidence (16.07%) observed in sesame seeds treated with only neem oil.

Energy Density Predictors for Argentine Anchovy Engraulis anchoita, a Key Species of the Southwestern Atlantic Ocean

AbstractForage fishes have a cosmopolitan distribution and constitute key species in marine trophic webs throughout the world. We estimated the energy density of the Argentine Anchovy Engraulis anchoita, a key component of the base of the food web in a large fraction of the southwestern Atlantic Ocean. We also examined the relationships between energy density and different proxies (condition factor, fork length, and percent dry weight) and compared the relationship of energy density to percent dry weight for Argentine Anchovy to this relationship in other forage fishes. A regression model that includes percent dry weight and fork length was the best predictor for the energy density in this species. The Argentine Anchovy had similar energy density to percent dry weight to all species in the Engraulidae family (anchovies) and to most of the species in the Clupeidae family (sardines). Engraulidae species showed smaller mean energy density and smaller energy density to percent dry weight compared with the Clupeidae species. The difference in energy density between these two families could have direct implications on population dynamics of predators in oscillating sardine–anchovy systems or in regions where these two families are spatially segregated.

Waste Nutrient Solution as an Alternative Fertilizer in Curled Mallow Cultivation

To determine the feasibility of reusing waste nutrient solution as an alternative fertilizer for vegetable production, we investigated the growth and shoot nutrient content of curled mallows (Malva verticillata L.) irrigated with tap water (pH 7.8, EC: 0.5 dS·m-1), nutrient solution (pH 5.7, EC: 2.7 dS·m-1) and waste nutrient solution (pH 5.0, EC: 2.2 dS·m-1 in average) collected from plant factories. Three waste nutrient solutions were applied in sequential order to a waste nutrient solution treatment and mineral compositions of irrigation solutions were analyzed. We measured the total number of leaves, fresh and dry weight, chlorophyll content (SPAD value) and total phenolic content of curled mallow shoots and analyzed shoot and soil nutrient content using inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometer (ICP-OES). Curled mallows were harvested twice during the cultivation. Curled mallows irrigated with waste nutrient solutions had a similar fresh weight (yield), total phenolic content and number of leaves compared to those grown with fresh nutrient solution, and had higher fresh and dry weight, chlorophyll content (SPAD value) and percentage dry weight compared to those grown with tap water upon first and second harvest. The dry weight of curled mallows grown in waste nutrient solution was lower than that of plants grown in nutrient solution on first harvest, but there was no significant difference between the waste nutrient solution and nutrient solution groups on second harvest. Curled mallows irrigated with nutrient solution and waste nutrient solution showed similar mineral content. These results suggest that waste nutrient solution in curled mallow cultivation could be reused and provide more efficient and sustainable nutritional solutions that improve the productive yields of crops in the agriculture sector.

Resistant Starch Content in Foods Commonly Consumed in the United States: A Narrative Review

Resistant starch (RS; types 1 to 5) cannot be digested in the small intestine and thus enters the colon intact, with some types capable of being fermented by gut microbes. As a fiber, types 1, 2, 3, and 5 are found naturally in foods, while types 2, 3, and 4 can be added to foods as a functional ingredient. This narrative review identifies RS content in whole foods commonly consumed in the United States. Scientific databases (n=3) were searched by two independent researchers. Ninety-four peer-reviewed articles published between 1982 and September 2018 were selected in which the RS was quantified and the food preparation method before analysis was suitable for consumption. The RS from each food item was adjusted for moisture if the RS value was provided as percent dry weight. Each food item was entered into a database according to food category, where the weighted mean±weighted standard deviation was calculated. The range of RS values and overall sample size for each food category were identified. Breads, breakfast cereals, snack foods, bananas and plantains, grains, pasta, rice, legumes, and potatoes contain RS. Foods that have been cooked then chilled have higher RS than cooked foods. Foods with higher amylose concentrations have higher RS than native varieties. The data from this database will serve as a resource for health practitioners to educate and support patients and clients interested in increasing their intake of RS-rich foods and for researchers to formulate dietary interventions with RS foods and examine associated health outcomes.

Optimization of ultrasound-assisted enzymatic extraction and antioxidant activity of polysaccharide from radix Morindae officinalis by response surface methodology

Objectives: In this study, we aimed to establish an efficient method for the extraction of radix Morindae officinalispolysaccharide (MOP) by applying ultrasonic technology and by optimizing the parameters through response surface methodology (RSM) based on the central composite design. Materials and Methods: Ultrasound-assisted enzymatic extraction (UAEE) was performed to extract the MOP. We applied an orthogonal array design to optimize the concentration of enzymes (cellulose, pectinase, and papain). The extraction parameters were optimized based on the RSM technique. Furthermore, the effects of ultrasound-assisted enzymatic treatment on 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical-scavenging activity by the MOP was optimized using the RSM technique. Results: According to our results, 1.0% cellulase, 1.5% pectinase, and 1.0% papain were the optimum concentrations of the enzyme (calculated based on the percentage dry weight of radix Morindae officinalis powder). The optimum conditions of extraction were as follows: 21 mL/g solvent–solid ratio, 280 W, pH of 5.3, and temperature of 50°C. Under these conditions, the yield of MOPs and DPPH-scavenging activity of MOP were 23.68% ± 0.52% (n = 3) and 117.26 ± 2.73 mg Vitamin C/100 g dry weight (n = 3), respectively. The overall desirability was 1.03 ± 0.01 (n = 3). Conclusion: UAEE was effective in the extraction of MOP, and RSM technique was adequate to design and optimize the extraction parameters.

Effect of diabetes mellitus on the dissection properties of the rabbit descending thoracic aortas

Effect of diabetes mellitus (DM) on the dissection properties of thoracic aortas remains largely unclear and relevant biomechanical analysis is lacking. In the present study forty adult rabbits (1.6–2.2 kg) were collected and type 1 diabetic rabbit model was induced by injection of alloxan. A total of 10 control and 30 diabetic (with different time exposure to diabetic condition) rabbit descending thoracic aortas were harvested. Peeling tests were performed to quantitatively determine force/width values and dissection energy in the control and diabetic aortas. Histological and mass fraction analyses were performed to characterize the dissected morphology and to quantify dry weight percentages of elastin and collagen. The resisting force/width values were significantly higher for the diabetic thoracic aortas (in 8 weeks) than those of the control thoracic aortas (axial: 26.1 ± 4.0 vs. 20.5 ± 3.1 mN/mm, p = 0.04; circ: 19.7 ± 2.8 vs. 15.3 ± 1.9 mN/mm, p = 0.03). There was a higher resistance to the dissection in both axial and circumferential directions for the diabetic aortas. The dissection energy generated by axial and circumferential peeling of the diabetic aortas (in 6 and 8 weeks) was statistically significantly higher than that of the control aortas (axial: 5.6 ± 0.7 vs. 4.3 ± 0.5 mJ/cm2, p = 0.02; circ: 3.9 ± 0.3 vs. 3.2 ± 0.3 mJ/cm2, p = 0.02). Histology showed that dissection mainly occurred in the aortic media and the dissected surfaces were close to external elastic lamina for some specimens. The mass fractions of collagen within the diabetic aortas increased significantly as compared to the control aortas, whereas no significant change was found for that of elastin. Our data suggest that the experimentally induced DM may lead to a lower propensity of dissection for the rabbit thoracic aortas. The dissection properties of the rabbit thoracic aortas vary with time exposed to diabetic condition.

Percent ash-free dry weight as a robust method to estimate energy density across taxa.

Determining how energy flows through ecosystems reveals underlying ecological patterns that drive processes such as growth and food web dynamics. Models that assess the transfer of energy from producers to consumers require information on the energy content or energy density (ED) of prey species. ED is most accurately measured through bomb calorimetry, but this method suffers from limitations of cost, time, and sample requirements that often make it unrealistic for many studies. Percent dry weight (DW) is typically used as a proxy for ED, but this measure includes an indigestible portion (e.g., bones, shell, salt) that can vary widely among organisms. Further, several distinct models exist for various taxonomic groups, yet none can accurately estimate invertebrate, vertebrate and plant ED with a single equation. Here, we present a novel method to estimate the ED of organisms using percent ash‐free dry weight (AFDW). Using data obtained from 11 studies diverse in geographic, temporal and taxonomic scope, AFDW, DW as well as percent protein and percent lipid were compared as predictors of ED. Linear models were produced on a logarithmic scale, including dummy variables for broad taxonomic groups. AFDW was the superior predictor of ED compared to DW, percent protein content and percent lipid content. Model selection revealed that using correction factors (dummy variables) for aquatic animals (AA) and terrestrial invertebrates (TI) produced the best‐supported model—log10(ED) = 1.07*log10(AFDW) − 0.80 (R 2 = 0.978, p < .00001)—with an intercept adjustment of 0.09 and 0.04 for AA and TI, respectively. All models including AFDW as a predictor had high predictive power (R 2 > 0.97), suggesting that AFDW can be used with high degrees of certainty to predict the ED of taxonomically diverse organisms. Our AFDW model will allow ED to be determined with minimal cost and time requirements and excludes ash‐weight from estimates of digestible mass. Its ease of use will allow for ED to be more readily and accurately determined for diverse taxa across different ecosystems.

Geotechnical Investigations on Marine Clay Stabilized Using Granulated Blast Furnace Slag and Cement

Marine clay is present along the coastal region all around the world. This soil is highly problematic and unfit to support any engineering structures. They are characterized by high liquid limit, high plasticity index with low shear strength and high compressibility. The primary by-product generated from the ferrous industry is granulated blast furnace slag (GBFS), and CaO present in GBFS acts as a binding agent. This paper describes the detailed experimental results by incorporation of GBFS and cement to the marine clay. Soil was replaced by GBFS in various percentages (10%, 20%, 30%, 40% and 50%) and addition of cement (2%, 4%, 6%, 8% and 10%) in percentage of dry weight of soil. Soil and various mixtures are examined for its geotechnical properties, which include specific gravity, consistency limits, compaction characteristics, unconfined compression strength and strength parameters. From the unconfined compression test results, 40% GBFS replacing the marine clay is concluded as the optimum mix. Improvement in the strength is due to the formation of CSH, CAH, CASH and other cementitious compounds which are observed in SEM and XRD studies. From the investigation, it is concluded that GBFS with or without cement can be used as a potential stabilizer for soft marine clay.

The macromolecular composition of noncalcified marine macroalgae.

The macromolecular composition of macroalgae influences nutrient flow and food quality in aquatic ecosystems and the value of macroalgae species for human consumption, aquaculture, biofuels, and other applications. We used literature data (125 publications, 1,117 observations) and a hierarchal Bayesian statistical model to estimate the average macromolecular composition, protein, lipid, and carbohydrate of macroalgae as a whole and at the phylum level. Our focus was on marine, noncalcified macroalgae sampled from wild-grown populations in the field. We found that the median macromolecular composition is 9.98% protein, 2.7% lipid, 48.5% carbohydrate, and 31.8% ash as percent dry weight. We compared the median macromolecular content of macroalgae to microalgae and herbaceous plants andtest for differences in macromolecular content across macroalgal phyla. Macroalgae were much more enriched in carbohydrate and minerals than the microalgae and lower in protein and lipid than many herbaceous plants. Rhodophyte macroalgae have significantly less lipid and more protein and the Ochrophyte macroalgae have significantly less protein than the average.

RESPONSE OF SNAPDRAGON PLANTS Anterhinum majus TO PINCHING, SPRAYING WITH CALCIUM AND BORON

This experiment was conducted in the field of Horticulture and Landscape Design Department, College of Agriculture and Forestry/ Mosul University, at the period from February to July / 2011 on Snapdragon plant Antirrhinum magus cv. Potomac cool. To study the effect of pinching the main stem, spraying with Calcium chloride at concentration 0 and 30 mg/L, and boron at concentration 0, 30 and 60 mg/L of boric acid by using factorial experiment within split plot in randomized complete block design with three replicates by 5 plants for each replicate. Results showed that pinching caused a significant increase of shoots, leave and inflorescence number and the number of florets in inflorescence, in addition to dry weight of plant. While spraying plant with calcium chloride at 300 mg/L caused a significant increase in shoots, leave and inflorescence number in addition to dry weight and calcium percentage. Spraying plants with boron at 30 and 60 mg/L gave a significantly best result of leave number, inflorescence length and plants dry weight. On the other hand, best results obtained from the plants pinched, sprayed with 300 mg/L.of calcium and 60 mg/L boron for plant height 43.50 cm shoot number 14.00 flowering shoots 13.33 and floret number in inflorescence 136.00 floret.

Effects of dietary Nannochloropsis sp. powder and lipids on the growth performance and fatty acid composition of larval and postlarval kuruma shrimp, Marsupenaeus japonicus

The current study evaluated the effects of fish oil replacement with eicosapentaenoic acid-enriched single-cell microalgae in the diets of larval and postlarval kuruma shrimp. Experimental diets containing different level of Nannochloropsis sp. powder (10, 40, 70 g/kg) and lipids (2, 8, 10, 14, 35, 58 g/kg) were evaluated. The substitution of fish oil with algal powder significantly improved shrimp growth compared to that in the control group, with the highest final body weight recorded at 70 g/kg in larvae and 40 g/kg in postlarvae. Larvae fed algal lipids with a dry weight percentage in the diet of greater than 10 g/kg showed significantly lower performance than those in the control group. The neutral lipids in the tissue of the postlarvae that had been fed algal lipids had an improved fatty acid profile, as the content of highly unsaturated fatty acids increased compared to that in the other groups. The content of docosahexaenoic acid increased in the tissue, indicating the possible occurrence of the metabolism and accumulation of Nannochloropsis sp. essential fatty acids. Algal powder could replace FO up to 140 g/kg in shrimp diets without compromising growth and FA profiles.

Effect of Seaweed Extract and Micronutrients Mixture on some Growth Characters and Flowering of Dianthus chinensis L. and Gazania splender L. Plants

An experiment was conducted on Chinese carnation Dianthus chinesis L. and gazania Gazania splender L. to study the effect of spray seaweed extract (seaweed Fe) and micronutrients mixture at concentrations of 0, 1, and 2 ml. L−1 for each, in addition to their combination, on some growth characters of the two ornamental plants. Plants were sprayed three times. Treatments were layout in factorial experiment (3x3) in completely randomized design with three replicates. Results showed that the use of the two materials at both concentrations caused significant increase in Chinese carnation plant height. Leaf number increased significantly at 2ml.L−1 of micronutrients mixture on Chinese carnation. In gazania, there was a pronounced increase in leaf number with the increase of the concentration of seaweed extract. Sea weed extract had no effect on percent dry weight while the percent increased significantly at both concentrations on Chinese carnation. Chlorophyll content increased due to the use of the highest concentration of both materials on both plants. Number of flowers per plan also increased as a result of the spray of both materials. Length of flower stalk and flower diameter was affected significantly by all the treatments, while flower fresh and dry weight did not affect by the treatments. Nitrogen percent in leaves of Chinese carnation increased significantly due to the use of the two materials, but in gazania the percent increased due to the use of the two concentrations of seaweed extract while the micronutrients had no effect. For carbohydrate content, there was pronounced increase in leaves of both plants especially at the higher concentration of both materials. It was noted that all combination treatments had significant effect on all parameters measured.

Pertumbuhan dan Alokasi Biomassa Organ Tanaman Mahoni (Swietenia mahagoni L.) yang Ditanam Pada Tanah Bekas Tambang Emas dengan Perlakuan Pupuk Kandang

Abstract. The purpose of this study is to determine the growth and biomass allocation of Mahagony plant organs are planted on ex-gold mining soil with manure treatment. The experimental research with four treatments are control (without manure), manure (cow, goat, chicken) with five replications. The plant growth parameters are observed consist of plant height, stem diameter, leaf number, leaf area, rooth lenght, dry weight, and biomass percentage are located to leaves, stems and plant roots. The data are tested anova and continue with t-test. The result showed that the treatment of manure had efeect on the growth and mahagony planted on ex-golg mining soil. Plant biomass on all manure treatment are largest alloccated to leaves organ then to stems and roots. Based on t-test result that the cow manure treatment is better to supporting growth and biomass of mahagony plant than chicken manure, goat manure and control.Keywords: growth, biomass, mahagony, ex-gold mining soil, manure

Teknik Pembibitan Kayu Putih (Melaluca Cajuputi) Secara Vegetatif di Persemaian Perusahaan Batubara PT Bukit Asam (Persero) Tbk

Melaleuca cajuputi has an ability to sprout easily, this is one of indicator for plants that potentially could be reproduced productively. PT Bukit Asam Ltd. has used Melaleuca cajuputi as the main of tree species for the reclamation of its post-mining land. The seedlings are produced generatively using seeds. The purpose of this research was to determine responses of IBA and Growth Media on the tip cutting of Melaleuca cajuputi The results showed that 88.9% of the cuttings, 61.2% of the rooted, and 80.9% of the shoots were viable. The used of IBA and a variety of growing media did not significantly affect to life percentage, rooted percentage, shoots percentage, fresh weight and dry weight of root, fresh weight and dry weight of shoots, numbers of primary and secondary roots, length of primary roots, and length of shoots. The result of this research can be adopted by PT Bukit Asam Ltd. to shorten production time of Melaleuca cajuputi seedlings in the future, where the availability of seeds is limited.Keywords: IBA, Melaleuca cajuputi, cutting, mining

Aspectos físicos e fisiológicos em sementes de Mimosa ophthalmocentra Mart. ex Benth.

This study aimed to characterize jurema-de-embira fruits and seeds, the process of water absorption and set the best pre-germination treatment to overcome dormancy. To characterize the biometric parameters of 100 fruits and 100 seed. For the characterization of the seed hydration, the process was carried out soaking curve of seed lots with and without lopping. We also evaluated nine pre-germinating treatments to overcome seed dormancy: control; cutting with scissors and scarification with sandpaper 80, at the opposite end to the hilum; hot water at 80 °C for 3, 6 and 12 minutes and sulfuric acid (H2SO4) for 3, 6 and 12 minutes, and evaluated the percentage and speed of germination index, shoot length and root dry weight of shoot, root and total. The seeds of jurema-of-embira have low variation for biometric features and the larger variations occur from plant materials. Seed germination starts after 19 hours of imbibition, regardless of plant material. The scarification with sandpaper 80 or emerges with scissors at the opposite end to the hilum are the methods set out to overcome dormancy in jurema-de-embira seeds.

English

The reaction of four wheat RbcS RNAi mutants and wild type to the infection of M. incognita was investigated in a greenhouse pot experiment using plant growth parameters as well as nematode reproduction. Obtained results revealed that all estimated growth parameters of lines under study were reduced by M. incognita infection to various extents. RSS13.2 line showed the highest percentage of reduction of plant total fresh weight, length, and shoot dry weight. It did act as good host for root-knot nematode; therefore, it was classified as susceptible host. In addition, the lowest reduction percentage of fresh and dry weights was observed in RSS8.5 line although it showed high values for nematode development and reproduction parameters; therefore, it seemed to be as a tolerant host. The maximum reduction in chlorophyll content was recorded in RSS7.6 line, whereas, the minimum was obtained from RSS11.5 line. It was evident that none of the five tested wheat lines was immune to M. incognita infection. The lowest numbers of second stage juveniles, galls, and egg-masses were observed in soil and on roots of RSS11.5 line although its plant growth was slightly affected; therefore, it is considered as partially resistant line. It could be concluded from the results of this study that, RNAi mutants of the RbcS were partially effective in suppressing root-knot nematode development. © 2019 Friends Science Publishers