Percentage Of Cement Research Articles

Performance of Eco Engineered Cementitious Composites Containing Supplementary Cementitious Materials as a Binder and Recycled Concrete Fines as Fine Aggregate

Engineered cementitious composites (ECC) mixtures demand a large cement content, which is detrimental to their sustainable development because mass cement production is hazardous to the environment and human health. Thus, this paper investigates the mechanical performance of eco engineered cementitious composites (ECC) under axial compressive loading and direct tensile strength tests. The eco ECC used in this investigation was comprised of cement, superplasticizer, fly ash (FA) or ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS), polypropylene (PP) fibre, water and recycled concrete fines (RCF). Two (2) eco ECC mixture series were designed and prepared. GGBS70 (70 percent GGBS + 30 percent cement), FA70 (70 percent Fly Ash + 30 percent cement), GGBS80 (80 percent GGBS + 20 percent cement), and FA80 (80 percent Fly Ash + 20 percent cement) are the four Cement-GGBS and Cement-Fly Ash combinations examined in this study. Also every combination had two different RCF percentages, R0.2 (0.2 percent RCF) and R0.4 (0.4 percent RCF). The main objective of this research is to determine the optimum mix design for eco ECC that contains supplementary Cementitious Materials (SCMs) such as GGBS or FA. Additionally, recycled concrete fines (RCF) were used as a substitute for sand. The influence of different cement replacement materials and RCF content on compressive and tensile strength was experimentally investigated. The inclusion of GGBS as a partial replacement of cement in the eco concrete mixture results in greater compressive strength than Fly Ash (FA). The test results revealed that increasing the RCF content in the ECC mixture resulted in higher compressive and tensile strength. When the sand to binder ratio was adjusted between 0.2 and 0.4, the compressive and tensile strength of the ECC mixture increased.

Properties and Environmental Features of Bricks Made From Textile Waste Sludge

In recent years, there has been a lot of attention paid to the use of textile sludge waste-based products in the building industry to develop ecologically friendly construction materials. An experimental examination of the characteristics of bricks incorporating textile sludge waste and fly ash is presented in this work. In fly ash bricks, fly ash is used to replace textile sludge waste in the following proportions: For the blend percentage of cement, fly ash, and quarry dust, a 230mm × 100mm × 75mm sample size was used. For varying amounts of the components indicated previously, the findings indicate how compressive strength and water absorption fluctuate with curing age. Then we can cast bricks with various mixed proportions of cement, sludge waste, fly ash, and quarry dust using the 230mm × 100mm × 75mm specimen size. After that, the weight, compressive strength, and water absorption of textile sludge with different concentrations of fly ash bricks were compared. This inquiry is primarily concentrated on maximizing the compressive strength of newly produced bricks while limiting weight density and water absorption through extensive laboratory work. The recognition of elements influencing the diverse qualities of bricks is a clear purpose of pursuing this issue as project work.

Optimization of Cement-Based Mortar Containing Oily Sludge Ash by Response Surface Methodology.

In the industries of petroleum extraction, a large volume of oily sludge is being generated. This waste is usually considered difficult to dispose of, causing environmental and economic issues. This study presented the novel experimental method of manufacturing mortar used in civil construction by cement and oily sludge ash (OSA). The defined method was described with a logical experimental study conducted to examine a feasible manufacturing method for casting cement-based mortars by partially replacing cement with OSA. Replacement concentrations for OSA ranged from 0 to 20 percent by cement weight, while the water-to-cement (w/c) ratio was varied from 0.4 to 0.8, and the amount of sand was kept constant. The strengths and absorption rate of the mortar were monitored for 28 days. The OSA contains a crystalline structure with packs of angular grains. Because of OSA in the cement-based mortar mixtures and water-to-cement ratios, the mechanical strength was improved significantly. However, the water absorption trend increased linearly. Using variance analysis, the influence of OSA and w/c ratio on the behavior of mortar was acquired. The developed models were significant for all p-value reactions of <5%. Numerical optimization results showed that the best mixture can be obtained by replacing 8.19 percent cement with OSA and 0.52 as a ratio of w/c.

Effect of Combining Maize Straw and Palm Oil Fuel Ashes in Concrete as Partial Cement Replacement in Compression

The high energy consumption connected with cement manufacturing, as well as the depletion of limestone resources and the release of carbon dioxide, which contributes to global warming, are all important issues that must be addressed. Partially replacing cement with agricultural wastes in concrete, which reduces cement output, is an innovative solution to this problem. This paper examined the effect of combining Palm Oil Fuel Ash (POFA) and Maize Straw Ash (MSA) as partial replacement of cement on the compressive strength of Grade 20 concrete at 0 - 30 % POFA and 0 - 30 % MSA using Historical data under the Response Surface study in Design-Expert software. The concrete cubes were tested at 7, 28, and 56 days of curing. It was discovered that there was a decrease in the compressive strength of the concrete with the percentage increase in the quantity of the POFA and MSA for all the curing days considered. However, there was a progressive increase in the compressive strength with an increase in the days of curing. The optimum combination of percentages of POFA, MSA and cement that gave a strength greater than the target compressive strength of 20 N/mm2 in 56 days is 30 % POFA and 16.6 % MSA and 53.4 % Cement at 0.58 water-cement ratio. HIGHLIGHTS Combining Palm Oil Fuel Ash and Maize Straw Ash as partial replacement of cement Using Historical data under the Response Surface study in Design-Expert software A decrease in the compressive strength of concrete with increase in the quantity of the POFA and MSA Optimum combination for strength greater than 20 N/mm2 in 56 days obtained GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

THE EFFECT OF CEMENT TO DEVELOP STRENGTH OF GRATI SOFT SOIL

Soft soils are identified as soils with high compression and low strength in high water content. Various methods are used to decrease compressibility and increase the bearing capacity. The Portland Cement (PC) as a soft soil stabilization material has been known for a long time. Although its costis higher than lime or waste material such as fly ash, the content of the compounds in the cement is complete and the quality is more assured,so cement is still very reliable. This research aims to investigate the improvement in the strength of soft soils after the admixtureof cement and changes in physical properties. Laboratory experiments are carried out such as a physical properties test, compaction, and CBR tests to determine the effects of cement content of 5%, 8%, 12%, and 15%. Furthermore, triaxial and unconfined compressive tests are also conducted to investigate several aspects related to strength, such as the curing time.Based on the triaxial test, there is an improvement in the shear strength of the soil,which the friction angle increases;nevertheless, the cohesion decreases.Theshear strength and stiffness are directly proportional to the percentage of cement in the soil.

EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF STABILIZATION OF EXPANSIVE SOIL USING THE MIXTURE OF MARBLE DUST, RICE HUSK ASH AND CEMENT FOR SUB-GRADE ROAD CONSTRUCTION: A CASE STUDY OF WOLDIA TOWN

Understanding the behavior of expansive soil and adopting the appropriate control measures should be great for civil engineers. Extensive research has been going on to find the solutions associated with problems of expansive soils. There have been many methods available to control the expansiveness of these soils. The removal of expansive soils and replacement with suitable material has been widely practiced worldwide. Reasonable material is available within economic distances; however, suitable materials is not readily an available in urban areas for borrowing, which has to be hauled from a long distance. Instead of borrowing suitable soil from a long distance away, after stabilization with cost effective and readily available industrial and agricultural waste materials, it is economical to use locally available plastic soil. Such wastage products are also used to minimize environmental hazards such as CO2 in the atmosphere to minimize the percentage of industrial products used for stabilization, such as cement. Marble dust (MD), an industrial waste product, Rice husk ash (RHA), agricultural waste products, and cement are industrial products in this present study. The general objective of study was to examine the effects of poor subgrade soil stabilization using the mixture of MD, RHA and cement to enhance sub-standard soil engineering properties to be used as subgrade materials. Moisture content, Atterberg limits, grain size analysis, soil classification, free swell index, basic gravity, compaction (maximum dry density, optimum moisture content) and CBR value test have been calculated in this analysis. The design of the analysis followed by the experimental method of study were adopted, which started with sample selection. A disturbed samples was collected from the pit at a depth of 1.5 m to 2m from ground level in order to avoid the inclusion of organic matter by considering the free swell index value and observation was considered. The chemical analysis of MD and RHA was conducted in laboratory and the main oxides are (SiO2+Al2O3+Fe2O3) were 70.13% for RHA and 42.43% for MD. The RHA chemical properties satisfy the requirement, while MD did not meet the requirement of ASTM C 618. The Gomata Teachers’ Condominium (GTC) soil sample laboratory result have 42.72% plastic index (PI), 85% free swell index and its CBR value of 2.265%. The Millennium Secondary school (MSS) soil sample has a 48.79% PI, 87% free swell index and 2.121% CBR value. Therefore this soil samples are highly expansive were checked before any stabilizations process based on their plasticity index and CBR value based on standard specification requirement , then stabilization was achieved by stabilization by proposed (0,8MD,6MD+2C,4MD+4C,2MD+6C,8C,6MD+2RHA, 4MD+4RHA, 2MD+6RHA,8RHA,6RHA+2C,4RHA+4C,2RHA+6C,2MD+2RHA+4C,4MD+2RHA+2C, 2MD+4RHA+2C) proportion. Then LL, PI, OMC, and CBR decreased as the cement ratio increased, while PL, MDD and CBR value increases instead of MD and RHA increases, however, as MD and RHA increase, the quantity of cement decreases. The laboratory outcome was compared with the requirement of Ethiopian road authority standard, ASTM and AASHTO. Based on this study all mixing stabilizers (MD-cement, RHA-cement, MD-RHA, MD-RHA-cement) and 8% of RHA and cement fulfill the ERA standard specification requirements for its CBR swell value. However, 8% of marble dust alone does not fulfill the Ethiopia road authority requirements for CBR swell. The MD and RHA standalone does not improving some of the engineering properties of soil samples used for subgrade construction. However, they mixed with different percentages of cement can effectively stabilizer for this expansive soil for road sub-grade construction.

Experimental Analysis of Partial Replacement of Glass Powder and Fly Ash with Different-Different Percentages of Cement to Improve the Compressive and Flexural Strength of Concrete

Abstract: The ordinary material for construction is concrete in India and its production causes some environmental effects during the production. There are many countries seeing deficiency of human dumping wastes or it’s becoming very serious day by day for each nation. In order to deal with atmospheric impact related with cement manufacturing and so there is a requirement to produce an alternative binding material for preparing concrete. The development of concrete could reducing the utilization of naturally occurring sources or lesser the load of pollutants on atmosphere. In current scenario, no. of researchers have recognized the uses of additional cementing materials like silica fumes, fly ash, glass powder, rice husk ash, blast furnace slag etc. It could also change the different properties of hardened and freshen state of concrete, and also contributing the financial system in constructional cost. Efforts put on the concrete construction to mix fly ash and waste glass powder as half substitute with cement .Now a days Glass used in different way in day-to-day life. As glass is non-biodegradable, landfills don’t provided an environmental eco-friendly resolution for dumping. Fly ash containing large amount of silica in comparison to cement. In current scenerio lots of industries producing more quantity of fly ash or its sold out very cheapest price in market. Glass is an inert material which could be recycled and used several times without altering its chemical property. Glass is an amorphous material which having high % of silica content. This property makes it probable pozzolanic property when its particles sizes is less than 75 mm. An important anxiety related to the uses of glass powder in concrete mix is that is chemical reaction happen among the alkali in pore solution and silica rich glass particle, which is called Alkali-Silicate. Reactions could be more harmful for the stability parameters of concrete, for this proper safety measure should be taken to reduce its effects. The addition of fly ash in glass concrete reducing the alkalies, silica reaction and improves the workability and durability of concrete. Unwanted glass powder is using for preparing concrete which leads environmental ecofriendly. The main purpose of this study is to find out effectiveness on durability of unwanted glass powder and fly ash based concrete. For analysis it was proposed that the uses of unwanted glass powder and fly ash as half substitution with cement in following proportion (10%, 20%, 30%, 40%) in concrete mix. Compressive strengthening of cubes and flexural strengthening of beams at the interval of 7th, 28th days were considered and compared with the conventional concrete. The results showing the probability of using unwanted glass powder and fly ash as half substitution with cement in concrete. Keywords: Silica fumes, Blast furnace, Rice husk, Glass powder, Fly ash, Compressive strengthening, Flexure strengthening

Durability evaluation of concrete made of fly ash and copper slag

Abstract In this paper, to improve the durability of concrete, fly ash has been used as a percentage of cement and copper slag rather than a percentage of sand. Using a resistance test and water permeability test, four series of concrete specimens containing fly ash and copper slag, each containing 49 concrete mixing designs, were evaluated. After obtaining the results, eight samples with the highest electrical resistance were selected and the specimens were again tested in different environmental conditions. The results show that the environmental conditions of sulfate and carbonate have the least and most impact on reducing durability and there is a power relationship, with good precision, between the water penetration of the test specimens and the electrical resistance of the test specimens.

Performance of Plain Concrete and Cement Blocks with Cement Partially Replaced by Cement Kiln Dust.

The growth of the construction industry has led to the greater consumption of natural resources, which has a direct or indirect negative impact on the environment. To mitigate this, recycled or waste materials are being used as a partial substitute in the manufacture of concrete. Among these waste materials is cement kiln dust (CKD), which is produced during cement production. This study investigated the potential benefits of replacing part of the cement with CKD in two construction applications, i.e., plain concrete and cement blocks. This reflects positively on cost, energy, and the environment, since putting CKD in a landfill damages agricultural soil and plant respiration. In this study, an experimental program was carried out to study how replacing various percentages of ordinary portland cement (OPC) with CKD affected the compressive strengths, the tensile strengths, and the air contents of concrete and cement blocks. Although the results showed that the compressive and tensile strengths decreased as the amount of CKD increased, the air content of the concrete increased, which showed that 5% CKD was suitable for such applications. The results were used to propose two equations that approximate the concrete and cement block compressive strengths according to the CKD replacement percentage.

Assessment the Behavior of Stone Columns under Confined Compression

The emphasis of current work is on assessing the settlement improvement ratio, which is described as the ratio between the settled soils treated with a stone column and the settlement of the non-treated soil (Sr = Streated/Suntreated). The research was conducted using a 300 mm diameter and 300 mm high stone-column container testing model. On 14 modeled stone columns made only from crush stones and using various backfill content, model tests including static axial compression tests were performed. The substance used in the stone backfill column had been changed by sand or lime or cement percentages. The shear strength prepared by the containers varied between 5.5 kPa and 13.5 kPa. Results show that the settlement ratio values, Sr achieved with crush stone, crushed stone +50% sand, crushed stone +5% dry lime, crushed stones +10% dry lime, crushed stone +2.5% cement +5.0% crushed stone +5.0% cement, respectively, was 0.23, 0.12, 0.16, 0.15 and 0.09. In other words, there is a drop in the settlement from 77% to 91%.

Using Partial Substitution of Portland Cement with Silica Fume and CKD to Determine the Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity of Cement Mortar

Portland cement considered one of the most pollutant material used in the construction industry, which is responsible for several harmful emissions like a greenhouse gas. This causes particular environmental interest in the production of concrete and its components. for that, it becomes necessary to find an alternative material for ordinary Portland cement with good environmental impact as well as good construction properties. The aim of this paper is to investigate the effects of partial replacement of ordinary Portland cement by industrial by-products substances in the cement mortar. The industrial by-products used in the present research is silica fume and cement kiln dust (CKD). Various mortar specimens are prepared by replacing the in different proportion of 20%, 40, and 60% of a mixture from CKD and SF. the testing of samples were conducted after curing the specimens for 7-days and 28-days. The strength of specimens was tested by ultrasonic pulse velocity (UPV) test. The results show that the optimum percentage of replacement Portland cement by silica fume and CKD was involved from 20% to 28%. The increment in the percentage of CKD& silica fume till the optimum percentage shows good enhancement in the pulse velocity of samples, while the additional quantities of these by-products start to reduce the pulse velocity of samples.

Durability Properties of Concrete Supplemented with Recycled CRT Glass as Cementitious Material.

This paper presents the testing of the durability of concrete where a part of cement was replaced with ground panel cathode ray tube glass (CRT) finer than 63 µm. The percentage of cement replaced with glass is 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, and 35%, by mass. The highest percent share of mineral admixtures in CEM II (Portland-composiste cement) cement was chosen as the top limit of replacement of cement with glass. In terms of the concrete durability, the following tests are performed: freeze-thaw resistance, freeze-thaw resistance with de-icing salts-scaling, resistance to wear according to the Böhme test, sulfate attack resistance, and resistance to penetration of water under pressure. A compressive strength test is performed, and shrinkage of concrete is monitored. In order to determine the microstructure of concrete, SEM (Scanning Electron Microscopy) and EDS (Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy) analyses were performed. The obtained research results indicate that the replacement of a part of cement with finely ground CRT glass up to 15% by mass has a positive effect on the compressive strength of concrete in terms of its increase without compromising the durability of concrete. The results obtained by experimental testing unequivocally show that concrete mixtures made with partial replacement (up to 15%) of cement with finely ground CRT glass have the same freeze-thaw resistance, resistance to freeze/thaw with de-icing salt, resistance to wear by abrasion, and resistance to sulfate attack as the reference concrete. In terms of environmental protection, the use of CRT glass as a component for making concrete is also very significant.

The Impact of Rice Husks Ash on Some Mechanical Features of Reactive Powder Concrete with High Sulfate Content in Fine Aggregate

The sulfate issue in fine aggregate grows with time and it is not easy to gain a fine aggregate with sulfates amount within the specifications of Iraqi standard. Internal sulfate attack is regarded as a significant problem in concrete construction in Iraq and the Middle East countries. One of the modern generations in ultra-high performance concrete is Reactive powder Concrete (RPC) that has been prepared for cemented materials using microstructure improvement methods. RPC has gained attention from both academia and engineering fields with extensive applications. This study presents an experimental research on the impact of Rice Husks Ash (RHA) as replacement percentage of cement upon some mechanical features of RPC with high sulfate content in fine aggregate (Three percentages of SO3 = 0.16, 0.5 and 1.2%). Three percentages of RHA (0, 10 and 15%) as a partial substitution of cement weight have been used in this research. The compressive and the flexural strengths have been adopted to attain the impact of adding RHA. The outcomes have showed that the incorporation of RHA has an important influence on the compressive-strength for both with and without internally sulfate attacking. The result has indicated that using 10% of RHA as a partial cement substitution has increased the effectiveness of RPC by its mechanical features (compressive and flexural-strengths) without internal sulfate attacked.

Promoting the physical and the mechanical properties of concrete using nano and waste materials

the industry of producing Portland cement concrete (PCC) depends on Portland cement (PC) as a major element. One of the main usages of the PCC is producing concrete members. The use of waste materials in concrete manufacture could be useful to improve the properties of concrete and reduce production costs by replacing the Cementous material with waste materials. Researchers had invested efforts in investigating the effect of using nanomaterials as an add-on to the concrete mixture on the mechanical properties of concrete. As a result, it was concluded that nanomaterials have a considerable impact on promoting the compressive and flexural strength of the PCC. This research illustrates the effect of utilizing nanomaterials, as an add-on to the concrete mixture, combined with using waste materials, as a replacement to PC, to improve the mechanical properties of plain concrete with different types of materials in different dosages. The experimental part has been carried out by using waste materials and nano-based material. The used waste materials were ceramic waste (CW), and marble powder (MP). The nano-based materials that were used were Carbon Nanotubes (CNTs) and Graphene oxide (GO). The results were compared in terms of compressive strength and flexure strength to the control concrete mix. These tests aim to investigate the impact of the modified mixtures on the mechanical properties after elapsing 7 and 28 days to obtain the maximum partial replacement percentage of cement with waste and nano-based materials. It could be concluded that using CW and MP combined with either CNTs or GO could be effectively utilized as a replacement of cement in PCC.

Optimizing laterite cement blocks in the construction of masonry using quarry dust

Laterite soils mixed with Portland cement are used worldwide in making blocks. However, due to the environmental effects associated with the high usage of cement, quarry dust proved to be a good substitute for partial replacement of Portland cement. This study investigates the optimisation of laterite-cement blocks as walling materials using quarry dust. Physical properties of experimental soil were determined, and other tests such as compressive strength, density, water absorption were conducted on sample blocks under curing periods of 7, 14, 21, and 28 days. The blocks comprised of different percentages of laterite soil (76%, 81%, 85% and 87%), quarry dust (9% and 10% by weight of the soil) and ordinary Portland cement (3%, 5%, 10% and 15% by weight of the soil. The results showed that cement content of 10% and 9% quarry dust was suitable for the block at any curing period above 7 days. The compressive strength increased with an increase in the curing period no matter the percentage of the materials used in the study. The study recommends the usage of quarry dust in cement laterite blocks. However, further investigation on other vital parameters like abrasion resistance test could be conducted.

Effect of Steel Fibers and Temperature on the Mechanical Properties of Reactive Powder Concrete

Abstract Reactive Powder Concrete (RPC) is a concrete of the modern generation it mainly contains a high percentage of cement and a small percentage of water For cement as well as the presence of fine sand, ground quartz and silica dust. This research aims Studying the behavior and mechanical characteristics of RPC exposed to elevated temperatures. The key variables in this study are steel fibers content and the high temperatures of different levels 25, 200, 300, 400 ºC. Mechanical properties of concrete behavior including compressive strength, splitting tensile strength, stress-strain relationship (modulus of elasticity), and flexural strength. The test findings indicated that the Output strength of RPC specimens decreased when the high temperature increases. At a temperature of 400 °C, all samples lost the compressive strength and splitting tensile strength.

Experimental investigation and prediction of compressive strength of high-strength concrete containing waste ceramic powder using gene expression programming

The high volume of carbon dioxide produced in cement plants and the feasibility of reusing waste materials from factories in recent years has become one of the main concerns of research centers and environmental associations. Therefore, the main purpose of this research is to evaluate the feasibility of reusing waste materials with a focus on waste ceramic powder (WCP), as a semi-active aluminosilicate material that can be replaced as a percentage of cement used in concrete. WCP, in addition to activating the potential of using a waste material in concrete, can also reduce cement consumption. Therefore, in this research, cement replacement percentages between 0 and 50% in three water to cement ratios of 0.3, 0.4 and 0.5 in 24 concrete mixtures have been used to perform compressive strength tests. In order to provide a usable computational model, the gene expression programming (GEP) method has been used to predict the compressive strength of the samples. The results of experimental research indicate that in the ratio of water to cement 0.3 at the age of 90 days, the sample containing 20% of WCP has reached a compressive strength of 72.57 MPa. This result is almost equal to the control sample and therefore the use of this percentage is recommended for this ratio of water to cementitious materials. Finally, the results indicate the very good performance of the GEP method by increasing the number of chromosomes and increasing the correlation coefficient between experimental and numerical data up to 98%. Therefore, the GEP method has a significant advantage over other methods by providing an analytical relationship and high accuracy.

Review on investigation of corrosion behavior of reinforced concrete with supplementary cementitious materials

Cement concrete is the most widely used material for various constructions. Properly designed and prepared concrete results in good strength and durability. Sometime these mixes are found to be inadequate, hence variety of admixtures are used along with cement. A certain percentage of cement will be replaced separately with metakaolin and silica fumes. Hence the flexural strength test of concrete and evaluation of corrosion behavior of the reinforcement can be performed. The study of flexural property of concrete will be conducted at 7 or 28 days characteristic strength with different replacement level of cement (i.e.0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%). Corrosion behavior of reinforcement will be evaluated based on half-cell potential. Concrete samples will be cured in either fresh water of 4% NaCl saline water for 7 or 28 days of curing period. We assumed that the addition of silica fumes and metakaolin will improve the flexural strength characteristics of concrete and corrosion resistivity of reinforcement.&#x0D; Keywords: Flexural strength, corrosion, metakaolin, silica fumes.

Assessing the Influence of Aggregates and Cement Types on Fresh Roller Compacted Concrete Mixture

Roller compacted concrete mixture RCC is considered as a sustainable pavement construction material, it is a heavy-duty concrete mixture with zero slump. An attempt has been made in the present investigation to design the fresh RCC mixture using two types of coarse aggregates (crushed and rounded), two types of fine aggregates (silica and river sand) and two types of cement (ordinary Portland and sulphate resistance). Concrete mixtures with dense gradation were prepared and compacted according to modified proctor design procedure. A moisture-density test was used to determine the maximum density and optimum moisture content and of RCC mixtures for each mix. Five different percentages of cement (10-18) % are implemented and six different percentages of moisture (4 – 8) %) % are used to determine the dry density-moisture content relationships. It was observed that the maximum dry density of rounded aggregates mixture is higher than that of crushed aggregate mixture by (4.2, 8.3, 4.2, 4.2, and 5.1) % and (4.1, 1.4, 4.1, 2.0, and 2.7) % for (18, 16, 14, 12, and 10) % cement content respectively for mixtures constructed with silica and river sands respectively with ordinary Portland cement. However, the maximum dry density of rounded aggregate mixture is higher than that of crushed aggregate mixture by (3.5, 4, 7.1, 5.5, and 4.4) % and (2.7, 4.8, 2.3, 4.4, and 4.2) % for (18, 16, 14, 12, and 10) % cement content respectively for mixtures constructed with silica and river sands respectively with sulphate resistance cement. It was concluded that 12 % of Portland cement and (6 to 7) % of moisture are proper combination when silica or river sand were implemented, while (12 and 14) % of sulphate resistance cement and (6 to 7) % of moisture are proper combination when silica or river sand were implemented. abstract must be a precise and reflection of what is in your article.

Effects of Cement on the Compaction Properties of Lateritic Soil

Lateritic soils at Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM) Skudai, Malaysia was investigated subjected to their geotechnical properties and their suitability to be used as construction materials. The soil samples were collected and tested for various basic soil properties tests such as Atterberg Limit, Specific Gravity (SG), Sieve Analysis, and Compaction test. Atterberg’s consistency limit test shows that the liquid limit (LL) is 70.3%, the plastic limit (PL) is 42.0%, and the plasticity index (PI) is 28.3%. The specific gravity (SG) value for laterite is 2.74. For the compaction test, the optimum moisture content (OMC) and maximum dry density (MDD) obtained are 28% and 1.39 g/cm 3. A laboratory study was performed to compare and evaluate the stabilization efficiency of different percentages (3%, 6%, 9%, 12%) of Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) when applied to the available laterite soil; a major soil group in the tropical areas. Analysis of laboratory data is assessed from a soil compaction test through the standard proctor method by using the automatic compactor. The soil mixtures were compacted at optimum moisture content in accordance with the British Standard (BS) of BS 1377-4:1990. From the preceding results, it was found that the OMC increase from 28% to 34% while the MDD increase from 1.39 g/cm³ to 1.47 g/cm³ with the rise in the percentage of cement.