Risk Perception Research Articles

Adaptive Capacity Within the Homecare Setting: The Importance and Value of a Shared Perception of Risk.

Patients receiving homecare are living their everyday lives in their own homes. Adapting care to individual needs, preferences, risks, and family situations is seen as essential. The overall aim of this study was to develop empirical knowledge of risk perception in homecare services. The research question that guided the study was: How is a shared perception of risk between health care professionals and leaders a part of providing high-quality care within a homecare setting? The research design was a multiple-embedded case study including 3 single cases. Participants were recruited from 3 Norwegian municipalities. Two focus group interviews were conducted in each municipality. In total, 19 informants participated, including 11 homecare department leaders and 8 health care professionals. The data were analyzed using thematic analysis according to Braun and Clarke's 6-phase thematic analysis. Two higher-order themes were developed from the data: "Risk perception is a collective understanding" and "A flawed system requires adapting just to make it work." The study showed that, in the homecare departments, leaders' and health care professionals' opinion, flexibility and professional discussions are key to enhancing the system's adaptive capacity. High-quality care is always perceived as person-centered and adaptive. Overgeneralizations and the use of guidelines were perceived as demanding. The findings also showed that making sense of and managing risks within a homecare setting is complex. Bridging the gaps by conceptualizing and acting upon risks in the homecare setting constitutes a fundamental part of adaptive capacity at a system level. However, better alignment of system demands to local risks is needed for sustainable and safe services.

The Affinity Between Anti-Establishment Reality Perceptions and Estimated Misinformation Salience Across Seven Countries Spanning the Global North and South

ABSTRACT News users are very concerned about mis- and disinformation. Arguably, they even arrive at disproportionally high estimates of the amount of false information they encounter, which may have detrimental consequences for their trust in factually accurate information. Yet, to date, we know little about how people’s risk perceptions differ across countries that are more or less resilient to mis- and disinformation, and to what extent the perceived salience of misinformation is rooted in anti-establishment perceptions on the reality conveyed by the media, society, and politics. To better understand this affinity across the Global North and South, we rely on a comparative survey study (N = 3,619). Main findings indicate that people with stronger populist attitudes, lower media trust, and more pronounced conspiracist mentalities are most likely to arrive at higher estimates of misinformation salience. Yet, although populist attitudes were strongly related to misinformation estimates in Brazil, conspiracists mentalities were related to high estimates of misinformation in all countries except for Brazil. In Latin American countries more generally, people with higher distrust in the media were most likely to arrive at high estimates of misinformation salience. Our findings have important implications for understanding the attitudinal antecedents of disproportionate misinformation perceptions across national contexts.

Increasing Carbon Sequestration, Land-Use Efficiency, and Building Decarbonization with Short Rotation Eucalyptus

Global construction activity remains the least responsive large economic sector to the exigencies of global climate change. The focus has centered on operating emissions of buildings, while upfront embodied emissions in building materials remain unabated. Softwood timber, a commonly used building material, can remove and store atmospheric carbon in buildings for decades. However, the upfront climate benefits of using softwoods in building frames are limited due to the multi-decadal growth and harvest cycles of forest plantations. The objective of this study was to demonstrate that fast-growing Eucalyptus is a superior carbon sequestration feedstock for building materials compared to slow-growing softwoods. We quantified the relative carbon benefits of Eucalyptus to a group of commonly used North American softwoods in an all-carbon-pools, risk-adjusted model that compares the net present value of carbon flows over a 100-year period. Using a novel carbon benefit multiple metric, the analysis shows that short-rotation, high-yield Eucalyptus plantations are 2.7× to 4.6× better at sequestering atmospheric carbon than softwoods, depending on the various risk perception scenarios. The results indicate that building decarbonization can be enhanced by using fast-growing and high-yielding Eucalyptus species plantations.

Using Intervention Mapping and Behavior Change Techniques to Develop a Health Promotion Intervention on Endocrine Disruptors: Development Study

Endocrine disruptors (EDs) are substances that interfere with the endocrine system, posing risks to health across various life stages, particularly during adolescence when hormonal changes are pronounced. Despite the recognition of adolescents as vulnerable, there have been few interventions targeting their exposure to EDs. This study developed the COPE ADOS program using the intervention mapping (IM) framework to enhance adolescents’ knowledge and skills in identifying and mitigating exposure to EDs. The IM framework guided the creation of the program through four steps: conducting a needs assessment, formulating program objectives, selecting relevant behavioral theories, and developing a logical model. The need assessment conducted through focus groups revealed significant knowledge gaps and misconceptions about EDs among adolescents, leading to the establishment of six performance objectives aimed at addressing attitude, knowledge, risk perception, self-efficacy, and skills. As a result, 15 educational tools were created. The COPE ADOS program represents a novel, collaborative effort tailored to the needs of students and demonstrates the potential of the IM framework in developing effective health interventions for adolescents. Future research should evaluate the impact of this program on reducing ED exposure among high school students.

COVID-19 vaccine uptake in Zimbabwe and Sierra Leone: an application of Health Belief Model constructs.

While African countries, in general, experienced a milder COVID-19 impact compared to Western nations, they faced challenges with vaccine uptake. Specifically, Zimbabwe and Sierra Leone saw vaccine acceptance rates below global averages. This research delves into the underlying factors that influenced these disparities in vaccine acceptance in these two countries, using the Health Belief Model (HBM) and the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) as guiding frameworks. This study utilized data from a cross-sectional survey encompassing 2,312 participants from areas where the Africa Christian Health Associations Platform (ACHAP) operates in Zimbabwe and Sierra Leone. The survey assessed respondents' views in line with core HBM and TPB constructs, in addition to their levels of vaccine acceptance. We then employed adjusted logistic regression models to investigate the correlation between health behavior change theory constructs and vaccine uptake, taking into account variables like gender, age, education, and country of residence. Several associations were identified, including high vaccine uptake correlated with a heightened perceived threat of COVID-19 (OR = 2.674; p < .001), recognized benefits of vaccination (OR = 1.482; p < .001), stronger perceived behavior control (OR = 2.189; p < .001), and fewer perceived barriers to vaccination (OR = 0.173; p < .001). Conversely, low vaccine uptake was linked to diminished perceived threats (OR = 0.540; p < .001), fewer perceived benefits (OR = 0.762; p < .001), weaker perceived behavior control (OR = 0.429; p < .001), and heightened perceptions of barriers (OR = 2.001; p < .001). Results underscore the significance and utility of theoretical constructs in understanding variations in vaccine uptake levels. They highlight the importance of relying on well-established theories to grasp decision-making mechanisms and to shape suggestions for behavior modification. Consequently, to boost vaccine acceptance, public health campaigns should focus on reshaping risk perceptions, addressing obstacles, emphasizing the advantages of getting vaccinated, and fostering a sense of self-efficacy within target communities.

Factors associated with radiation risk perception among Japanese university students

After the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Station accident, various information about radiation circulated throughout Japan, leading to diverse perceptions regarding the situation in Fukushima. These perceptions contributed to the social challenges faced by the residents of Fukushima at the time, including prejudice and discrimination. This heightened concern about radiation exposure, particularly among younger generations who were considering marriage or starting families. In the present study, we aimed to investigate the present status of radiation risk perception among university students in Japan and the factors associated with radiation risk perception among these students. A questionnaire survey was administered to university students throughout Japan. We collected demographic information as well as queried their perception of radiation risk (delayed health effects and genetic effects). The results showed that approximately 60% and 40% of respondents believed that delayed effects and genetic effects would occur among residents of Fukushima, respectively. Additionally, having a university major other than studying radiation techniques and living in western Japan were associated with these perceptions of risk. In the future, enhancing risk communication, especially among young populations in western Japan, is necessary to dispel anxiety about the risks from radiation exposure.

Determining factors affecting flood risk perception among local communities in Iran

Although climatic and environmental factors primarily determine the intensity of flood events, their impacts on residents are significantly influenced by human-related elements. Since the most floods are highly variable and unpredictable, it is crucial to enhance the capacity and resilience of residents to withstand and coexist with these disasters. To increase the resilience and adaptability of rural households in the face of floods, it is essential to first address individuals’ risk perception as a critical issue. This study was conducted with two primary. Objectives (1) to assess the current status of risk perception and (2) to identify the factors influencing flood risk perception (FRP) among local communities. The research population comprised all rural households in the Shushtar County (Southwest Iran) who had experienced at least one flood event. The primary research tool was a questionnaire, and data analysis was performed using SPSS software. Correlation coefficient results indicated significant relationships between age, frequency of flood occurrence, education, distance of water channels and rivers from properties, flood exposure, housing quality, risk information, flood coping information, and financial incentives for recovery with dimensions of risk perception, namely preparedness, worry, awareness, and experience. Additionally, hierarchical regression results demonstrated that these variables could explain 55.4% of the variance in FRP. Overall, the findings of this study can significantly assist policymakers in designing flood risk reduction programs and facilitating safer living conditions in flood-prone areas.

Impact of Risk Perception, Overconfidence Bias and Loss Aversion on Investment Decision-Making

This study investigates how overconfidence, loss aversion, and perceptions of risk affect investment decisions in the Nepal Stock Exchange. Making investment decisions is a complicated process that is influenced by several psychological elements. Using structured questionnaires, data was collected from individuals actively involved in stock trading. Employing a quantitative approach, the research utilizes a descriptive research design and conducts multiple regression analyses. Findings reveal that risk perception significantly impacts investment decisions, with individuals perceiving higher risks displaying a greater propensity to invest in high-risk assets. Additionally, overconfidence bias positively influences investment decisions, indicating that individuals with higher confidence levels tend to favour riskier investments. Loss aversion bias plays a significant role, as individuals averse to losses prefer investments that minimize potential losses. These results underscore the substantial impact of behavioural biases on investment decision-making, with overconfidence bias exhibiting the most significant influence, followed by risk perception and loss aversion bias. The findings emphasize the importance of psychological biases in understanding investment behaviour. Investors, financial advisors, and policymakers can all benefit from understanding how risk perception, overconfidence, and loss aversion affect investment decisions. Investors can improve portfolio performance, lessen the chance of financial crises, and make more informed decisions by identifying and correcting these biases. Therefore, to encourage more effective and efficient investment decision-making processes, it is critical to increase awareness of these biases and develop measures to mitigate their negative consequences. Conducting more studies to examine these biases’ additional dimensions and how they affect investment decisions is advisable.

The effect of individual education and care provided in living spaces to pregnant women in the earthquake region on prenatal distress, risk perception, and labour anxiety

BackgroundThe purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of individual education and care given to pregnant women in their living spaces on prenatal distress, risk perception, and labour anxiety.MethodThe study was conducted with 60 pregnant women primiparous pregnant women over 20 weeks of gestation. Data for this quasi-experimental, pretest-posttest designed randomised control group study were collected using the Prenatal Distress Scale, the Perception of Pregnancy Risk Questionnaire, and the Oxford Worries about Labour Scale. Education and care were provided in four 30-minute sessions, scheduled on mutually agreed-upon days and times in the living spaces of the pregnant women in the intervention group. These sessions were based on modules prepared by the researchers according to the women’s trimesters. Pregnant women in the control group received routine pregnancy follow-ups concurrently with the intervention group.ResultsThe mean posttest score of the pregnant women was 33.5 ± 4.1 in the intervention group and 23.6 ± 4.9 in the control group (p = 0.001). The mean posttest score for the Risk Perception Scale was 3 ± 0.9 in the intervention group and 5.6 ± 2.2 in the control group. For Prenatal Distress, the mean post-test score was 1.4 ± 2.2 in the intervention group and 13.2 ± 9.1 in the control group (p = 0.001).ConclusionThe results of this study show that providing education to pregnant women in their living spaces following a disaster effectively reduces their risk perceptions, prenatal distress, and labour anxiety.Date of registration26.10.2023 (NCT06110819).

FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH LOW PERCEIVED RISK OF DENGUE INFECTION IN SEREMBAN DISTRICT, NEGERI SEMBILAN: A CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY

Introduction: Dengue fever is an infection caused by dengue virus that remains as a public health threat. Hence, this study aimed to determine the risk perception level of dengue infection at Seremban district that continues to battle with dengue epidemic. Additionally, we aimed to measure knowledge, attitude, and practice of the Seremban population in relation to their dengue risk perception level. Methods: This is an analytical cross-sectional survey using a validated questionnaire- Risk Perception, Attitude and Practice (RPAP). A pilot test was conducted on 35 samples, and data was analyzed prior to actual study. The subsequent population study was conducted between April 2021 to November 2021. Ethical approval was obtained before commencement, and each respondent’s informed consent was taken prior to study inclusion. Statistical analysis was done using Rasch analysis and multiple logistic regression. Results: A total of 341 respondents were included in the population study. Rasch analysis result for reliability analysis showed a good psychometric property of the tool used. Majority of the respondents have low level of dengue risk perception (82.1%), attitude level (77.7%), and dengue prevention practice level (84.5%). There was no statistical difference upon comparison between those who live in dengue outbreak area and those from non-outbreak area, for all three constructs (RPAP). The bivariable and multivariable analysis done yielded three independent factors that contributed to the low level of dengue risk perception, namely, living in rented house, living in high-rise unit, and family history of dengue infection. Conclusion: The population of Seremban district has a low level of dengue risk perception that may reflect a low level of attitude and dengue preventive action. Hence, a more extensive health promotion and health education activity based on behavioral theory such as Health Belief Model need to be done to reinforce good attitude and good practice of dengue prevention.

Cigarette filter ventilation, product appeal and regulatory options: a review of the influence of ventilation on consumers’ sensory and risk perceptions

ObjectiveCigarette filter ventilation may enhance product appeal, support initiation and sustained smoking, and increase smoking prevalence. We reviewed recent evidence on how filter ventilation affects consumers’ perceptions of product appeal...

Can I tolerate that kind of behaviour? Self-esteem, expected benefits, risk perceptions and risk tolerance in romantic relationships.

Previous research has relied on characteristics of relationship behaviours (e.g., choosing/avoiding intimacy) as evidence of prioritising potential rewards over the perceived risks (i.e., interpersonal risk tolerance). Across four studies (Ntotal = 1422), we drew from psychological risk-reward models of decision-making to test whether perceived risks, benefits, and/or risk tolerance were associated with relationship goals and behaviours. Self-esteem was positively associated with expecting greater benefits and perceiving less risk in relationship behaviours but not with differences in risk tolerance (i.e., tolerance of risks perceived; Studies 1 & 2). Furthermore, greater expected benefits were associated with connection goals and engaging in those behaviours, whereas greater perceived risk was associated with self-protection goals and less engagement (Studies 3 & 4). Our findings suggest that people with high self-esteem are not necessarily tolerant of interpersonal risk but instead differ in their perceptions of interpersonal risks and benefits, and consequently engage in behaviours they expect to confer benefits and avoid ones they anticipate will be costly.

Investigation of the Effect of Risk Perception, Socio-demographic and Obstetric Factors on the Level of Decision Making of Pregnant Women Via the Internet: Multiple Linear Regression Analysis Model

Investigation of the Effect of Risk Perception, Socio-demographic and Obstetric Factors on the Level of Decision Making of Pregnant Women Via the Internet: Multiple Linear Regression Analysis Model

DRIVERS INFLUENCING THE USAGE INTENTION TOWARDS ONLINE ZAKAT PAYMENT SYSTEM: EVIDENCE FROM MALAYSIA

A digital zakat system significantly enhances zakat collection by streamlining the process, making it more accessible, transparent, and efficient for both zakat payers and zakat institutions. Through digital platforms, individuals can easily calculate, pay, and track their zakat contributions in real time. However, it faces challenges as some zakat payers remain reluctant to use online platforms due to concerns about security and the traditional nature of their giving. Thus, this study investigates how socio-economic determinants, perceived risk, trust in zakat institutions, zakat literacy, and prior experience affect zakat payers' intention to use online zakat payment systems. Data were gathered via an online survey of 288 zakat payers in Malaysia, with cluster sampling used to select participants from government and private sectors across Perak, Selangor, and Kelantan. SmartPLS was used for the analysis. The results indicate that perceived risk has a significant and negative impact on the intention to use online zakat payment services, highlighting the importance of addressing concerns related to risk perception in promoting their adoption. On the other hand, trust in zakat institutions, zakat literacy, and prior experience exhibited positive and significant relationships with zakat payers' intention to utilize online zakat payment services. The findings suggest that institutions mitigate perceived risk, strengthen institutional trust, increase zakat literacy, and leverage users' prior experience to enhance online zakat system adoption. This study contributes significantly to understanding the factors influencing the adoption of online zakat payment services to inform strategies to boost the utilization of online zakat payment services in similar developing country settings.

Overview of female healthcare providers’ outlooks on cervical cancer screening: a narrative review

BackgroundCervical cancer is the second most frequent gynecologic cancer. Uniquely, it is easily preventable and treatable cancer if identified early. The insights of healthcare providers about cervical cancer screening have a crucial role in prevention and treatment. However, there has been limited literature on the providers’ perspectives on cervical cancer screening.ObjectiveThis review narrated the female healthcare providers’ (FHCPs’) outlooks on cervical cancer screening in terms of risk perceptions, awareness, knowledge, attitude, practice, and possible barriers.MethodsA thorough literature search was conducted to identify studies conducted on female healthcare providers’ overview of the perceived risk of cervical cancer, cervical cancer screening awareness, knowledge, attitude, and practice, as well as barriers to cervical cancer screening. Databases such as PubMed, Medline, Embase, Virtual Health Library, and Google Scholar were used to search for articles.ResultsAccordingly, this review identified that female healthcare providers have a low perceived risk of the disease, poor awareness and knowledge, unfavorable attitudes, and low uptake of screening practices. Furthermore, this review highlights the obstacles to cervical cancer screening acceptance, such as service inaccessibility, a lack of training and education, and fear of the procedure and results.ConclusionThis narrative review described the variable distribution of the FHCPs’ perceived risk of acquiring cervical cancer (CC). Poor knowledge and screening practices were observed. Moreover, the barriers to cervical cancer screening uptake were described. Given that healthcare providers are on the frontlines (act as role models) in increasing the community’s cervical cancer screening uptake, we suggest concerned bodies increase screening access and implement staff training programs. In addition, further mixed studies should be considered to deeply understand the possible attributes ingrained in individual and social belief systems.

Assessing Factors Impacting Electric Vehicle Adoption in Saudi Arabia: Insights on Willingness to Pay, Environmental Awareness, and Perceived Risk

As Saudi Arabia seeks to transition toward sustainable energy, the adoption of Electric Vehicles (EVs) is a key component in reducing carbon emissions and combating climate change. This study explores the factors driving EV adoption, focusing on Willingness To Pay (WTP), Environmental Awareness (EA), Perceived Risks (PR), and Product Attributes (PA). Using a structured survey distributed to 365 respondents, the obtained data were analyzed through the SPSS 27 software, employing regression analysis and factor analysis. The results reveal that WTP and EA are significant predictors of Perceived Value (PV), which, in turn, positively influences consumers’ intention to purchase EVs. Conversely, PR negatively impacts Purchase Intention (PI), though these risks are mitigated by favorable PA. The findings highlight a gap between consumer interest in EVs and the existing infrastructure, suggesting that addressing these concerns is crucial for widespread EV adoption in Saudi Arabia. These insights provide actionable recommendations for policymakers and businesses aiming to enhance consumer confidence and facilitate the growth of the EV market in the region.

The Predisposition of Men Who Have Sex with Men to Use Post-Exposure Prophylaxis for HIV in a Capital City in Northeast Brazil

The aim of this study was to analyze the predisposition and factors associated with the use of Post-Exposure Prophylaxis (PEP) for HIV in men who have sex with men (MSM). This was a cross-sectional study conducted in the city of Teresina, Piauí, Brazil, between January and July 2024. The study sample consisted of 320 MSM. A questionnaire consisting of 37 previously validated questions and a risk perception scale for HIV with eight questions were used. To explain which factors would be associated with predisposition to the use of PEP, a logistic regression analysis was applied with an odds ratio. The criterion for including variables in the logistic model was an association at the 20% level (p ˂ 0.20) in the bivariate analysis. Statistical significance in the final model was set at 5%. Although the vast majority of MSM reported a willingness to use PEP (94.4%), their knowledge about prophylaxis and their HIV risk perceptions were largely unsatisfactory. It was found that living alone reduces the chances of predisposition to PEP use by 75% (AOR = 0.25; p = 0.01), and using a condom during oral sex reduces the chances of predisposition to PEP use by 91% (AOR = 0.09; p &lt; 0.001). In light of this, the importance of greater investments in health education actions that reinforce the mechanisms of HIV transmission, as well as the use of methods for its prevention, is highlighted. In addition, targeted interventions are needed to improve knowledge about PEP and HIV risk perception.

Validation of a Questionnaire of Motivations for Moderated and Severe Alcohol Consumption Among College Students

Objective: This work aimed to develop and validate a scale to assess motivations for alcohol drinking among Mexican college students. Methods: The scale design consisted of applying a stimulus phrase to assess motivations for moderate alcohol drinking (up to three drinks per occasion) and severe alcohol consumption (four or more drinks) in 130 college students. The semantic network technique was applied to identify 15 defining motivations (with more considerable semantic weight) for each drinking level, constituting the pilot scale. The pilot scale was validated on 307 students from a public university in Mexico (255 with moderate drinking and 82 with severe consumption). Results: The final number of items per level of drinking was 10 (moderate drinking) and 13 (severe consumption). Internal reliability (Cronbach’s alpha) for the first one was 0.886 with three factors that explain 57.5% of the total variance; the second had an alpha of 0.884 with four factors that explain 70.5% of the total variance. All the factors had positive correlations with the risk perception for alcohol drinking, and there was a positive correlation between severe consumption motivation and the risk perception for consumption of other substances. The confirmatory factor analysis showed that the proposed theoretical models adjust to the data with an error of approximately zero (i.e., RMSEA of 0.088 for moderate consumption and 0.074 for severe consumption), which also carefully measures the motivation for moderate and severe alcohol consumption among college students. Conclusions: The new scale is valid and reliable for assessing motivations for moderate and severe alcohol consumption in Mexican college students. This may be a valuable tool to design and evaluate interventions for the prevention of alcohol use among college students.

Nursing Students' Attitudes Towards Clinical Practice and Occupational Risk Perceptions.

In this study, it was aimed to determine nursing students' attitudes towards clinical practice and their perceptions of occupational risk. The research is descriptive and cross-sectional. The population of this study consisted of second-, third- and fourth-year students studying in the Department of Nursing affiliated to the Faculty of Health Sciences of a university located in Turkey. The analysis was conducted using JASP 0.19.1.0 and SPSS 25 software. Mann-Whitney U and Kruskal-Wallis tests were applied. The Bonferroni test was performed to identify the group causing the difference. A significant positive correlation was found between nursing students' perception of occupational risk and nursing students' attitude toward clinical practice (r = 0.434, p = 0.000). The mean score of the nursing students' perception of occupational risk in nursing students was 68.74 ± 15.04. The mean score of attitude towards clinical practice in nursing students was 100.04 ± 24.83. A statistically significant difference was found between the presence of attitude towards clinical practice in nursing students and perception of occupational risk in nursing students in the gender variable (p < 0.05), whereas a statistically significant difference was found between adequate information about the nursing profession and attitude towards clinical practice in nursing students (p < 0.05). In the findings of the study, nursing students' perception of occupational risk and attitudes towards clinical practice were found at a high level. A statistically significant difference was found between the presence of perception of occupational risk in nursing students and attitude towards clinical practice in nursing students in the gender variable. In addition, a statistically significant difference was found between adequate knowledge and nursing profession about the nursing profession and attitude towards clinical practice in nursing students.

Mechanism of risk perception diffusion in public health emergencies: Based on the dual perspectives of cross-evolution and emotional difference.

The high-level risk perception diffusion caused by public health emergencies seriously threatens public mental health and social stability. Much scholarly attention focused on the traditional epidemic models or simply combined content and social attributes, overlooking the differences in public individual characteristics. This paper proposes an S1S2EIposIneuInegR model of risk perception diffusion by innovatively subdividing susceptible people and infectious people. Then, taking the Xi'an epidemic as an example (N = 105,417), this paper employs the sentiment analysis model of Word2Vec and Bi-LSTM to calculate the emotional value of microblog text to quantify public risk perception. Finally, numerical experiments are conducted to explore the effects of cross-evolution and emotional difference on risk perception diffusion under different scenarios. Findings reveal that a larger initial density of infectious people accelerates diffusion, with negative emotions playing a dominant role. In addition, the higher the risk perception level and the lower the heterogeneity, the greater the maximum impact and the final scale of diffusion. When the public health emergency deteriorates, the cross-evolution tends to shift to a high-risk perception. Otherwise, it tends to tilt to a low-risk perception. These findings provide critical insights for developing precise risk perception guidance strategies and enhancing public health governance capabilities.