Pepper Farmers Research Articles

Economic Transformation of Pepper Farmer’s Households in Lampung Province

This study aims to analyze: (1) pepper farming income (2) income and economic transformation of pepper farmer’s households. This research was conducted in 3 districts that were chosen purposively because these locations are the main black pepper producers in Lampung Province. There were 100 farmer respondents and were taken by simple random sampling method. Data collection was carried out from April to September 2020. The analytical method used was farming analysis and farmer household income. The results showed that pepper farming activities in Way Kanan, North Lampung, and East Lampung Regency were profitable to cultivate because the RC ratio was more than one, the economic income of farmer’s households came from on farm pepper, on farm non pepper, non-farm and off farm.

ANALISIS OPTIMASI DAN RISIKO USAHA PADA USAHATANI CABAI MERAH DI KECAMATAN KUMPEH KABUPATEN MUARO JAMBI

<p align="center"><em>Red chili farming is relatively risky, but farming has promising profit opportunities. Kumpeh subdistrict can potentially provide business red chili commodities with the most significant harvest and production area. The availability and condition of the land support for red chili farming. This study aims to optimize production factors in red chili farming and analyze business risks farmers face in growing red chili peppers. This research was conducted in Kumpeh District of Muaro Jambi Regency with sample areas, namely Mekar Sari Village and Maju Jaya Village. The number of samples in this study was 118 farmers. The determination of sample farmers is done using random sampling techniques. Optimization analysis of red pepper farming factors was conducted using the Cobb-Douglas production function with economic efficiency criteria on production factors. Meanwhile, the amount of business risk is calculated from the measure of the coefficient of variation and the lower-income limit. The results showed that farmers in the research area's use of land production, fertilizers (NPK, KCL, SP36, manure), and pesticides (liquid and solid) in red chili farming had not achieved economic efficiency. Economically, a farmer's optimum production is greater than the amount he uses. Similarly, the use of labor production factors that are not economically efficient. Meanwhile, the coefficient of variation in red chili income is worth more than 0.5. This condition causes the lower limit of income that may be received to be negative. Red chili farming in the research area is not safe from possible losses. Still, red chili farming is quite profitable in terms of farming feasibility, with an R/C ratio greater than 1.</em></p>

AN ANALYSIS OF PEPPER EXPORTS AND IMPORTS ON ECONOMIC GROWTH IN INDONESIA

This study examines the effect of pepper exports and imports on economic growth in Indonesia during the period of 1990-2019. This study uses secondary data from 1990 to 2019 accessed on www.bps.go.id. The data analysis method used is Multiple Linear Regression Analysis using Software Eviews 9. The results shows that pepper exports have no significant effect on economic growth in Indonesia, and pepper imports have a negative and significant effect on economic growth in Indonesia. This study suggests that government pay full attention and support to Indonesian pepper farmers so that the production and quality of pepper will increase in the future and can reduce pepper imports.

AN ANALYSIS OF PEPPER EXPORTS AND IMPORTS ON ECONOMIC GROWTH IN INDONESIA

This study examines the effect of pepper exports and imports on economic growth in Indonesia during the period of 1990-2019. This study uses secondary data from 1990 to 2019 accessed on www.bps.go.id. The data analysis method used is Multiple Linear Regression Analysis using Software Eviews 9. The results shows that pepper exports have no significant effect on economic growth in Indonesia, and pepper imports have a negative and significant effect on economic growth in Indonesia. This study suggests that government pay full attention and support to Indonesian pepper farmers so that the production and quality of pepper will increase in the future and can reduce pepper imports.

Effect of Different Black Pepper Crop Ages on the Availability of Nitrogen, Phosphorus, and Potassium

Black pepper cultivation at different land backgrounds and fertility can affect crop productivity. This study aims to determine soil-plant nutrients for three pepper farms based on crop ages and the correlation of selected physical and chemical properties. Samples were collected in Kapit, Bintulu, and Sri Aman and analyzed for physical and chemical properties. Soil nutrient in Bintulu (6 months old) has revealed higher soil pH (4.95) with higher Fe (0.21 g/kg) and N (1.33 g/kg) contents that is caused by burnt earth residue from the burning of secondary forest. Sri Aman (12 months old) showed greater TOC (3.34%), P (0.0032 g/kg), and K (0.10 g/kg) benefitted from a long year of cultivation and proper pre-establishment earlier. Nutrient removal is high in Bintulu for Fe, Mn, N, and K, while Sri Aman for P is due to early harvesting before its mature phase, whereby the increase in nutrient accumulation in leaves to support berries. Correlation has revealed the role of soil pH in governing the availability of TOC, P, and K. The increasing soil pH increases the availability of P and K. Hence, the availability of N, P, and K is affected by numerous reasons, such as pH and crop management.

Perbandingan Pendapatan Usahatani Cabai Rawit Varietas Lokal Dan Varietas Dewata Di Desa Raanan Baru Dua Kecamatan Motoling Barat Kabupaten Minahasa Selatan

This study aims to determine the comparison of farming income of local and Dewata varieties of cayenne pepper in Raanan Baru Dua Village, West Motoling District, South Minahasa Regency. This research was conducted in Raanan Baru Dua Village, West Motoling District. Data collection techniques, namely interviews using questionnaires, observation and documentation. The results of this study indicate that the local variety and Dewata variety of cayenne pepper farming in Raanan Baru Dua Village, West Motoling District, South Minahasa Regency, the total production of local varieties of cayenne pepper was 21.662 kg and the total production of cayenne pepper of the dewata variety was 20.214 kg. The average income of local varieties of cayenne pepper farming is IDR 72,803,130 per hectare. While the average income of Dewata variety cayenne pepper is Rp. 66,368,836 per hectare. The results of the T test using the SPSS software application show that there is no significant difference between the farming of the two chili varieties.

Analisis Pendapatan Usahatani Cabai Rawit Di Desa Tambelang Kecamatan Maesaan Kabupaten Minahasa Selatan

This study aims to analyze the income of cayenne pepper farming in Tambelang Village, Maesaan District, South Minahasa Regency. This research was conducted for 2 months, from August to September 2022. The data collection method used in this research is the documentation method, which is a method that aims to obtain data related to research variables through various sources of literature and institutions. The data analysis method used in this study is to use descriptive analysis. The data used are primary data and secondary data. Primary data were obtained from direct interviews with cayenne pepper farming owners in the research destination villages. Secondary data was obtained through documentation of data that has been published by various agencies and literature related to this study. The results showed that the income of cayenne pepper farming in Tambelang Village, Maesaan District was very profitable with an income of Rp. 17,531,094 / planting season and if it is calculated per month, it is found that the average income per month has a very large income.

GENDER DIFFERENTIALS AND PROFITABILITY ANALYSIS OF PEPPER (CAPSICUM SPECIES) PRODUCTION, KADUNA STATE, NIGERIA

This study analyzed gender differentials and profitability of pepper (Capsicum species) production in Kaduna State, Nigeria. Multi-stage sampling technique was adopted. One hundred pepper farmers were selected. Primary sources of data were employed with the aid of well-designed and well-structured questionnaire. The results show that 66% of pepper farmers were between 21 to 50 years. Pepper production was profitable in the study area. Gender differentials in average costs and returns in pepper production revealed that gross margin were 137, 556.51 Naira per hectare for male pepper farmers, higher than that at 109,711.77 Naira per hectare for female pepper farmers respectively. Gender differentials in factors influencing output of pepper produced shows that age ,and fertilizer input , were significant factors influencing output of pepper produced by male farmers at 1% probability levels, while age , labour input , and fertilizer input , were significant factors influencing output of pepper produced by female farmers at 1% probability levels respectively. The return to scale of pepper production was estimated at 2.798 for male farmers, which signifies increasing return to scale. The return to scale was calculated for female pepper farmers at 0.033, which implies decrease return to scale. Major constraints faced by pepper farmers were: lack of fertilizers, pest and disease infestations, and inadequate capital. The study recommends that women pepper farmers should be giving more access to farm inputs and credit facilities at low interest rate to increase productivity.

Gender differences and profitability analysis of pepper (Capsicum species) production, Kaduna State, Nigeria

This study analysed gender differences and profitability of pepper (Capsicum species) production in Kaduna State, Nigeria. A multi-stage sampling technique was adopted. One hundred pepper farmers were selected. Primary data sources were employed with the help of a well-designed and well-structured questionnaire. The results show that 66% of pepper farmers were between 21 and 50 years old. Pepper production was profitable in the study area. Gender differences in average costs and returns in pepper production revealed that the gross margin was higher for male farmers at 137,556.51 Naira than for female pepper farmers at 109, 711.77 Naira per hectare. The gender differences in factors influencing pepper production show that age (??1), and fertiliser input (??4), were significant factors influencing pepper production among male farmers at the 1% probability level, while age (??1), labour input (??3), and fertiliser input (??4), were significant factors influencing pepper production among female farmers at the 1% probability level. The return to scale (??????) of pepper production was estimated at 2.798 for male farmers, which signifies an increase in the return to scale. The return to scale (??????) was calculated for female pepper farmers at 0.033, which implies a decrease in the return to scale. The major constraints faced by pepper farmers were: lack of fertilisers, pest and disease infestations, and inadequate capital. The study recommends that female pepper farmers should have more access to farm inputs and low interest loans to increase productivity.

Viability of Black Pepper (Piper nigrum) Farming in Gowainghat upazila of Sylhet District, Bangladesh

The black pepper (Piper nigrum) plant is a well-liked spice plant with significant commercial value and great antioxidant potential. To investigate the native production techniques followed and assess the scope of black pepper gardening, information was gathered through personal interviews with 50 randomly chosen respondents directly and indirectly related to black pepper farming from the Gowainghat upazila in Sylhet district between July 2018 to December 2020. The majority of farmers preferred their source of seedlings (80%), stem cutting (58%), ≤ 1 year of seedling (52%), July to August planting time (36%), per plant planting density 2 to 3 (52%), 30×30×30 cm3 pit size (42%). While the majority of farmers avoid the use of fertilizer and manure (54.29%), watering (54%), fencing (96%), weeding (92%), pruning (94%), and pesticide (96%). Meanwhile, a high response was found for integrated production systems (100%), existing trees as support (84%), and pest infestation (78%). Flowering and fruiting information revealed that it took 3-4 years for the first flowering after transplanting (52%), May to June flowering month (78%), January to February harvesting time (68%) following manual harvesting method (100%), and maximum yield obtained was 3kg per plant (40%). Every single respondent (100%) employed the conventional way of processing. Farmers (100%) acknowledged the beneficiary and positive environmental impact of black pepper, whereas 76% were satisfied with their generated outcomes as they believed it could provide medicinal value (94%), and no health hazards (100%). It could be remarked that black pepper might be aided by a homestead and could contribute as a climate-smart agroforestry crop for local farmers of the Sylhet district. Hence, policy implications regarding improved production techniques and standard marketing channels should be enforced. Further research on the improvement of black pepper gardening should be examined.

A study on the challenges in marketing in the Covid-19 affected economy by the black pepper growing farmers and recommendations with reference to Kerala

Unprecedented incidence of Covid 19, the global pandemic, made the marketing difficult for the spice growing farmers, especially for the black pepper farmers. Covid 19 has disrupted production, processing and marketing of black pepper at different points of the value chain. Since the spice industry is very labour intensive, it has got substantially due to lockdown followed by the Covid 19 incidence. It has affected the availability of labour, availability and proximity of the market place, share of produce sold through different marketing channels, quality and availability of agricultural inputs etc. These factors substantially affected the production and operational costs. This study has conducted among the black pepper farmers of different age, sex, income level, experience in farming, operational land holding etc. with in the geography of Kerala, a south Indian state where many of the farmers grow black pepper. This study is an attempt to investigate the challenges in marketing of black pepper by the farmers in Kerala after the incidence of Covid 19 pandemic. This study also provides recommendations to improve the marketing by overcoming different challenges raised after the incidence of the global pandemic, Covid-19.

Innovative storage solution to empower the guardians of Sri Lanka’s black pepper legacy to thrive and prosper

Black pepper, also known as the “King of Spices,” is the most widely used spice in the world. Sri Lanka, a leading producer, ranks fifth in proximity to pepper farming and seventh in manufacturing [1]. The Sri Lankan pepper is well-known for its exceptional qualities, such as its high Piperine content. Sri Lanka presently contributes for 60% of exports, with India purchasing 62% of these goods [2]. The top 10 nations, which include Germany, Pakistan, Egypt, the United States, the United Arab Emirates, the United Kingdom, Vietnam, Saudi Arabia, and Spain, account for 91% of global pepper exports.

ANALYSIS OF INCOME AND EXPENDITURE OF CAYENNE FARMING SYSTEM IN TLAGAH VILLAGE, PEGANTENAN DISTRICT, PAMEKASAN REGENCY

Pegantenan is one of the sub-districts located in Pamekasan Regency, Madura where many farmers cultivate tobacco. However, now many farmers have switched commodities by planting cayenne pepper. With the commodity transfer, it is necessary to conduct a study to analyze the income of cayenne pepper farming and the feasibility of farming so that the farmer's decision to switch the commodity is the right decision. This research was conducted to determine the income of cayenne pepper farming and the feasibility of farming cayenne pepper in Tlagah Village, Pegantenan District. This research uses income analysis (π) and feasibility by calculating the R / C ratio and B / C ratio. The results of the analysis show that the average income of cayenne pepper farmers for one planting season is IDR 12.635.000. The result of the R / C ratio analysis is 3.35, where R / C> 1 so that the cayenne pepper farming in Tlagah Village is profitable. The analysis result of B / C ratio is 2.35, where B / C> 0 so that the cayenne pepper farming in Tlagah Village is feasible and provides benefits for farmers.

Peran Penyuluh dalam Meningkatkan Motivasi Petani pada Usahatani Tanaman Lada di Desa Bisikori Kecamatan Moramo

This study aims to (1) determine the role of extension workers in increasing the motivation of farmers in pepper farming, (2) find out how the motivation of farmers in pepper farming. (3) How is the relationship between the role of agricultural extension workers and the level of motivation of farmers in pepper farming in Bisikori Village, Moramo District. The sample in this study was determined by simple random sampling. Analysis of the data used in this study is a descriptive method which is processed using the Sperman Rank Correlation formula. The results of this study indicate that (1) The role of extension workers in Bisikori Village, Moramo District is still less active, extension services have not carried out all tasks or indicators of the role of agricultural extension workers optimally, so that the farming community has not fully felt the role of PPL. (2) The level of motivation of farmers in farming pepper plants in Bisikori Village, Moramo District is in the low category, this is due to pests and diseases that have not been resolved until now, the role of agricultural extension workers who are not active and the price of pepper plants is decreasing every year. (3) The role of agricultural extension workers is significantly related to the motivation level of pepper plants. The results showed that the role of agricultural extension workers was significantly related to the motivation level of pepper farmers in Bisikori Village, Moramo District, South Konawe Regency. Extension workers who are not active will affect the level of motivation of farmers in farming, feel that they really need the presence of agricultural fans to support their farming activities.

Farmers’ use of sustainable production practices for yellow pepper crop in the Nsukka agricultural zone, Enugu State, Nigeria

Abstract This study investigated farmers’ use of sustainable production practices for yellow pepper crop in the Nsukka agricultural zone, Enugu State, Nigeria. Multi-stage sampling procedure was used in selecting 135 farmers and interview schedule using structured questionnaires was employed for data collection. Data generated were analysed with SPSS software using frequency and percentage, mean scores, standard deviation, factor analysis, and logistic regression. Findings revealed that the majority (91.1%) of the yellow pepper farmers had moderate knowledge on sustainable production practices and that some of the practices used were mass selection (97.0%), use of poultry manure (95.60%), use of improved varieties of yellow pepper (94.0%), crop rotation practices (91.10%), and minimum use of agrochemicals (78.50). Among the factors considered to be potential determinants of farmers’ use of sustainable production practices, only sex was statistically significant, at 5% level. Also, findings indicated that technical, institutional, and economic constraints affected farmers’ use of sustainable production practices. Furthermore, results indicated that sustainable production practices could be enhanced through the use of improved seeds (85.5%), access to credit facilities (77.8%), access to extension services (71.8%), and training of farmers (68.9%). The study therefore recommends that government and private sectors should provide services that will facilitate the development of sustainable production practices of Nsukka yellow pepper crop, as this will have a long-term effect on productivity and the production environment.

Analisis Rantai Nilai Komoditas Cabai Rawit di Kecamatan Bulawa Kabupaten Bone Bolango

This study aims to analyze the value chain of cayenne pepper in Bulawa District and analyze the added value of marketing among value chain actors in Bulawa District, Bone Bolango Regency. The research method used to determine the sample of farmers is using the purposive sampling method while for the sample of traders using the snowball sampling method. . Respondents in this study were cayenne pepper farmers from selected villages in Bulawa District, namely 18 farmers in Mamungaa Village and 20 farmers in East Mamungaa Village. As for the respondents, there are 8 traders consisting of 1 wholesaler, 2 collectors, and 5 retailers. The data that has been collected is then analyzed using value chain analysis based on Porter's theory and value added marketing analysis. The results show that there are 6 stages of the value chain, starting from purchasing inputs for production facilities, cultivation, harvesting, processing and distribution to consumers. At the cayenne pepper value chain stage in Bulawa District, 4 main actors are involved, namely farmers, wholesalers, collectors and retailers. The value chain of cayenne pepper in Bulawa District is divided into two activities, namely main activities and supporting activities. In the main activity, farmers and traders have a good cooperative relationship and are not dependent even though they are not well organized in terms of price and also cayenne pepper production. In supporting activities, each chain actor has not developed and innovated technology to support the business. The cayenne pepper value chain flow is efficient, but the activities carried out are still simple. The marketing value added and the largest value added ratio are obtained by central market retailers because central market retailers take a larger marketing margin than other traders by minimizing the marketing costs incurred.

Faktor-Faktor yang Memengaruhi Keputusan Petani Cabai Merah di Indonesia untuk Mengambil Kredit

Red pepper is a horticulture commodity that has fluctuating prices in the market. The fluctuating price is affected by the availability of the peppers. Meanwhile, the availability of red peppers depends on production activities at the farm level. However, farmers require a big capital to produce these red peppers. Inadequate capital leads to low crop production, which is a common problem among these farmers. Farmer financing is done to overcome this low crop production, one of which is channelling credit to them. Although this credit facility has been provided, only a few farmers used it. Therefore, it is necessary to research the factors that influence Indonesian red pepper farmers’ decisions to use credit. This study uses a binary logistic regression model to determine factors that influence red pepper farmers’ decisions to use credit in Indonesia to use credit. The results revealed that farm location, age, formal education, gender, cooperative membership, farmers group membership, partnership, agricultural extension, and machinery significantly influenced the farmers’ decision to take credit as a capital resource.

DALAM MEMUDAHKAN PENGELOLAAN DATA LADA DI BANGKA BELITUNG (MUNTOK WHITE PEPPER)

ABSTRACTThe Province of the Bangka Belitung Islands has long been known as the main producer and exporter of pepper (Piper nigrum L) in Indonesia. The problem that often arises is the low pepper price that is detrimental to farmers and the price reference that follows the price of the International Pepper Community (IPC). Therefore, the Government established the Bangka Belitung Pepper Joint Marketing Office (KPB) to regulate pepper prices as well as the pepper buying and selling process and ensure that the pepper sent is quality pepper since 2019. KPB has had a positive impact on pepper prices and the pepper trading process and received verified seller and buyer data of pepper. This study aims to examine the role and influence of the Pepper Bangka Belitung Joint Marketing Office (KPB) and the KPB system for pepper farmers, starting from prices, stocks, export data, seller data, buyer data and Geographical Indications (GI) which is a guarantee that the pepper Shipped original from Bangka Belitung.

Analisis Kelayakan Usaha Tani Cabai Besar Pada Masa Off Season (Studi Kasus Kelompok Tani Satriya Desa Srambah Kecamatan Proppo Kabupaten Pamekasan)

Chili pepper is a type of horticulture that has great demand by consumers, this causes the interest of farmers to cultivate chili peppers increase. This condition is evidenced by the existence of farmers who cultivate chili pepper during the off season, namely during the rainy season. The purpose of this study was to determine: (1) the cost, revenue and income of chili pepper farming per 0,1 hectare per planting season in the Satriya Farmer Group, Srambah Village, Proppo District, Pamekasan Regency; (2) The feasibility of chili pepper farming per 0,1 hectare per planting season in the Satriya Farmer Group, Srambah Village, Proppo District, Pamekasan Regency. This research method used the census method of members of the Satriya Farmer Group who cultivate during the off season by using farming analysis techniques. The results showed that: (1) The cost of farming chili pepper in the Satriya Farmer Group, Srambah Village, Proppo District, Pamekasan Regency is Rp. 10,260,664 per 0,1 hectare per planting season. The revenue Rp. 31,426,000 per 0,1 hectare. The income of chili pepper farming in the Satriya Farmer Group, Srambah Village, Proppo District, Pamekasan Regency is Rp. 21,165,336 per 0,1 hectare (2) The R/C of chili pepper farming in the Satriya Farmer Group, Srambah Village, Proppo District, Pamekasan Regency 3.06 means that chili pepper farming in the off season is feasible to cultivate, while the R/C of chili pepper farming in dry season by 1.16. Based on the R/C value, it can be seen that chili pepper farming in the rainy season (off season) is more profitable than farming in the dry season.

ANALISIS EFISIENSI PEMASARAN DAN TRANSMISI HARGA CABAI RAWIT DI KECAMATAN WAKORUMBA UTARA KABUPATEN BUTON UTARA

This study aims to identify marketing channel patterns, analyze marketing margins, marketing efficiency and price transmission of cayenne pepper. To determine the sample of cayenne pepper farmers in the study using the Simple Random Sampling method and determining marketing institutions using Snowbal Sampling. The results showed that there are 2 marketing channels of cayenne pepper in North Wakorumba District, North Buton Regency, namely marketing channel I consisting of farmers - collectors - wholesalers - retailers and then marketed to final consumers, while marketing channel II starts from farmers - traders wholesaler-retailer which is then marketed to the final consumer. The total cost of the entire marketing channel I involved is Rp. 6,133.28/Kg, while in the marketing channel II is Rp. 3,577.8/Kg, the total marketing margin in the marketing channel I is Rp. 15,000/Kg, in the marketing channel II the total margin is IDR 10,000/Kg. The farmer share in marketing channel I is 75%, marketing channel II is 85% and the elasticity of price transmission in marketing channel I is 0.15 and for the elasticity of marketing channel II is 0.28. Both marketing institutions have elasticity < 1 or inelastic.