Water For People Research Articles

Extrinsic Laryngeal Muscle Activity With Different Diameters and Water Depths in a Semi-Occluded Vocal Tract Exercise.

Surface electromyography (sEMG) has been used to evaluate extrinsic laryngeal muscle activity during swallowing and phonation. In the current study, sEMG amplitudes were measured from the infrahyoid and suprahyoid muscles during phonation through a tube submerged in water. The sEMG amplitude values measured from the extrinsic laryngeal muscles and the electroglottographic contact quotient (CQ) were obtained simultaneously from 62 healthy participants (31 men, 31 women) during phonation through a tube at six different depths (2, 4, 7, 10, 15, and 20 cm) while using two tubes with different diameters (1 and 0.5 cm). With increasing depth, the sEMG amplitude for the suprahyoid muscles increased in men and women. However, sEMG amplitudes for the infrahyoid muscles increased significantly only in men. Tube diameter had a significant effect on the suprahyoid sEMG amplitudes only for men, with higher sEMG amplitudes when phonating with a 1.0-cm tube. CQ values increased with submerged depth for both men and women. Tube diameter affected results such than CQ values were higher for men when using the wider tube and for women with the narrower tube. Vocal fold vibratory patterns changed with the depth of tube submersion in water for both men and women, but the patterns of muscle activation differed between the sexes. This suggests that men and women use different strategies when confronted with increased intraoral pressure during semi-occluded vocal tract exercises. In this study, sEMG provided insight into the mechanism for differences between vocally normal individuals and could help detect compensatory muscle activation during tube phonation in water for people with voice disorders.

Significance of Water in the Life and Death of the Christian Man: History of Swimming and Water Rescue

Water is an essential symbol of life "Without water, life would not exist", an antithesis is found when it can also take away your life, drowning. Every life lost has a countless value, a famous author portrayed this significance quoting "I believe that the life of a man is superior to all the riches that fortune can provide". Man, and water have had a relationship since the beginning of their existence being noted for its value and importance in Christianity. In the Old Testament with Isaiah (I 40.3-5) he mentioned water as a symbol of God's Spirit and allegory to his work (Mt 3.13-17). With Jesus Christ, water for people from Israel, was known to be as a sign of ablution. Its significance in the Christian faith is through baptism, with which the preaching of Jesus begins. Baptism comes from the Greek "baptisma" (immersion-act of immersing). The failure to submerge, with the etymological origin of baptism, is the accident called drowning.

Built environment from the ancient Bali: The Balinese heritage for sustainable water management

Custom and tradition played essential roles in developing the built environment among the Balinese Hindu society for centuries. The wisdom in managing the environment has passed through generations, as demonstrated by some ancient remnants and Old Balinese inscriptions. We observed that glorifying the mountains in this society has long been a part of protecting the hydrologic cycle. This practice even started in the pre-Hindu era, as shown by sacred megalithic features adjacent to the natural reservoir, water spring, and mountainous forest. At some point, the behavior has successfully passed through times and even developed into a more complex socio-cultural system such as subak. Nevertheless, Balinese society is now facing the threat of hydrological disasters, primarily due to a rapid change in land use. Here, we describe the importance of revealing the value behind the ancient Balinese water-management system to gain people's resilience and sustainability. Multidimensional scaling (MDS) was used to measure the sustainability index and the leverage factors affecting water tradition in Bali. We reveal that the inheritance of the Balinese people's water management tradition is generally weak in each dimension. The socio-cultural dimension score is relatively high, with a sustainability score of 71.11%, which signifies that the society still trusts their culture of water resources management to protect nature. However, the economy and ecology dimensions' score low, with sustainability scores of 56.12 and 63.34%, respectively, indicating the need for improvement in economic matters through the policy strategy. Moreover, our study also suggests that the noble value of the cultural heritage related to the water management system needs to be revitalized and disseminated to the public. Hence, the implication is not limited to conserving the natural environment and cultural heritage. It also provides a reference for the current society regarding a built environment in harmony with sustainability principles.

A study on urban household water consumption behavior under drought conditions

The increasing frequency of drought events has intensified the risk of water scarcity, posing significant challenges for urban domestic water supply. Reducing urban household water consumption is an important way to alleviate water stress during drought periods. However, due to various factors, it is difficult to determine a water-saving target that is within the residents' capacity. Here, taking Beijing, China as an example, we explored the socio-psychological factors behind urban household water use behaviors under drought conditions, and further quantified the compressible ratio of water quotas for flexible water use behaviors. Therefore, the present study was based on the theory of planned behavior (TPB) and extended TPB (ETPB) by adding drought risk perception as a variable to the theoretical framework. With the help of questionnaire method and structural equation modeling (SEM), the explanatory power of TPB and ETPB in predicting people's water saving intention and behavior was compared. Meanwhile, mathematical statistical analysis methods were employed to calculate the water quota for elastic water consumption behavior and the compressible proportion of urban residents' elastic water consumption under drought conditions. The results showed that drought risk perception has a significant positive correlation with subject norms and water reduction behavior under drought conditions. Furthermore, ETPB was more effective in analyzing water use intentions and behaviors. The predictive explanatory power of SEM for reducing water use increased from 44% to 50% after adding drought risk perception variable. In terms of quantification of elastic water use behavior, the average total water consumption in summer and winter were 71.3L/(p.d) and 52.9L/(p.d) under drought conditions, while it were 124.3 L/(p.d) and 108.9 L/(p.d) under normal conditions. And the compressible proportions of the total water quota for summer and winter elastic water use were 46.7% and 56.8%, respectively. The calculation results can provide a reference for the government to make emergency water supply decisions against drought.

Sustainable groundwater management through an optimal water supply system using a coupled simulation-optimization approach.

Meeting people's water supply needs in cities is an urgent challenge. Especially in coastal cities, surface water sources are usually inadequate and so groundwater is frequently over-exploited, resulting in its rapid decrease and intrusion of saltwater. Conjunctive use of surface water and groundwater is the best alternative approach to mitigate the overuse of groundwater through effective distribution of surface water sources. It requires numerous runs of the simulation-optimization model to select an optimal pattern of water distribution by keeping the groundwater levels under control. In this study, a new simulation-optimization model is developed using wavelet support vector regression (WSVR) and genetic algorithm (GA) to propose an optimal water distribution system to Visakhapatnam city on the East Coast of India, fulfilling the constraints of surface water quantity, aquifer pumping, and drawdown. Estimation of groundwater pumping and groundwater level variation in spatial context is challenging in urban environment. To overcome this, the calibrated modular finite-difference flow (MODFLOW) model for this study area has been used to prepare the spatial and temporal variation of model inputs such as groundwater pumping and groundwater levels. The WSVR-GA model's performance to reduce the groundwater pumping is evaluated in three distinct cases. The surface water resources from three sources are distributed to different wards in the city source-wise in case I and centralized in cases II and III, while the source-wise surface water constraints are limited to monthly in cases I and II and annual in case III. The WSVR-GA management model suggested ward-wise groundwater pumping restrictions, resulting in 9.57 MCM, 11.64 MCM, and 12.54 MCM increase in total groundwater storage capacity in cases I, II, and III respectively. Cases II and III offer 21% and 25%, respectively, more storage than case I. Thus, centralized distribution systems have increased the sustainability of groundwater supplies by preventing overdrafts caused by a lack of surface water resources. Validation of results using MODFLOW indicates a substantial rise in groundwater levels in the study area.

Identification of Groundwater Potential Zone using Multi-Influence Factor Technique (Study Case: Brantas Groundwater Basin, East Java, Indonesia)

Brantas Groundwater Basin is the biggest groundwater basin in East Java Province, Indonesia. It is covering 22 regencies/cities which have high water need. Mostly people water need is supplied from groundwater. Identification of Groundwater Potential Zone (GWPZ) is required to ensure sustain groundwater supply for fulfilling that water need. One technique for that is Multi-Influence Factor (MIF). It considers influence factors of groundwater such as rainfall, geology, geomorphology, slope, lineament density, drainage density, soil texture, and land-use/landcover. Raster data obtained from Google Earth Engine (GEE), Aster DEM, and Geological Map of East Java were included as the research data. They had score and were estimated by using MIF technique. GEE and open-sourced GIS were used in computational raster data processing of MIF technique. Identification result of GWPZ showed that Brantas Groundwater Basin consist of zones which are very poor (2% area), poor (24% area), good (47% area), and very good (17% area). The result can assist hydrogeologist and local authorities to formulate further policy of GWPZ management.

ESCHERICHIA COLI AND COLIFORM BACTERIA AS DRINKING WATER QUALITY INDICATORS AT WARWADE DAM, DUTSE, JIGAWA STATE, NIGERIA

We conducted a systematic examination of water quality, specifically faecal contamination of drinking water, in the Warwade Dam water in our current study. Our goal was to measure physical characteristics (temperature, pH, conductivity, and total dissolved solids) as well as the presence of faecal coliforms (E. coli and total coliforms) in Warwade Dam water, which is used as a source of drinking water for people who live near the dam. This data collection will be used as a baseline for future monitoring and access to drinkable water. The sample locations were chosen based on their principal use as a source of drinking water for the Warwade population. In general, physical parameters have little correlation, but there are weak relationships between total coliform data and increasing temperature and pH. During the dry season, our research clearly shows the existence of bacterial faecal contamination indicators. More E. coli and coliform germs were found in samples from more densely inhabited locations

Health Risk Impact of Cadmium Exposure on Public Drinking Water Sources in Kodingareng and Barrang Lompo Islands Sangkarrang District Makassar City

The condition of water sources in coastal areas has decreased in quality caused by marine pollution. The source of marine pollution is marine debris. Marine debris is a persistent solid object, produced or processed by humans. Indifference and inability to overcome problems and waste management results in environmental quality degradation. Heavy metals are considered as one of the sources of pollution in well water which is used as a source of drinking water. Heavy metals in water and the environment expose humans to many health risks. This research is a research using environmental health risk analysis method. Environmental Health Risk Analysis is an analytical process carried out to calculate or predict health risks from contamination parameters with certain intake levels, intake rates and body weight. This study aims to determine the level of non-carcinogenic risk (RQ) and carcinogenic risk (ECR) of exposure to heavy metal cadmium (Cd) in well water used as a source of drinking water for people on Kodingareng Island and Barrang Lompo Island. This research is an observational research with an environmental health risk analysis design approach with 6 environmental samples and 68 human samples. Data were analyzed by ARKL method and using Microsoft Office Excel and SPSS programs. The results showed that the average concentration of heavy metal cadmium (Cd) in the respondents' drinking water sources was < 0.0002 mg/L and was still below the permissible cadmium (Cd) concentration threshold based on Health Ministry Regulation no. 492 of 2010 for drinking water requirements. The level of non-carcinogenic risk from the consumption of drinking water containing heavy metal cadmium (Cd) indicates that the respondent has no risk or RQ 1 for an exposure duration of 5 – 30 years, while the level of carcinogenic risk indicates that the respondent has an unsafe risk level or ECR > 1/10,000 at an exposure duration of 30-70 years.

Faecal sludge briquettes production as a viable business in Kampala: a case study of a partnership between Water for People and National Water and Sewerage Corporation

Production of faecal sludge (FS) briquettes is not a new technology and is often used in the sanitation value chain as part of resource recovery efforts. Water for People in its mandate to develop appropriate and sustainable sanitation technologies sought to optimize the process of faecal sludge based briquette production. This was done by testing the different compositions of faecal sludge (100%, 80%, 60%, 50% and 40%) with other materials such as wood charcoal dust, agricultural waste and market waste to come up with a briquette that could compete favorably with charcoal and traditional briquettes on the market. The testing phase indicated that such briquette was at a composition of 40% faecal sludge and 60% charcoal dust and adequately provided the fuel properties required as well being safe from any pathogens or emissions. A briquette production facility was set up in collaboration with National Water and Sewerage Corporation, Uganda at their treatment plant in Lubigi and has to-date produced more than 10 tonnes of briquettes and sold more than 3 tonnes since its inception. Further research is being carried out in production process efficiency and use of other raw materials such as agricultural waste and market waste to offset the wood charcoal.

Analysis of Rainwater Harvesting (RWH) Capacity in Leuwigajah Urban-Village, South Cimahi

Leuwigajah Urban-Village is an area belonging to Citarum Watershed. Thus, it has a high potential to experience floods during the rainy season. Meanwhile, the area often experiences drought during the dry season due to high surface runoff and low infiltration. This paper discusses the capacity of RWH needed in N.A. of R.W. 19. It discusses hydrological conditions of the Cimahi watershed by presenting an analysis of rainfall data, land use data, and extreme discharge data, both maximum and minimum extreme discharges. Therefore, the Citarum Harum Community Service team decided to build Rainwater Harvesting (RWH) as a water supply source during the dry season. The RWH was built based on people's water needs 10 years later, from 2022-to 2032. Based on the calculations explained in the Rainwater Storage Module book issued by the Ministry of Public Works and Housing, the volume of RWH needed is 125 m3. However, due to limited land, it was decided to build an RWH with dimensions of 2 m x 2 m x 2 m which can accommodate 8 m3 of water. The water in this RWH can fulfil 6.4% of daily water needs, so it is recommended to be used for emergency purposes or secondary purposes such as agriculture and plantations.

The effect of farmland on the surface water of the Aral Sea Region using Multi-source Satellite Data.

BackgroundThe improper land utilization has brought tremendous pressure on the surface water of the Aral Sea Region in the past decades. It was seriously hindered for construction of the Green Silk Road Economic Belt by the fragile environment. Therefore, it is of great necessity for environmental protection and social development to monitor the change of surface water in the Aral Sea Region.MethodsIn this study, LandTrendr algorithm was used on Landsat time-series data to characterize the change in farmland on the Google Earth Engine platform. Based on multi-source data, the water area changes of the Aral Sea were extracted based on the Google Earth Engine, and the mean method was utilized to extract the changes in water level and water storage. Finally, a water-farmland coupling degree model was utilized to evaluate the impact of farmland changes on the surface water in the Aral Sea Region.ResultsAs a result, the change of farmland is as follows: the farmland area of the Aral Sea Region has abandoned 3,129 km2 from 1987 to 2019, with overall accuracy of 85.3%. The farmland change had increased the drainage downstream of the Amu Darya River and the Syr Darya River. It has led area of the Aral Sea to decrease each year continuously. The area of the Aral Sea shrank by 1,606.36 km2 per year from 1987 to 2019. Furthermore, Aral Sea’s water level decreased by 0.13 m per year from 2003 to 2009. The amount of water storage in the Aral Sea Region also showed a downward trend from 2002 to 2016. There was a high-quality coupling coordination 0.903 relationship between surface water and farmland. It will increase the burden of water for people’s normal daily life by the water loss resources caused by abandoned farmland. This study emphasized threat of unreasonable farmland management to surface water of the Aral Sea Region. The findings contributed for decision makers to formulating effective reasonable policies to protect surface water and use land of the Aral Sea Region. Meanwhile, the application of coupling degree model can provide a new method for studying the connection of independent systems in the farmland, water, environment and more.

Validation and predicting total body water in people with spinal cord injury using bioelectrical impedance analysis

The purpose of this study was validation of predictive equations for total body water (TBW) in people with spinal cord injury (SCI) compared to healthy subjects (HS) using bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA). The method used was sample size of 104 (52 each group) with 41 males in SCI, 39 in HS, 11 females in SCI, and 13 in HS. A T-test was applied to statistical analysis between groups. The results showed significant differences between groups of gender, with p-value < P 0.0013, the difference (4.6115), with a 95%CI (1.8480 to 7.3750), and SE (1.3932). The SCI group noted a difference within BIA and formula calculations. In conclusion, we found the current equations inaccurate in SCI society and recommended BIA as non-invasive, speedy, portable, accessible, and cost-effective.

The Right to Water, Law and Municipal Practice: Case Studies from India

Recognition of the right to water in Indian courts has had little impact on the ground. This paper explores the seeming disjuncture between what happens in the court and the everyday reality of living with a less-than-perfect claim on city water services in India’s urban slums. The paper seeks to understand and contextualise a court ruling which looks like it declares a right to water for people in urban slums, but in effect gives them little beyond what they already had. The paper also looks at the ‘everyday reality’ of municipal administration and the provision of drinking water in slums through in-house connections and community taps. In both case studies, the author looks to understand how the practice relates to frameworks of law and policy that shape the rationality and scope of action of the actors concerned, both judges and municipal officials. She found that the issue of land was the main stumbling block in both places, but it was conceptualized a little differently in each situation. These case studies underscore the critical importance of making the local interface between poor people and the state more empowering in order for rights to become local and meaningful.

Efektivitas Tablet Bacillus thuringiensis H-14 Isolat Salatiga terhadap Jentik Aedes aegypti pada Dua Sumber Air yang Berbeda

Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever (DHF) is a vector-borne disease that is still a health problem in Indonesia. One of the DHF control effort is to control the larvae of the mosquito vector using Bacillus thuringensis H-14. The weakness of this metode is its short residual effect. This study aims to determine differences in the effectiveness of B. thuringiensis H-14 tested in two different water sources, namely well water and PDAM water in people's houses and its residual effects in the field. The study used a quasi-​experimental, which include laboratory and field experiments in March to September 2017. The research was carried out by producing B. thuringensis H-14 Salatiga isolates in the form of slow release tablets, testing the efficacy and measuring their effectiveness to Aedes aegypti mosquito larvae in two kinds of water sources. The results showed that the content of B. thuringiensis Salatiga isolate in slow release tablets weighing 125 mg was 5 mg. The efficacy test at laboratory scale showed that the LC50 was 0.436 ppm and the LC90 was 2.440 ppm. The effectiveness test in the field of LC50 (PDAM water) is 0.098 ppm and (well water) is 1.909 ppm, while LC90 (PDAM water) is 0.186 ppm and (well water) is 0.909 ppm. The efficacy assay results showed there was no significant difference in the effect of B. thuringiensis tablet between well water and PDAM water. B. thuringiensis H-14 tablets were effective in controlling Ae. aegypti larvae more than 80% until the 7th day in field testing.

Risk analysis for groundwater intake in an old mining shaft with increased chloride content, Upper Silesia, Southern Poland.

Water from underground intakes is the main source of potable water for people in Poland, hence the protection of its resources is of great importance for the functioning of society and the economy. A new regulation in Polish Water Law imposes the obligation of performing risk analysis for water intakes, including the assessment of health hazards, factors negatively affecting water quality which are identified on the basis of hydrogeological and geological analyses. The main objective of the study was to determine the health risk for chlorides and to present an innovative approach to the health risk for non-toxic substances. In Upper Silesia, which is the most industrialized and urbanized area in Poland, old mining shafts are often used as deep wells in the water supply chain, and higher mineralization is the key feature of abstracted water which does not quite eliminate them as a source of drinking water supply. This paper proposes a new method of health risk determination as hazard index (HI). We present analysis of the health risks with increased concentration of chlorides in water which cause health effects for water consumers, especially for men, children aged 4-8, pregnant women and women during lactation.

Realising the right of access to water for people living on farms: The impact of the KwaZulu-Natal High Court decision in Mshengu v uMsunduzi Local Municipality

SUMMARY Access to water is a constitutionally-protected right in South Africa and an energetic flow of laws, policies and programmes have been initiated to address historical inequalities in the supply of water since the dawn of democracy. Yet despite this, millions of people living in South Africa still have inadequate access to water. Access to water is a particular challenge for people living on farms. By providing an analysis of the case of Mshengu &amp; Others v uMsunduzi Local Municipality &amp; Others, decided by the High Court of South Africa, KwaZulu-Natal Division, Pietermaritzburg, this article seeks to make two key contributions. First, it highlights the challenges experienced by farm dwellers in realising their right to water and locates these challenges within a legal framework which places obligations on both municipalities and private land owners to provide access to water on farms. In particular, the mechanism of water services intermediaries envisaged in the Water Services Act 108 of 1997 is explored as a way to delineate and facilitate the role of private land owners in realising the right to water for farm dwellers. Second, drawing on debates around how the value of public interest litigation can be understood, the article interrogates the value of the litigation in the Mshengu case. Key words: right to water; water services intermediaries; farm workers; labour tenants; public interest litigation

Reduction of microbial contamination using household techniques in rural area of India

Groundwater is the major source of domestic water for people residing in Amingaon – a rural area in North Guwahati, Assam, India. However, it contains an excessive amount of dissolved iron (Fe) (11.3 mg/l); hence, the people resort to the use of indigenous household groundwater filter (IHGF) units. A survey of different variants of IHGF units within a radius of 5–6 km from the campus of Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati reveals that the filter medium – that is, river sand, gravel, wooden charcoal and mesh – are arranged in different combinations layerwise and bounded in plastic buckets, reinforced cement concrete rings and tin (Sn) containers. An IHGF unit is selected for performance monitoring. The iron concentration in the filtered water is within the permissible limits (0.3 mg/l), but when the water is assessed for pathogenic contamination using the hydrogen sulfide (H2S) strip test, it is found to be contaminated with pathogens, making it unfit for drinking. Efforts have been made to reduce the faecal microbial contamination present in the filtered groundwater using household treatment options such as additional filtration using folded cloth, use of Ocimum tenuiflorum (tulsi) and copper (Cu) utensils and solar disinfection (Sodis). Sodis is found to be the most effective in reduction of faecal microbial contamination present in the filtered water.

SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus in water and wastewater: A critical review about presence and concern

The presence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in water and wastewater has recently been reported. According to the updated literature, the stools and masks of the patients diagnosed with coronavirus disease (COVID-19) were considered as the primary route of coronavirus transmission into water and wastewater. Most coronavirus types which attack human (possible for SARS-CoV-2) are often inactivated rapidly in water (i.e., the survival of human coronavirus 229E in water being 7 day at 23 °C). However, the survival period of coronavirus in water environments strongly depends on temperature, property of water, concentration of suspended solids and organic matter, solution pH, and dose of disinfectant used. The World Health Organization has stated that the current disinfection process of drinking water could effectively inactivate most of the bacterial and viral communities present in water, especially SARS-CoV-2 (more sensitive to disinfectant like free chlorine). A recent study confirmed that SARS-CoV-2 RNA was detected in inflow wastewater (but not detected in outflow one). Although the existence of SARS-CoV-2 in water influents has been confirmed, an important question is whether it can survive or infect after the disinfection process of drinking water. To date, only one study confirmed that the infectivity of SARS-CoV-2 in water for people was null based on the absence of cytopathic effect (CPE) in infectivity tests. Therefore, further studies should focus on the survival of SARS-CoV-2 in water and wastewater under different operational conditions (i.e., temperature and water matrix) and whether the transmission from COVID-19-contaminated water to human is an emerging concern. Although paper-based devices have been suggested for detecting the traces of SARS-CoV-2 in water, the protocols and appropriate devices should be developed soon. Wastewater and sewage workers should follow the procedures for safety precaution against SARS-CoV-2 exposure.

Managing Forests and Water for People under a Changing Environment

The Earth has entered the Anthropocene epoch and forest managers are facing unprecedented challenges to meet multiple ecosystem service demands from forests. Understanding the complex forest-water relations under a changing environment must add a human dimension, and this is essential in the move towards sustainable forest management in the 21st century. This Special Issue contains 10 papers presented at a joint international forest and water conference in Chile in 2018. These studies provide global examples on new advancements in sciences in forest ecohydrology, watershed management, and ecosystem service assessment under various geographical and socioeconomic settings.

Freshwater production and solar disinfection of water released from the air-conditioning cooling system: an experimental investigation

Providing drinkable water for people is one of the crux duties of any government worldwide. As long, Oman classified among countries that suffer from a shortage of water resources, therefore finding any new sources of water is considered as very substantial work. In present work, a research was carried out on a massive quantity of water that is released out from cooling air-conditioning system in humid zones in Oman as byproduct water. The results showed that the average quantity of water gained from one AC in chosen cities was about 2 L/h, 1.9 L/h, and 1.7 L/h in Muscat, Sohar, and Al-Buraimi respectively. The results exposed that the water was almost distilled water with a pH of about 7. The electrical conductivity was very low, within the range of 45 µS/cm and less. The turbidity of the tested water was low as well, in the range of about 0.6 NTU. Additionally, it was found that solar disinfection technique was very effective to inactivate the existing bacteria in the examined water. A temperature of about 43 °C can be reached after solar irradiation for 2 h with transparent bottles. While, a temperature of around 84 °C was achieved on a sunny day after 6 h of irradiation time. The significant result of the solar disinfection was that the complete inactivation of bacteria could be achieved with an irradiation period of 2–4 h, depending on the number of bacteria per unit volume and the weather state. Moreover, some of the gained water was converted into drinking water after adding some required elements, filtration and disinfection by solar energy. Also, it is strongly recommended to use the released drain-water from cooling air-conditioning systems in the electrolysis unit cells for hydrogen gas production in conjugation with solar energy.