Relatives Of People Research Articles

Threshold violations in social judgment.

People commonly establish in advance the thresholds they use to pass social judgment (e.g., promising reward/punishment after a fixed number of good/bad behaviors). Ten preregistered experiments (N = 5,542) reveal when, why, and how people violate their social judgment thresholds, even after formally establishing them based on having full information about what might unfold. People can be swayed to be both "quicker to judge" (e.g., promising reward/punishment after 3 good/bad behaviors, yet then acting after 2 such behaviors) and "slower to judge" (e.g., promising reward/punishment after 3 good/bad behaviors, yet then withholding until 4 such behaviors)-despite all behaviors obeying their threshold. We document these discrepancies across many parameters. We also propose and test an integrative theoretical framework to explain them, rooted in psychological support: Being both "quicker" and "slower" to judge reflect a shared function of the distinct modes of evaluation involved in the act of setting social judgment thresholds (involving a packed summary judgment extending across myriad possible realities) versus following them in real time (involving an unpacked focus on whatever specific reality unfolds, which could provide higher or lower support than threshold setters had accounted for). Manipulating the degree of psychological support thus determines the direction of threshold violations: Higher support produces "quicker to judge" effects while lower support produces "slower to judge" effects. Finally, although violating one's preset threshold may sometimes be to one's benefit, we document initial evidence that it also risks damaging people's reputations and relationships. When it comes to treating others, making exceptions to the rule may often be the rule-for better or worse. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).

Connectedness to nature promotes downplaying others’ humanity among anxiously attached people

Global advocates have argued in favor of increasing connectedness to nature, the benefits of which have been substantially supported for both the environment and humans. However, we extend mainstream opinions by identifying the potential negative impact of connectedness to nature on human relationships under specific conditions. Specifically, we propose that connectedness to nature promotes dehumanization among anxiously attached people. We tested this assumption with three studies (N = 1276). Studies 1 and 2 revealed that, for people with high levels of anxious attachment, connectedness to nature positively predicted dehumanization of thieves (Study 1) and people who casually litter (Study 2). By manipulating connectedness to nature, Study 3 found that dehumanization elicited by connectedness to nature among people with high attachment anxiety predicted greater preference for nature over prisoners. These trends were eliminated or even reversed for those with low levels of anxious attachment. The present research enriches our understanding of people's social relationships with nature and humans.

Linking human perception and scientific coastal flood risk assessment (Anlo Beach Community, Ghana)

Policymakers concerned with coastal management issues have recently focused their efforts on how people perceive flood risk. Understanding the public's perception of risk has become an essential component of contemporary flood risk management, as it provides a basis for designing practical and effective flood mitigation strategies. This study was conducted in Anlo Beach, one of the most vulnerable coastal communities in Ghana. It investigated household perceptions of flood risk and examined them against independent physical measures that assess exposure. In parallel, multivariate regression analysis was conducted to identify and establish the key factors influencing household perceptions of flood risk in the study area. The results showed that two variables, previous flood experience (data collected through the social survey) and factual exposure (assessed through GIS measurements), played an important role in determining the level of flood risk reported by households. In particular, the relationship between previous flooding experience and perceived level of coastal flood risk was both positive and statistically significant. Socio-demographic factors did not have a significant influence on risk reporting. We conclude that perception variables collected through social surveys can be used as proxy indicators of environmental risks when physical measures are not available. Biases based on the socio-economic status of respondents may exist, but they do not outweigh information derived from people's factual relationships with the environment. Further studies on the above factors would support flood risk reduction measures in the study area and West Africa, particularly in light of climate change.

ПРЕДУПРЕЖДЕНИЕ ПРЕСТУПНОСТИ: ПОНЯТИЕ И ВИДЫ

Abstract. The article deals with theoretical questions about the concept and prevention of crime. Topical issues of identifying, eliminating and neutralizing the causes of crime. The issues of detection and elimination of situations that motivate and provoke the commission of crimes are disclosed. The groups of increased criminal risk and reduction of this risk are described in order to adjust the impact on these persons who may commit a crime. Special attention is paid to the multilevel system of preventive measures, which identifies three types of general, special and individual. Each of them is disclosed with examples, processes of determination and causality of criminality and neutralization of negative phenomena. The focus is on the general preventive impact, which includes measures to improve health and create decent conditions for the formation and life of a person. The tasks of carrying out general preventive actions requiring significant investments in the sphere of social security, education and healthcare are described. As the author describes, these are measures related to the fight against inequality, poverty and discrimination. The issue has been carefully considered and another type of warning is a special warning aimed at influencing the processes of determination and causality of crime, which relate to individual groups, objects of encroachment or a specific person. This is a social process, the content of which is the regulation of people's behavior or social relations in order to eliminate various negative aspects that can cause the commission of crimes. The article describes the specific tasks of this prevention. Special prevention may also include not only the impact on a potential offender, but also victimological prevention. The description of the third type of prevention is presented as an individual warning, prevention, i.e. the impact directed at the personality, its negative traits and the environment that forms this personality. The concept of prevention includes early, immediate and relapse prevention. The article also reveals the issues of predictive methods that allow you to make predictions about the time and place in which the risk of committing a crime is high. But forecasts are not always real, since a computer program does not really know what will happen in the future, machines cannot yet replace people and forecasts do not necessarily automatically lead to a significant decrease in the crime rate, this is the author's opinion. Keywords: Crime prevention, prevention, general preventive impact, special warning, individual warning, situational warning, victimology, prognostic methods, latency.

Victim as a relative status

This article advances a theory of the ‘relative’ nature of victim status, demonstrating that whether an individual is identified as a victim is, in part, conditional on their relationships with others. Using the example of victim identification in cases of child criminal exploitation, this article demonstrates that youth justice practitioners’ perceptions of young people's peer relationships and their relationships with their families had a significant impact on whether young people were identified as victims of child criminal exploitation. To explain this dynamic, this article then further explores the conceptual nature of victim status, focusing on its transient and finite qualities. In doing so, this article begins to address the relational gap in the study of processes of victim identification.

INTEGRATED LITERACY METHODS FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF SOCIAL – EMOTIONAL SKILLS: PRE-SCHOOL GROUP CONTEXT

Preschool years are a significant period of a child's life, characterized by a unique social, artistic, cognitive, emotional expression of the child. In the preschool age, children go through a rather difficult period of development, which largely determines the success of their subsequent education at school. At this stage of development, children should feel the need to read and write and thus get to know the world (understand people's relationships, feelings, actions, intentions, etc.); should start reading and writing and feel the joy of reading and writing while successfully interacting with the surrounding world. Having mastered literacy skills, a child can express what he/she feels, hears, and sees. The received data were analyzed while using thematic content analysis. During the observation, it has cleared out that it is quite difficult for children to express their emotions. Practical tasks, such as acting situations, drawing emotions, activities with sand, discussions with parents and researchers when children try to express emotions, practically teach different ways to overcome everyday changes and difficulties and thus acquire social-emotional skills. An attractively equipped book reading area, interestingly used print encourages easier recognition of words and application of reading skills. The application of integrated literacy methods in the implementation of a preschool program is a suitable context for strengthening social emotional skills, which are crucial for recognizing and managing one's emotions, being empathetic, creating and maintaining positive relationships, setting and pursuing positive goals, and making responsible decisions. Literacy techniques such as printed environment, reading books, marking emotions, interactive writing and drawing, social stories, acting situations, and discussions are effective tools and ways to achieve these goals.

Community‐driven science and science education: Living in and navigating the edges of equity, justice, and science learning

Community‐driven science and science education: Living in and navigating the edges of equity, justice, and science learning

Expect and you shall perceive: People who expect better in turn perceive better behaviors from their romantic partners.

People who are happy with their romantic relationships report that their partners are particularly effective at meeting their everyday relational needs. However, the literature invites competing predictions about how people arrive at those evaluations. In pilot research, we validated a scale of concrete, specific relationship behaviors that can be performed by a romantic partner day-to-day. In Study 1, cross-lagged panel models examined how expectations of positive behaviors, perceptions of positive behaviors, and relationship quality predict changes in one another from week to week. People who expected more positive behaviors in turn perceived more positive behaviors from their partners 1 week later. Key effects extended to negative relationship behaviors (Study 2). In Study 3, the same pattern emerged in a dyadic sample, with expected behaviors predicting changes in perceived behaviors independent of the partner's own reports. Truth and bias analyses revealed that people with lower expectations had more negatively biased perceptions of their partners' behaviors, whereas high expectations were associated with better accuracy. We obtained these results in the context of specific, verifiable behaviors reported on over relatively short periods, underscoring how powerfully people's everyday relationship perceptions may be shaped by their more global perceptions. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).

Experiencing resonance: everyday life in modernist blocks of flats in Oslo, Norway

Based on an interdisciplinary approach to architectural history, drawing upon sound studies and anthropology, this article offers a case study of contemporary experiences of resonance by residents living in modernist blocks of flats in Oslo built in 1964. Drawing upon ethnography and archival research, I ask how these sonic experiences affect people's relationships, both with other neighbours and the building itself. Moving from the outside and into the building, following architectural historian Katie Lloyd Thomas' theoretical approach to materials and how these materials come into being, I discuss the way resonance creates a series of tensions, affecting the way individuals relate to their surroundings, both affecting the way we see our built environment and social relations. Asking what it means to live in a modernist block of flats, I frame the residents' own stories of resonance within a larger context of changing neoliberal housing reforms in Norway from the 1980s until today. I argue that the experience of resonance creates new spatial configurations and also can stand as a critique of neo-liberal housing politics, forming connections that are both social and material.

Psychologists' representations of gender identity between Spain and Greece: A qualitative cross‐cultural study

AbstractTrans people's relationship with mental health providers carries historical tensions. Counseling services have been tied to standardized procedures or diagnostic certification of dysphoria and gender evaluations, while other psychosocial demands have been largely disregarded. Moreover, protocols and approaches focus disproportionately on Anglo‐American frameworks, in terms of epistemic resources established to describe gender‐diverse experiences. These issues affect both representations of gender identity and attitudes toward counseling. The present study aimed to address psychologists' accounts cross‐culturally, by using qualitative data acquired through interviews with active practitioners from Spain and Greece. Eighteen qualitative semi‐structured interviews were conducted in both countries in order to delve into the narratives related to trans mental health care provision. Thematic analysis using Atlas.ti was used to systematize the data. The accounts centered on gender identity representations and attributions, attitudes toward counseling, relationship with diagnoses, psychological approaches, and competent training. Findings point to the need for all‐encompassing, obligatory training of psychologists on trans mental health, followed by situated considerations of the contextual factors that may contribute to experiencing gender diversity differently. More cross‐cultural qualitative accounts are thus encouraged, to enrich and update the upcoming trans literature on the matter.

In memoriam: Eleanor Jane Sterling (1960–2023)

In memoriam: Eleanor Jane Sterling (1960–2023)

Connection to nature of university students in the environmental field — An empirical study in 41 countries

People's personal relationships with nature are seen as essential factors influencing environmental behavior. Although human-nature relationships have been a recurring research topic in a wide range of disciplines, there has been a lack of comparative international studies. A particularly important group in this context are students in the field of environment and sustainability, as they are likely to become future decision-makers in society. Therefore, this study takes an international approach across 41 countries to examine the personal human-nature relationship, the connection to nature, of students in the field of environment and sustainability. For the survey, an online questionnaire was used, which was distributed by e-mail to different universities in each country. The connection to nature scores of each country were correlated with country-specific wealth indicators to determine how wealth and connection to nature are related. The results show that the connection to nature of the surveyed students in the different countries is in a medium to high range. It was found that in wealthier countries the connection to nature is weaker than in less wealthy countries.

From “footprint” to relationships: Impacts of US military base on Okinawa

AbstractHow does militarism impact the natural environment? There is a growing body of scholarly work interrogating the intersection of environmental impacts and military activities from what can be referred to as a “footprint” perspective, which documents the tangible environmental impacts. Further, this paper introduces an alternative perspective on militarism's environmental impacts, which emphasizes Indigenous people's relationship to the environment, which this paper calls the relational perspective. This review paper argues that the emerging research concerning the environmental impacts of the US military bases in Okinawa employs the relational perspective, which echoes insights from Indigenous studies that see land as a field of the relationship of things to each other. Overall, this paper acknowledges that there is a reciprocal relationship that bridges humans and nonhuman subjectivity, including the natural environment, animals, and plants, and some places, like Okinawa, prioritize this perspective, which gives us a different angle on how we see the natural environment, the long‐lasting impacts of militarism, and countermeasures to the climate crisis. Military bases necessitate natural resources to exist. However, it is not only those material resources that get affected. Relationships with the natural environment, an essential aspect of Indigenous epistemology, are also impacted.

Friends, peers and safeguarding

Friends, peers and safeguarding

Precarious Subjects: Picturing Indigenous British Subjecthood in Mid-Nineteenth-Century Australia

Recent discussion in Australia has highlighted how Indigenous citizenship remains troubled by the denial of Indigenous sovereignty. This article takes up a pre-history to these discussions, returning to a transitional period (1830s–1850s) in the Australian colonies when governments worked to activate Indigenous people's newly-clarified legal status as British subjects. How, in this period, did settler colonial culture envisage Indigenous people's relation to the law as citizens-to-be of the empire? Focusing particularly upon visual vocabularies of policing and civic order, the article considers how vacillating colonial visions of Indigenous people as ‘new’ British subjects reflected a wider tension between settler culture's non-recognition of Indigenous law and jurisdiction, and its running disquiet about the insecure terms of British sovereignty.

Animals in Brazil: Economic, Legal and Ethical Perspectives

Animals in Brazil: Economic, Legal and Ethical Perspectives

Lexicographic Actor-Critic Deep Reinforcement Learning for Urban Autonomous Driving

Urban autonomous driving is a difficult task because of its complex road scenarios and the interaction between multiple vehicles. Autonomous vehicles need to balance multiple objectives in these complex scenarios, <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">e.g.</i> , safety and speed. Traditional reinforcement learning methods deal with the multi-objective problem by optimizing agents with a single objective reward. However, these methods are sensitive to the reward scale and require huge experiments to design reward weights. In this paper, we propose the Lexicographical Proximal Policy Optimization algorithm (LPPO), which can express people's preference relationship through the lexicographical ordering between objectives. The proposed method has two main advantages. <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">On the one hand,</i> LPPO has a smaller parameter adjustment space, which makes it easy to find the optimal solution that satisfies the actual problem preference. <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">On the other hand,</i> the proposed method is less affected by the reward scale and easy to deploy in various driving scenarios. We evaluate our algorithm in two driving simulation environments, and the results show that the proposed method has better performance in urban driving tasks than previous reinforcement learning algorithms. In addition, we illustrate that the proposed method has better stability even if the reward scale changes.

Barriers to domestic violence education in Northern Ireland: Pupils' views and experiences

AbstractDomestic violence (DV) in adult and young people's intimate partner relationships is a social and public health problem across the globe. Education can play an important and unique role in addressing DV; however, it remains relatively under‐investigated. The aim of this qualitative study set in Northern Ireland, the first of its kind, was to explore young people's views and experiences of DV education. Focus groups were conducted with 188 pupils (97 males and 91 females) aged 16 to 18 attending post‐primary school. The data were analysed using thematic analysis and reveal five barriers to DV education: (1) absence of DV teaching and learning; (2) DV is a taboo topic; (3) lack of teacher training and expertise on DV; (4) religious influence; (5) prioritisation of academic achievement over pupil wellbeing. The results demonstrate that changes are needed in schools to improve the role of schools in addressing DV. From this qualitative study, we make recommendations for how school‐based DV education may help prevent and protect young people against intimate partner violence.

Illuminating the Paradoxes of Deaf Experience: Bowe, Gannon, and Disability

The last sixty years have been a time of tumultuous change in the American deaf community. Two deaf figures who made a great difference during this period were Frank Bowe and Jack Gannon, who passed away in 2007 and 2022, respectively. Bowe was a prominent disability rights leader, helping to secure more rights for deaf and all disabled Americans, while Gannon helped to advance appreciation of deaf signing communities with his advocacy and several influential studies of deaf people who sign. Although they both lived in the second half of the twentieth century and knew each other, they had quite different lives, mostly because Bowe did not attend a school for deaf students or learn sign language until he was an adult, while Gannon grew up in the deaf community. Their memoirs offer a valuable way for us to investigate the details of recent deaf experience. The books illuminate not only Bowe and Gannon's work to make the world a more just place for deaf people, but also the pressure they both experienced to adopt oralism, the importance of parents and educational placement, the liberating nature of sign language, and the move from deaf schools to educational mainstreaming. The memoirs also give differing perspectives on signing deaf people's complicated relationship with concepts of disability, suggesting a way forward.

A plain language summary of what freedom from disease means to people with psoriasis according to doctors, nurses, and people with psoriasis.

What is this summary about? This summary presents findings from recent research involving people with psoriasis, based on an article originally published in the Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology. Psoriasis is a condition that primarily affects the skin. However, it can also influence people's mental health, social activities, work, and relationships too. Current assessment tools used by doctors and nurses do not cover the complete experience of people with psoriasis, which often include other medical conditions and can leave these individuals feeling that treatment has not been successful. Researchers conducted a study in which people with psoriasis, doctors, and nurses were asked in virtual meetings and via questionnaires what freedom from disease in psoriasis means to them. What were the results? In addition to skin symptoms, the areas of mental health, well-being, treatment, and relationships with healthcare teams were found to be important aspects to be addressed. What do the results of the study mean? Focusing on all five aspects of freedom from disease will help people with psoriasis manage their psoriasis with confidence.