Performance Of People Research Articles

Knowing how you are feeling depends on what's on my mind: Cognitive load and expression categorization.

The ability to correctly interpret facial expressions is key to effective social interactions. People are well rehearsed and generally very efficient at correctly categorizing expressions. However, does their ability to do so depend on how cognitively loaded they are at the time? Using repeated-measures designs, we assessed the sensitivity of facial expression categorization to cognitive resources availability by measuring people's expression categorization performance during concurrent low and high cognitive load situations. In Experiment1, participants categorized the 6 basic upright facial expressions in a 6-automated-facial-coding response paradigm while maintaining low or high loading information in working memory (N = 40; 60 observations per load condition). In Experiment 2, they did so for both upright and inverted faces (N = 46; 60 observations per load and inversion condition). In both experiments, expression categorization for upright faces was worse during high versus low load. Categorization rates actually improved with increased load for the inverted faces. The opposing effects of cognitive load on upright and inverted expressions are explained in terms of a cognitive load-related dispersion in the attentional window. Overall, the findings support that expression categorization is sensitive to cognitive resources availability and moreover suggest that, in this paradigm, it is the perceptual processing stage of expression categorization that is affected by cognitive load. (PsycINFO Database Record

The ameliorative effect of fluoxetine on neuroinflammation induced by sleep deprivation.

It is well known that sleep disorders are harmful to people's health and performance, and growing evidence suggests that sleep deprivation (SD) can trigger neuroinflammation in the brain. The nucleotide-binding domain and leucine-rich repeat protein-3 (NLRP3) inflammasome is reported to be relevant to the neuroinflammation induced by SD, but the regulatory signaling that governs the NLRP3 inflammasome in SD is still unknown. Meanwhile, whether the regulatory action of antidepressants in astrocytes could affect the neuroinflammation induced by SD also remains obscure. In this study, we were the first to discover that the antidepressant fluoxetine, a type of specific serotonin reuptake inhibitor widely used in clinical practice, could suppress the neuroinflammation and neuronal apoptosis induced by SD. The main findings from this study are as follows: (i) SD stimulated the expression of activated NLRP3 inflammasomes and the maturation of IL-1β/18 via suppressing the phosphorylation of STAT3 in astrocytes; (ii)SD decreased the activation of AKT and stimulated the phosphorylation of GSK-3β, which inhibited the phosphorylation of STAT3; (iii) the NLRP3 inflammasome expression stimulated by SD was partly mediated by the P2X7 receptor; (iv) an agonist of STAT3 could significantly abolish the expression of NLRP3 inflammasomes induced by an agonist of the P2X7 receptor in primary cultured astrocytes; (v) the administration of fluoxetine could reverse the stimulation of NLRP3 inflammasome expression and function by SD through elevating the activation of STAT3. In conclusion, our presentresearch suggests the promising possibility that fluoxetine could ameliorate the neuronal impairment induced by SD.

Research of IPv6 High Performance Router Based on IXP2400

With a variety of new services, the rapid development of Internet network technology and people's demand, the scale and performance of the rapid growth of the network, the network information on the data processing must provide the required quality of service and maintenance management, solve the problems in the development of high speed network. This paper gives a detailed analysis of the hardware structure, system architecture and programming model of Intel IXP2400 network processor, the network processor to carry on the exploration of IPv6 high performance router design technology based on network processor, first understand the characteristics and functions, then introduces the network processor design to comply with a series of standards and their scope of application, and then combined with the basic principle of common the comparison of IPv4 and IPv6 router, router, the final analysis of the IPv6 network processor in the future will cause rapidly popularization, represent the core function unit of the next generation network device, there must be a great space for development.

Beyond Social Facilitation: A Review of the Far-Reaching Effects of Social Attention

Social psychology has demonstrated that people behave differently in social attention, compared to when alone. First and foremost, being in social attention affects people's performance and their interpersonal behavior by increasing arousal and reputational concerns, respectively. However, newer work demonstrates more fundamental intra-psychological effects of social attention. As mere reminders of social attention can activate reputational concerns, people's thoughts and behavior are affected by such reminders even when people's reputation is not at stake. These findings provide a deeper look at more intra-personal effects of social attention. As a result, recent research focuses on how social attention fundamentally influences people's subjective perceptions and experiences. In this review, we provide an overview of the far-reaching effects of social attention, identify relevant moderators and mediators, discuss socio-motivational and cognitive processes underlying these effects, and highlight avenues f...

Taking Word Clouds Apart: An Empirical Investigation of the Design Space for Keyword Summaries.

In this paper we present a set of four user studies aimed at exploring the visual design space of what we call keyword summaries: lists of words with associated quantitative values used to help people derive an intuition of what information a given document collection (or part of it) may contain. We seek to systematically study how different visual representations may affect people's performance in extracting information out of keyword summaries. To this purpose, we first create a design space of possible visual representations and compare the possible solutions in this design space through a variety of representative tasks and performance metrics. Other researchers have, in the past, studied some aspects of effectiveness with word clouds, however, the existing literature is somewhat scattered and do not seem to address the problem in a sufficiently systematic and holistic manner. The results of our studies showed a strong dependency on the tasks users are performing. In this paper we present details of our methodology, the results, as well as, guidelines on how to design effective keyword summaries based in our discoveries.

Difenbahya (Dieffenbachia amoena Gentil)‘nın Sıcaklığa Bağlı Olarak İç Ortamdaki CO2 Miktarına Etkisi

Günümüzde insan ömrünün en az %80‘i kapalı mekanlarda geçmekte ve bu kapalı mekanlardaki iç ortam hava kalitesi insanların sağlıklarını ve performanslarını doğrudan etkilemektedir. Özellikle CO2 miktarı belirli seviyelerin üzerine çıktığında baş ağrısı, baş dönmesi, yorgunluk, konsantrasyon bozuklukları, boğaz ve burun tahrişi, burun akıntısı, öksürük ve göz akıntıları gibi pek çok rahatsızlığa sebep olmaktadır. İç ortamdaki CO2 miktarını etkileyen en önemli faktör canlı metabolik faaliyetleridir. Solunumla artan CO2 miktarı fotosentezle azalmaktadır. Dolayısıyla iç mekanlarda bitkiler CO2 miktarını azaltmak amacıyla kullanılabilir. Ancak bitkilerin iç ortamdaki hava kalitesine etkisi konusunda yeterli bilgi bulunmadığından, bitkiler iç ortamdaki CO2 miktarını azaltmak konusunda etkin ve bilinçli bir şekilde kullanılamamaktadır. Bu çalışmada iç mekan süs bitkisi olarak en sık kullanılan bitkilerden birisi olan difenbahyanın (Dieffenbachia amoena Gentil) iç ortamdaki CO2 miktarına etkisinin sıcaklığa bağlı olarak değişiminin belirlenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Çalışma sonucunda difenbahyanın karanlık ortamda yaptığı solunumun sıcaklığa bağlı olarak önemsiz düzeyde olduğu belirlenmiştir. Ancak ışık bulunan ortamda en yüksek etkiyi 23-24℃ sıcaklıklarda gösterdiği, 30°C sıcaklıktaki fotosentez hızının, 20°C dekinden düşük ancak 15°C dekinden daha yüksek olduğu belirlenmiştir.

Synergistic Effects on the Elderly People's Motor Control by Wearable Skin-Stretch Device Combined with Haptic Joystick.

Cutaneous sensory feedback can be used to provide additional sensory cues to a person performing a motor task where vision is a dominant feedback signal. A haptic joystick has been widely used to guide a user by providing force feedback. However, the benefit of providing force feedback is still debatable due to performance dependency on factors such as the user's skill-level, task difficulty. Meanwhile, recent studies have shown the feasibility of improving a motor task performance by providing skin-stretch feedback. Therefore, a combination of two aforementioned feedback types is deemed to be promising to promote synergistic effects to consistently improve the person's motor performance. In this study, we aimed at identifying the effect of the combined haptic and skin-stretch feedbacks on the aged person's driving motor performance. For the experiment, 15 healthy elderly subjects (age 72.8 ± 6.6 years) were recruited and were instructed to drive a virtual power-wheelchair through four different courses with obstacles. Four augmented sensory feedback conditions were tested: no feedback, force feedback, skin-stretch feedback, and a combination of both force and skin-stretch feedbacks. While the haptic force was provided to the hand by the joystick, the skin-stretch was provided to the steering forearm by a custom-designed wearable skin-stretch device. We tested two hypotheses: (i) an elderly individual's motor control would benefit from receiving information about a desired trajectory from multiple sensory feedback sources, and (ii) the benefit does not depend on task difficulty. Various metrics related to skills and safety were used to evaluate the control performance. Repeated measure ANOVA was performed for those metrics with two factors: task scenario and the type of the augmented sensory feedback. The results revealed that elderly subjects' control performance significantly improved when the combined feedback of both haptic force and skin-stretch feedback was applied. The proposed approach suggest the feasibility to improve people's task performance by the synergistic effects of multiple augmented sensory feedback modalities.

The effects of transportation noise on the people’s emotional feelings of the community environment

A large number of soundscape studies have shown that soundscapes or sound environments affect people's emotional states, behaviors, and performance. This paper studies the effects of community noise, especially noise from transportations, on the residents’ emotional feelings about the environment. Based upon a large-scale questionnaire survey of residents about the community noise such as sounds of traffic and people's activity, it presents the specific relationships between the sound sources and a range of emotional feelings towards the community environment, such as feeling it annoying, calm, pleasant or exciting, using statistical methods including correlation analysis and principal component analysis. It shows that people’s emotional feelings of the sound environment largely depend on the dominant sound sources they hear; also the sound sources in soundscapes (activities in the communities) tend to appear in groups which collectively influence people’s feelings.

The Impact of Visualizing Nested Sets. An Empirical Study on Tree Diagrams and Unit Squares

It is an ongoing debate, what properties of visualizations increase people’s performance when solving Bayesian reasoning tasks. In the discussion of the properties of two visualizations, i.e., the tree diagram and the unit square, we emphasize how both visualizations make relevant subset relations transparent. Actually, the unit square with natural frequencies reveals the subset relation that is essential for the Bayes’ rule in a numerical and geometrical way whereas the tree diagram with natural frequencies does it only in a numerical way. Accordingly, in a first experiment with 148 university students, the unit square outperformed the tree diagram when referring to the students’ ability to quantify the subset relation that must be applied in Bayes’ rule. As hypothesized, in a second experiment with 143 students, the unit square was significantly more effective when the students’ performance in tasks based on Bayes’ rule was regarded. Our results could inform the debate referring to Bayesian reasoning since we found that the graphical transparency of nested sets could explain these visualizations’ effect.

Resilience of Cyber Systems with Over- and Underregulation.

Recent cyber attacks provide evidence of increased threats to our critical systems and infrastructure. A common reaction to a new threat is to harden the system by adding new rules and regulations. As federal and state governments request new procedures to follow, each of their organizations implements their own cyber defense strategies. This unintentionally increases time and effort that employees spend on training and policy implementation and decreases the time and latitude to perform critical job functions, thus raising overall levels of stress. People's performance under stress, coupled with an overabundance of information, results in even more vulnerabilities for adversaries to exploit. In this article, we embed a simple regulatory model that accounts for cybersecurity human factors and an organization's regulatory environment in a model of a corporate cyber network under attack. The resulting model demonstrates the effect of under- and overregulation on an organization's resilience with respect to insider threats. Currently, there is a tendency to use ad-hoc approaches to account for human factors rather than to incorporate them into cyber resilience modeling. It is clear that using a systematic approach utilizing behavioral science, which already exists in cyber resilience assessment, would provide a more holistic view for decisionmakers.

Youth employment security and labour market institutions: A dynamic perspective

AbstractThe shift of policy focus from job security to employment security calls for a more dynamic measurement of young people's labour market performance. This article uses data on monthly employment status trajectories and job duration to investigate young Europeans’ employment security around five years after they finished education. The authors show that almost 40 per cent of “job‐insecure” individuals actually enjoy employment security – i.e. they are able to re‐enter paid employment rapidly after losing their job. The article highlights the need for policy measures to enhance employment security, and the positive role that stricter temporary employment protection, and ALMP expenditure, could play.

Making Sense of Rework Causation in Offshore Hydrocarbon Projects

Retrospective sensemaking is used to determine how and why rework in offshore hydrocarbon projects occurred. Staff from organizations operating at the blunt end (e.g., clients/design engineers providing finance and information) and those at the sharp end (e.g., contractors at the “coalface”) of a project's supply chain were interviewed to make sense of the rework that occurred. The analysis identified the need for managers to de-emphasize an environment that prioritizes production over other considerations and instead systematically examine mechanisms and factors that shape people's performance. Limitations of the research and the implications for managerial practice are also identified.

Exploring Consumer and Patient Knowledge, Behavior, and Attitude Toward Medicinal and Lifestyle Products Purchased From the Internet: A Web-Based Survey.

BackgroundIn recent years, lifestyle products have emerged to help improve people’s physical and mental performance. The Internet plays a major role in the spread of these products. However, the literature has reported issues regarding the authenticity of medicines purchased from the Internet and the impact of counterfeit medicines on public health. Little or no data are available on the authenticity of lifestyle products and actual toxicity associated with their use and misuse.ObjectiveOur aim was to investigate consumer and patient attitudes toward the purchase of lifestyle products from the Internet, their knowledge of product authenticity and toxicity, and their experiences with counterfeit lifestyle products.MethodsA Web-based study was performed between May 2014 and May 2015. Uniform collection of data was performed through an anonymous online questionnaire. Participants were invited worldwide via email, social media, or personal communication to complete the online questionnaire. A total of 320 participants completed the questionnaire.ResultsThe results of the questionnaire showed that 208 (65.0%) participants purchased lifestyle products from the Internet mainly due to convenience and reduced cost. More than half (55.6%, 178/320) of participants purchased cosmetic products, whereas only a minority purchased medicinal products. Yet, 62.8% (201/320) of participants were aware of the presence of counterfeit lifestyle products from the Internet, and 11.9% (38/320) experienced counterfeit products. In only 0.9% (3/320) of those cases were counterfeit lifestyle products reported to authorities. Moreover, 7.2% (23/320) of the participants experienced adverse effects due to counterfeit lifestyle products.ConclusionsIn summary, patients experienced counterfeit lifestyle products that resulted in adverse effects on their health. Although certain adverse effects were reported in this study, counterfeit products were underreported to authorities. Further public awareness campaigns and patient education are needed.

The dual‐process theory and understanding of stocks and flows

AbstractRecent evidence suggests that using the analytic mode of thinking (System 2) can improve people's performance in stock–flow (SF) tasks. In this paper, we further investigate the effects by implementing several different interventions in two studies. First, we replicate a previous finding that answering analytical questions before the SF task approximately doubles the likelihood of answering the stock questions correctly. We also investigate effects of three other interventions that can potentially prime participants to use their System 2. Specifically, the first group is asked to justify their response to the SF task; the second group is warned about the difficulty of the SF task; and the third group is offered information about cognitive biases and the role of the analytic mode of thinking. We find that the second group showed a statistically significant improvement in their performance. We claim that there are simple interventions that can modestly improve people's response in SF tasks. Copyright © 2017 System Dynamics Society

Social organization influences the exchange and species richness of medicinal plants in Amazonian homegardens.

Medicinal plants provide indigenous and peasant communities worldwide with means to meet their healthcare needs. Homegardens often act as medicine cabinets, providing easily accessible medicinal plants for household needs. Social structure and social exchanges have been proposed as factors influencing the species diversity that people maintain in their homegardens. Here, we assess the association between the exchange of medicinal knowledge and plant material and medicinal plant richness in homegardens. Using Tsimane' Amazonian homegardens as a case study, we explore whether social organization shapes exchanges of medicinal plant knowledge and medicinal plant material. We also use network centrality measures to evaluate people's location and performance in medicinal plant knowledge and plant material exchange networks. Our results suggest that social organization, specifically kinship and gender relations, influences medicinal plant exchange patterns significantly. Homegardens total and medicinal plant species richness are related to gardeners' centrality in the networks, whereby people with greater centrality maintain greater plant richness. Thus, together with agroecological conditions, social relations among gardeners and the culturally specific social structure seem to be important determinants of plant richness in homegardens. Understanding which factors pattern general species diversity in tropical homegardens, and medicinal plant diversity in particular, can help policy makers, health providers, and local communities to understand better how to promote and preserve medicinal plants in situ. Biocultural approaches that are also gender sensitive offer a culturally appropriate means to reduce the global and local loss of both biological and cultural diversity.

Cognitive Reflection Predicts Real‐Life Decision Outcomes, but Not Over and Above Personality and Decision‐Making Styles

AbstractThe Cognitive Reflection Test (CRT), designed to assess the ability to inhibit intuition to process a problem analytically, predicts people's performance in many normative judgement and decision‐making tasks (e.g., Bayesian reasoning, conjunction fallacy and ratio bias). However, how the CRT predicts normative decision‐making performance is unclear, and little is known about the extent to which the CRT predicts real‐life decision outcomes. We investigate the role of the CRT in predicting real‐life decision outcomes and examine whether the CRT predicts real‐life decision outcomes after controlling for two related individual differences: the Big Five personality traits and decision‐making styles. Our results show that greater CRT scores predict positive real‐life decision outcomes measured by the Decision Outcome Inventory. However, the effect size was small, and the relationship became non‐significant after statistically controlling for personality and decision‐making styles. We discuss the limited predictive role of cognitive reflection in real‐life decision‐making outcomes, along with the roles of personality and decision‐making styles. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Psychological Aspects of the Competition Training in Performance Sport – Correlational Study

This paper presents a study made on 23 performance sports people, members of the Curtea de Argeş International Football Club. The central objective of the paper is to highlight the existence of certain correlations among the psychological dimensions directly impacting the sports people's performance during the task. A number of 20 variables conceived to be measured with a Follow-up assessment instrument: Grid for periodical observation of behaviors in sports performance (GO-BSP) were identified. This instrument sums up 7 dimensions, i.e.: self-esteem, intrapersonal, interpersonal, adaptability, stress management, general condition, intrinsic motivation. The GO-BSP Alpha Crombach internal consistency ratio was 0.90. The self-esteem and intrapersonal, interpersonal, adaptability, stress management, general condition, intrinsic motivation variables represent key elements in the development and optimization of the personal resources representing the premise of shaping behaviors centered on sports performance increase.

The effect of education for daily physical activity level recovery of osteoarthritis patients after total knee arthroplasty. A prospective randomized controlled clinical trial using accelerometry

The effect of education for daily physical activity level recovery of osteoarthritis patients after total knee arthroplasty. A prospective randomized controlled clinical trial using accelerometry

Applying Expectancy Theory to residency training: proposing opportunities to understand resident motivation and enhance residency training.

Medical resident education in the United States has been a matter of national priority for decades, exemplified initially through the Liaison Committee for Graduate Medical Education and then superseded by the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education. A recent Special Report in the New England Journal of Medicine, however, has described resident educational programs to date as prescriptive, noting an absence of innovation in education. Current aims of contemporary medical resident education are thus being directed at ensuring quality in learning as well as in patient care. Achievement and work-motivation theories attempt to explain people’s choice, performance, and persistence in tasks. Expectancy Theory as one such theory was reviewed in detail, appearing particularly applicable to surgical residency training. Correlations between Expectancy Theory as a work-motivation theory and residency education were explored. Understanding achievement and work-motivation theories affords an opportunity to gain insight into resident motivation in training. The application of Expectancy Theory in particular provides an innovative perspective into residency education. Afforded are opportunities to promote the development of programmatic methods facilitating surgical resident motivation in education.

A review and meta-analysis of age-based stereotype threat: negative stereotypes, not facts, do the damage.

Stereotype threat effects arise when an individual feels at risk of confirming a negative stereotype about their group and consequently underperforms on stereotype relevant tasks (Steele, 2010). Among older people, underperformance across cognitive and physical tasks is hypothesized to result from age-based stereotype threat (ABST) because of negative age-stereotypes regarding older adults’ competence. The present review and meta-analyses examine 22 published and 10 unpublished articles, including 82 effect sizes (N = 3882) investigating ABST on older people’s (Mage = 69.5) performance. The analysis revealed a significant small-to-medium effect of ABST (d = .28) and important moderators of the effect size. Specifically, older adults are more vulnerable to ABST when (a) stereotype-based rather than fact-based manipulations are used (d = .52); (b) when performance is tested using cognitive measures (d = .36); and (c) occurs reliably when the dependent variable is measured proximally to the manipulation. The review raises important theoretical and methodological issues, and areas for future research.