People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya Research Articles

The Correlation Between External and Internal Factors of the Libyan Crisis

Abstract: Nowadays, the region of Middle East and North Africa has become a "testing ground" where the competition between the great powers takes place . The importance of this region is determined by its geopolitical position, concentration of large natural resources, as well as the fact that it represents the greatest threat to the international security - the bases of terrorist organizations, the strengthening role of the group "Islamic State", drug trafficking and the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction (WMD). Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya was one of the most developed and richest countries on the African continent: the crisis events of 2011, which resulted in the overthrow of the government, the murder of Muammar Gaddafi and the crisis in the country. From the viewpoint of the neoclassical realism the Libyan crisis is explored in the article. The causes of the crisis (both internal and external) as as well as the interests of the great powers - the United States of America, France and Britain are analyzed.

Framework Administered Account for Selected Fund Activities-The Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya Subaccount for Selected Fund Activities

The Fund, represented by the Managing Director, has reached understandings with Libya acting through the Central Bank of Libya (“Libya”), to finance capacity building (technical assistance and training) and related activities. On the basis of these understandings, the Managing Director has established the essential terms and conditions of the Subaccount, with which The Socialist People’s Libyan Arab Jamahiriya concurs, with respect to the nature, design, and implementation of the activities to be financed and the method by which the costs of the activities will be financed from the Subaccount.

Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya

Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya

Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya: 2009 Article IV Consultation-Staff Report; Public Information Notice on the Executive Board Discussion; and Statement by the Executive Director for the Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya

Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya: 2009 Article IV Consultation-Staff Report; Public Information Notice on the Executive Board Discussion; and Statement by the Executive Director for the Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya

State Sponsors of Terrorism are Entitled to Due Process Too: The Amended Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act is Unconstitutional

In 1996, Congress, as part of the Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act of 1996, amended the list of noncommercial tort exceptions to sovereign immunity in the Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act (FSIA) in response to a federal court's determination that it lacked subject matter jurisdiction over Libya and alleged Libyan terrorists in Smith v. Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya, one of many cases resulting from the terrorist bombing of Pan Am Flight 103 over Lockerbie, Scotland. The ambiguously worded amendment appears to give federal courts both subject matter jurisdiction, which Congress clearly intended, and personal jurisdiction over the seven nations currently listed by the Executive Branch as state sponsors of terrorism. The United States District Court for the Southern District of New York, the only court to address the amended FSIA, unconstitutionally interpreted it as according the court personal jurisdiction over Libya in the re-filed suit by the survivors, executors, administrators, and personal representatives of those killed over Lockerbie. This Article demonstrates that giving the court personal jurisdiction over a foreign sovereign simply because the Executive Branch has concluded that it is a state sponsor of terrorism or because an offshore terrorist act had some effect in the United States would violate the Due Process Clause of the Fifth Amendment absent the performance of traditional minimum contacts analysis under both the specific and general personal jurisdiction tests.

Proliferation of Weapons of Mass Destruction: The Case of Libya

In December 2003, the Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya (Libya) issued a statement announcing that it had agreed to dismantle its weapons of mass destruction (WMD) programs. Some policymakers in Washington and London were quick to establish connection between Libya's decision and the US-led war in Iraq (2003). Since then, Libya has been presented as a model for other potential proliferators to follow. This article rejects these two propositions. Instead, it argues that the dramatic transition in Libya's stand on WMD can be explained by a cluster of factors — leadership and ideology, economic and political domestic developments, relations with Western powers, and security considerations. The combination of these factors is unique. It is unlikely that the Libyan experience will be repeated in other countries.

Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya: 2008 Article IV Consultation-Staff Report; Public Information Notice on the Executive Board Discussion; and Statement by the Executive Director for the Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya.

"Volume 2008 (2008): Issue 302 (Sep 2008): Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya: 2008 Article IV Consultation-Staff Report; Public Information Notice on the Executive Board Discussion; and Statement by the Executive Director for the Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya." published on 12 Sep 2008 by International Monetary Fund.

The Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya

The Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya

The Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya

The Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya

The Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya: 2006 Article IV Consultation: Staff Report; Staff Statement; Public Information Notice on the Executive Board Discussion; and Statement by the Executive Director for The Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya

The Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya: 2006 Article IV Consultation: Staff Report; Staff Statement; Public Information Notice on the Executive Board Discussion; and Statement by the Executive Director for The Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya

The Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya

The Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya

The Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya

The Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya

Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya 2004 Article IV Consultation-Staff Report; Staff Statement; and Public Information Notice on the Executive Board Discussion.

Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya 2004 Article IV Consultation-Staff Report; Staff Statement; and Public Information Notice on the Executive Board Discussion.

United States (U. S.) Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia (D.C.) Circuit: Sandra Jean Simpson V. Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya

United States (U. S.) Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia (D.C.) Circuit: Sandra Jean Simpson V. Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya

Civil Procedure. Personal Jurisdiction. D. C. Circuit Holds That a Foreign State Is Not a "Person" under the Due Process Clause. Price v. Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya, 294 F.3d 82 (D. C. Cir. 2002)

Civil Procedure. Personal Jurisdiction. D. C. Circuit Holds That a Foreign State Is Not a "Person" under the Due Process Clause. Price v. Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya, 294 F.3d 82 (D. C. Cir. 2002)

The Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya: 2003 Article IV Consultation--Staff Report; Staff Statement; and Public Information Notice on the Executive Board Discussion

The Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya: 2003 Article IV Consultation--Staff Report; Staff Statement; and Public Information Notice on the Executive Board Discussion

Evidence that the terms of petroleum contracts influence the rate of development of oil fields

This paper presents evidence that the main determinant of the rate of development of Libya's crude oil upstream activities, from 1961 to 1999, was the terms of the petroleum contractual agreements, which existed between the state and the international oil industry during that period, and that US sanctions against the Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya failed to affect this rate of development. In keeping with other Members of the Organisation of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC), Libya has, over three decades, been a key player in helping to regulate global production levels of oil and gas. However, the economic and political strengths and weaknesses of individual Members of OPEC vary widely and it is inevitable that the stresses arising from adherence to OPEC policies will vary proportionately to these strengths and weaknesses. It is instructive, therefore, to analyse how successfully Libya has exploited its own petroleum resources. The results are thought‐provoking and send signals to the superpowers of the futility of economic sanctions against countries whose political policies they find distasteful. Further, the analysis highlights the need for OPEC Members to be fully informed of the significance of the terms of the petroleum agreements they employ in their countries.

Smith v. Socialist Peoples Libyan Arab Jamahiriya and Others Hudson v. Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya

382State immunity — Jurisdictional immunity — Subject-matter jurisdiction — Claim for damages against foreign State for alleged involvement in destruction of aircraft by bomb — Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act 1976 (“FSIA”) — Jurisdiction on basis of international agreement existing at time of enactment of the FSIA — Whether United Nations Security Council Resolutions adopted in 1992 under Chapter VII of United Nations Charter, 1945, are elaborations of Charter and qualify as “existing agreements” — United Nations Security Council Resolutions 731 and 748 — Whether Resolutions are self-executing international agreements — Non-commercial tort exception — Requirement that injury occur in United States — Aircraft of United States commercial airline destroyed over Scotland — Whether aircraft part of territory of United States — Implicit waiver of immunity — Whether letter addressed to United Nations in which foreign State guarantees payment of compensation in event of conviction of its nationals for bombing constitutes implicit waiver of immunity from jurisdiction of United States courts — Whether participation in acts violating jus cogens constitutes implicit waiver of immunityInternational organizations — United Nations — Security Council — Security Council resolutions adopted under Chapter VII of the United Nations Charter — Resolutions on Lockerbie bombing — Effects in domestic lawRelationship of international law and municipal law — Resolutions of the United Nations Security Council — Chapter VII of the United Nations Charter — Whether vesting private right of action in individuals — Whether self-executing — The law of the United States

United states: Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit Decision in Bruce Smith, Paul S. Hudson Et Al. V. Socialist people's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya, etc.

United states: Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit Decision in Bruce Smith, Paul S. Hudson Et Al. V. Socialist people's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya, etc.

A Bibliographic Review: Studies of Libya's International Borders

AbstractThe Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya has, since 1980, been involved in no fewer than three important judgments at the International Court of Justice at The Hague, dealing with Libya-Tunisia, the Libya-Malta and the Libya-Chad boundaries. The Government of Libya accepted all the judgments made at the ICJ without equivocation.The settlement of the Mediterranean continental shelf issues with Tunisia (1982) and with Malta (1985) may be seen as technical adjustments leading to a fixing of boundaries in undemarcated areas. Both judgments were comparatively favourable to Libya and extended Libya's area of hydrocarbon activities off-shore.In the matter of Libyan land claims to the Aouzou strip on the Chad borderlands, the situation was rather different. The international boundary between Libya and Chad was laid down under a 1955 convention. In 1972 the Libyan Government annexed the Aouzou strip. The ICJ gave its judgment on 3rd February 1994, by 16 votes to 1 finding that the boundary between the Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya and the Republic of Chad is defined by the Treaty of Friendship and Good Neighbourliness concluded on 10th August 1955 between the French Republic and the United Kingdom of Libya, thus restoring the Aouzou strip to Chad.A select bibliography of sources dealing with Libya's international boundaries is attached, itemising key texts in Western languages.