Language Of People Research Articles

Anglicisms in Omani Arabic: A Study on the Use, Status, and Perception of English Loanwords

The growing dominance of English in fields such as education, technology, business, culture, and politics across the globe has contributed to the existence and spread of Anglicisms in world languages. The use of anglicisms, English loanwords, is a global phenomenon that has a significant impact not only on international communication exchanges but also on people's native languages. Modern varieties of Arabic, including Omani Arabic, are no exception to this growing trend. This research is an attempt to investigate the status of Anglicisms in Omani Arabic. The aim is to determine the factors promoting the use of Anglicisms in day-to-day interactions and people's attitudes towards them. As a method of data collection, the study used focus group discussions that included seventy undergraduate students. The findings of the study showed that anglicisms are consistently used by young Omanis in face-to-face and virtual interactions. Furthermore, the findings revealed that a large number of anglicisms have undergone morphological and phonological adaptation and thus been incorporated into the lexicon of Omani Arabic. This rising trend of anglicisms can be attributed to certain factors including a) the influence and prestige of Anglo-American culture, b) the influence of information and communication technology, c) the internationalization of education, d) lexical voids in the native language, and e) conciseness and expressiveness of English loanwords. Finally, apart from some voices against the unnecessary use of anglicisms in the language, the younger generation seems to accept and have a positive attitude towards the use of English loanwords in day-to-day interactions.

Learning Lessons from the COVID-19 Pandemic-A Qualitative Assessment of the Experiences of Pregnant Latinas Infected with COVID-19 and Their Perspectives on Vaccination.

To examine the experiences of pregnant Hispanic/Latine people with COVID-19, as well as their perspectives on COVID-19 vaccination in pregnancy. We interviewed birthing parents who received care from a teaching hospital in California and tested positive for COVID-19 during pregnancy or delivery. We analyzed transcripts using the constant comparative method for analyzing data to using a phenomological epidemiological approach. We used root cause analysis to identify consistent themes across interviews and assess relationships between social determinants of health and COVID-19 infectivity. We interviewed 14 women from November 2021 to June 2022. Participants reported COVID-19 adversely impacted their clinical care and well-being during pregnancy or postpartum. Impacts among Spanish-speaking participants included unexpected financial hardships, challenges navigating in-patient experiences, and difficulty securing reliable childcare. While most participants were at least partially vaccinated, participants also described doubts and concerns about the vaccine. Our findings suggest that Spanish-speaking Hispanic/Latine patients could benefit from receiving more information about COVID-19 in pregnancy from their healthcare providers. Leveraging familial and social networks, providing reliable information in people's preferred language, and increasing communication through trusted partners may also help combat vaccine hesitancy.

Multilingualism, language choice, and identity construction: Diasporic Ukrainians in Shanghai

AbstractThis article reports on a study of multilingualism, language choice, and identity construction for six Ukrainians in Shanghai, China. Thematic analysis of data collected from netnographic observation, semi‐structured interviews, and narrative frame writing revealed that diasporic Ukrainians’ language choice is both instrumentally strategic and sociopolitically charged; in the public domain, they construct light “citizen of the world” and “nice foreigner” identities; in the private domain, they construct “Ukrainian who speaks Ukrainian language” identity. To understand the seemingly binary or even conflicted situation, we turn to the concept of “social anchoring” and propose a conceptualization of “diasporic people's language choice and identity selection.” This study shows that the construction of diasporic identity is, first of all, an individualistic process, articulating the affective aspect in their seeking psychological stability; it is also a social practice indicating diasporic people's strategies in seeking social stability.

Examining the relationship between online chatting and PISA reading literacy trends (2000-2018)

Strong claims have regularly been made in the popular media about the alleged negative effects of young people's language use in written exchanges via digital media (what is known as textese). This is especially believed to affect their reading and writing skills. However, the scientific research literature has hardly confirmed such effects. Its conclusions are generally based on cross-sectional comparisons between individuals who differ in how much they exchange written messages via digital media. In contrast, the present study examines to what extent per-country changes in the prevalence of online chatting coincide with changes in the reading literacy of consecutive student cohorts. This approach presents a novel perspective. The findings relate to data from the Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) surveys conducted during 2000–2018. The data analysis showed a strong correlation between variations in per-country patterns regarding the spread of online chatting during 2000–2018 and changes in the reading literacy of 15-year-olds. Countries with low chatting prevalence in 2009 showed substantial improvement in reading literacy from 2000 to 2009. These trends typically reversed to declines when after 2009, online chatting prevalence sharply increased in those countries. A contrasting pattern applied to countries with high chatting prevalence in 2009 and decelerating growth in online chatting afterward.

Normal but Different: Autistic Adolescents Who Score Within Normal Ranges on Standardized Language Tests Produce Frequent Linguistic Irregularities in Spontaneous Discourse.

A substantial minority of autistic individuals score within typical ranges on standard language tests, suggesting that autism does not necessarily affect language acquisition. This idea is reflected in current diagnostic criteria for autism, wherein language impairment is no longer included. However, some work has suggested that probing autistic speakers' language carefully may reveal subtle differences between autistic and nonautistic people's language that cannot be captured by standardized language testing. The current study aims to test this idea, by determining whether a group of autistic and nonautistic individuals who score similarly on a standardized test show differences in the number of unconventional and erroneous language features they produce in a spontaneous language sample. Thirty-eight older children and adolescents (19 autistic; 19 nonautistic), between the ages of 10 and 18, were recruited. Both participant groups scored within normal ranges on standardized language and IQ tests. Participants engaged in a "double interview" with an experimenter, during which they were first asked questions by the experimenter about themselves, and then they switched roles, so that it was the participant's turn to ask the experimenter questions. Participants' language during the interview was transcribed and analyzed for linguistic irregularities, including both semantic anomalies and morphosyntactic errors. Group membership accounted for significant variance in irregularity frequency; autistic participants produced more linguistic irregularities than nonautistic participants. Scores on a standardized language test did not improve model fit. Secondary analyses involving irregularity type (semantic vs. morphosyntactic) showed that group differences were primarily driven by relatively high numbers of semantic unconventionalities produced by the autistic group. While the autistic group made more morphosyntactic errors than the nonautistic group, differences in these numbers were only marginally significant. These findings suggest that a commonly used standardized language test does not adequately predict the number and perhaps type of language irregularities produced by some older autistic children and adolescents during spontaneous discourse. Results also suggest that differences in language use, especially semantic differences, may characterize autistic language, even the language produced by people who score within normal ranges on standardized language tests. It is debatable whether differences reflect underlying language impairments and/or a linguistic style adopted/preferred by autistic speakers. In this paper, we discuss both possibilities and offer suggestions to future research for teasing these possibilities apart.

About concept substitution in the philosophical and linguistic beliefs of Wilhelm von Humboldt and its influence on modern linguistics

The article is devoted to exposing the logical fallacy of concept substitution in the philosophical and linguistic beliefs of Wilhelm von Humboldt and its influence on modern linguistics. After paying tribute to the famous scientist, it notes the well-known fact that in his famous 1820 lecture, Humboldt presented the ideas of the stage concept of language in such a way as to affirm the notion of root languages transitioning into incorporative ones, incorporative into agglutinative, and agglutinative into inflectional as the most perfect. It points out that Humboldt's assertion of such transitions was unanimously recognized by the linguistic community as erroneous. The article then gradually examines Humboldt's logically flawed statements, which can be seen as harbingers of the error this article focuses on: the contradiction between the scientist's claims that a people's spirit and language are identical, yet language depends on spirit, and that thinking not only depends on language but is determined by it. Next, the author discusses Humboldt's logical error, exposing which is the purpose of this article: the understanding of language as an independently existing entity, substituting the concept of a human-created communicative system with the concept of a human-created independently acting entity. It is suggested that Humboldt's logical mistake was to some extent caused by the prevailing ideology of idealistic Romanticism, which led him to make language a vivid, independent individuality. Furthermore, Humboldt made this error because of the superficial perception of the mobility of language as caused by its independence, while in fact such mobility is caused by the subconscious thinking of its speakers, which the scientist failed to grasp. Therefore, the article discusses the numerous instances where modern linguists continue to cite and comment positively on these flawed statements by Humboldt, and expresses the hope that this article will somewhat contribute to understanding the fallacy of the studied philosophical and linguistic beliefs of Wilhelm von Humboldt, which in turn will prevent their influence on modern linguistics.

Exploring the role of first language in ecological awareness and communication across Pakistan: A mixed method study

The present study proposes a linguistic habitat that may evoke people's first language (L1) to support a better understanding of current environmental catastrophes and address one pathway to support solution finding. A purposive participant sample consisted of 25 undergraduate students majoring in linguistics was selected to provide input regarding how their first language (Balochi, Balti, Pashto, Punjabi, and Sindhi) might approach ecological problems and consider its role in promoting ecosolidarity. While considering the epistemological perspectives offered by ecolinguistics, the qualitative data were analyzed to determine linguistic resources (words and structures) employed by the participants to describe aspects of the environmental crisis. As an element of the analysis, findings were also explored through quantitative percentages of representation. Findings revealed that while describing the natural environment in Urdu and English, the two official, and dominant languages of Pakistan, the participants often borrowed words and used structures that did not connect directly to first language terminology. This situation not only may result in misunderstandings and misinterpretation of subsequent actions for change, but it also suggests that multiple world voices as native speaker tongues may not have played an integral role in messaging to a broad population of speakers across Pakistan. The study suggests that purposeful, ecological language planning and the application of ecological content to local languages should be part of the ecological dialogue because they have the potential to promote deeper understanding at individual and collective societal levels.

Meningkatkan Pemahaman Makna Konteks Tuturan melalui Bahasa “Plesetan” pada Lagu-lagu Populer Indonesia

The emergence of new languages led to the occurrence of interesting language phenomena, one of which was the language of plesetan. People's language skills are increasingly creative in expressing critical things, including those that are political. This study aims to describe the forms and types of plesetan language games. This research uses a descriptive qualitative approach. The object of this study is specifically determined in the lyrics of popular songs in Indonesia taken from online media. Data in the form of words or sentences in the lyrics of popular songs in Indonesia. Data is transcribed from images and converted into sentences and/or words. Data was collected using documentation, reading, and transcript techniques. The data triangulation technique used, namely source triangulation, is to check several related sources to test the credibility of research data. The data analysis process is carried out using a qualitative model from Miles and Huberman through 3 steps, namely data reduction, data display, and drawing conclusions. The results showed that the plesetan language games that appeared in the lyrics of popular songs in Indonesia proved that people's language skills are increasingly creative in expressing critical things, including political ones. Discussing the use of plesetan language, will be able to increase people's insight in responding to and using pun language, especially in understanding the context of speech in the missed song

Examining the efficacy of online learning in nurturing students' learning: an analysis of students' experiences

PurposeThis research aims to understand how satisfied students were with their online learning experience and how actively engaged they were in their studies.Design/methodology/approachTo study the breadth and depth of students' experiences and fully address the research aims, the researchers utilized a mixed method. Through a survey questionnaire with both closed-ended and open-ended questions, student responses were gathered. On a five-point Likert scale, the closed-ended questions were co-constructed. The research participants included students attending Pakistan's private university in Karachi. Participants from all programs were the authors' focus (i.e. undergraduate and graduate). A total of 552 students completed the survey questionnaire.FindingsThe study reveals students' level of satisfaction with their online encounters. Contextual restrictions, such as power outages, bad internet, a lack of a private place and administrative problems, make it difficult to access and connect during learning sessions. Additionally, the student's perception of online learning as being more secure and safe in terms of their physical safety was an intriguing finding. They also see the integration of online and in-person learning as advantageous because it might reduce travel expenses and time while also giving them access to independent study resources. Given its many benefits, this research supports the use of online learning in higher education. Online education promotes a healthy mix of teacher- and student-centered instruction.Research limitations/implicationsMoreover, the findings indicate that effective non-verbal communication occurs when students interact with a teacher and colleague face-to-face. In a face-to-face teaching situation, good body language may inspire, engage and motivate students. Better learning outcomes result from being able to interpret people's body language, whether it be eye contact or posture, and alter the topic and approach. Keeping in view the recent nature of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, no research has been carried out on this topic to date or on such a wide-scale transition to online learning, specifically in the context of higher education in Pakistan (Dincer, 2018). This research is unique in its kind as it focuses on the impact of online learning on the affective domain as well.Practical implicationsGiven the contextual concerns, teachers must find alternative educational insights that will enable students to reduce listening demands, improve self-learning and promote engagement.Social implicationsTherefore, in the authors' context, it is a unique finding that students felt socially isolated. While numerous studies have examined anxiety, still there is still a dearth of literature regarding stress factors (Dincer, 2018). The current study provided substantial information on the impact of online learning on students' stress levels, and the consequence is that they were strained out because they felt socially isolated. Additionally, these findings are in alignment with the qualitative data showing a problem of student isolation and a lack of engagement. Since the face-to-face mode had provided them with the time and space, they were able to engage in educational socialization outside the boundaries of the classroom, such as casual conversations during breaks, gatherings at coffee shops and working on group projects at the library.Originality/valueThis research was conducted in the context of Pakistan.

Culture of Banjarese Represented in Their Language

Culture and language are like two sides of a coin. Both represent each other in unique ways. Therefore, understanding a certain culture can be achieved by understanding people's language. This research objective was to describe the representation of Banjarese culture in their daily language use. This paper was written as descriptive qualitative research, and the observation method and interview were used to collect the data, and it was analyzed based on an Anthropolinguistics point of view. The author found that the Banjarese language portrayed the culture of the Banjarese people. It was represented in the phonological form, the concept of respect, faith, and literary works.

Ethics and Impacts of Entertainment Media

The entertainment media plays a significant role in people’s lives and has ethical implications as well. However,audience is primarily unaware of the effects of content consumption, particularly when it comes to entertainmentmedia. On the other hand, Ethics is also being neglected while influenced by media content. The researcherconsiders the ethics and impact of entertainment media as an essential part of the study, with cultivation theoryserving as the theoretical framework. The purpose of the study was to investigate the moral implications and effectsof entertainment media (such as dramas, films, talk shows, reality shows, and others) on young people. Determininghow young people's attitudes, influences, behaviours, and language have changed as a result of watchingentertainment media. Data was gathered using the survey method from university students. According to the study'sfindings, media content, which is typically thought to have a positive influence, can have negative consequences onpeople, especially young people. As 46% of young people feel that entertainment media content shape theirattitudes, behaviours, ethical values, and language, media have both positive and negative effects on these traits.Nearly 55% of youth believed that media content influences them both consciously and unconsciously. As a resultof entertainment media, the study discovered that many respondents use slang. Intriguingly, the study found that48% of youngsters believe that negative behaviours including lying, cheating, westernization, and interpersonalaggression have been normalized by entertainment media. While 49% of people claim to have sexual desires afterviewing erotic

Reflections of Enculturation and Acculturation in Chabacano Folklores of Zamboanga City

This qualitative, descriptive, and analytical research study aimed to describe the perception of Zamboangueño-Chabacano through a sociological lens. The examination of the data centers on Chabacano folklore gathered from several trustworthy sources. The enculturation and acculturation types of culture were used to categorize these non-material cultures. It is essential to comprehend Zamboangueo-Chabacano culture to preserve cultural traditions and develop programs that may be used in the classroom to promote greater literacy. Seventeen of the thirty-five described civilizations are enculturated, while 18 are acculturated. The Chabacano folklores that best capture the Zamboangueo-Chabacano culture emphasize respect for other people's languages, races, and cities, a firm belief in God, perseverance, diligence, courage, resourcefulness, and an acceptance of paranormal phenomena (kababalaghan). The research's findings corroborate the idea that the influence of Spanish culture and great devotion to Catholicism played an essential role in the lives of the Zamboangueño-Chabacano by showing that the majority of the culture depicted in Chabacano folklore is acculturation.

FILM TRANSLATION ISSUES AND SPECIALIZED FIELD TECHNIQUES

A new area of art and translation is film translation, which is a type of mass multimedia translation. Film culture, and particularly film, has been recognized as one of the key cultural expressions in contemporary society within the international communication. Beyond the realm of art, it has permeated society and had a significant impact on the development of people's values, language, and way of life. This paper attempts to classify some practicable principles and requirements that account for successful film translation and can be used to direct the practice of film translation which is not an easy task as most people think of. Some guidelines are proposed bearing in mind the characteristics of film translation (dubbing and subtitling) in comparison to general translation. Bearing in mind that it also refers to the process of translation where the process of harmonising the meaning and expression in a source language with the meaning of target language is of huge significance, Theory of Translation is also briefly discussed. The advantages and disadvantages of both film translation techniques, i.e. dubbing and subtitling, are described as the preference of prevailing one of them over the other in a typical genre is also mentioned. Some advice and guidelines are provided before delving headfirst into the challenging task of producing a correct translation of a film for a voiceover, it is important to become familiar with the translation techniques, translation as a procedure and processes required for the project.

National and Cultural Peculiarities of the Use of Phraseological Expressions in Chinese and Russian

Idioms are the essence of a people's language and have a distinctive important national character. An idiom is a frequently used phrase that plays an important role in everyday communication. The differences in the structure, metaphorical use, the origin of the precedent phrases reveal the individuality of the two languages and cultures. The article provides a comparative analysis of the use of idioms in Russian and Chinese. Although modern vocabulary is a part of the language, which has greatly developed and changed, this does not mean that all its laws are in a state of fluidity there are two kinds of lexical laws - static and dynamic. The aim of the research is to carry out the analysis of Russian and Chinese phraseological expressions. The subject of the research is the national and cultural peculiarities of the use of phraseological expressions. Methods of research - analysis of scientific sources on the topic of research. Results of work. In Russian language idioms are called "salt of life" and "fruit of historical wisdom". In this article we will first try to discuss the lexical features of modern language to shed light on this topic. The results of the study can be applied in further comparison of the phraseological units of the two countries. The novelty of the research is due to the lack of scientific elaboration of the issue. All this actualizes the chosen topic of our research.

Effects of social skills on lexical alignment in human-human interaction and human-computer interaction

Over the past decade, people's language behaviors towards computer partners have been capturing growing interests with the prevalence of interaction with dialogue systems. However, it remains controversial whether people perceive and respond to computer and human partners in the same way. To address this issue, the current study investigated whether speakers converge with their conversational partner on lexical choices (i.e., lexical alignment) to the same extent when they believed the partner was a human (i.e., human-human interaction, HHI) and when they believed the partner was a computer (i.e., human-computer interaction, HCI), and whether the strength of lexical alignment is moderated by individuals' social skills in the same fashion in HHI and HCI. A speech-based picture naming and matching task was adopted to measure participants' lexical alignment towards their conversational partner while participants' social skills were assessed by using the Chinese University-students Social Skill Inventory (ChUSSI). Results indicated that lexical alignment in HCI was stronger than that in HHI (79.5% vs. 58.6%). In addition, participants' social skills score, in particular the score on protecting Partner's Mianzi (i.e., dignity and prestige) in the ChUSSI significantly predicted participants' propensity of lexical alignment in HHI but didn't in HCI. More specifically, participants who were evaluated to be more concerned with others' social standing were significantly more likely to align with their partner in the HHI context (β = 0.896, Z = 2.847, p < 0.001), but this correlation did not hold in HCI (β = −0.333, Z = −1.241, p = 0.214). These findings shed light on the potential boundary between speakers' representations of human and computer interlocutors.

Home language use and shift in Australia: Trends in the new millennium.

The 25 million Australians today are identified with more than 300 ancestries. People's home language use and shift patterns had demonstrated great variations as more immigrants from Asia-Pacific regions entered Australia. The ethnolinguistic composition of Australia's population had undergone substantial changes in the last few decades. Based on the statistics from Australian censuses, the present paper aims to analyze the changes of people's home language use and the shift patterns in the new Millennium. Five sets of census data released by Australian Bureau of Statistics were adopted as the secondary data source and descriptive analysis was conducted to disclose the dynamic picture of different home languages in Australia after 2000. The results suggest that the number of home language speakers in Australia has soared up quickly in the last two decades and great variations have been found between the traditional European migrant groups and the newly Asian arrivers. Mandarin has overtaken Italian and Greek to become the most populous home language other than English used in Australia since 2011 and great regional differences were also found to exist among different states and territories. Moreover, the ranking order of different home language speakers had changed considerably as compared with that in the last century. The language shift rates of different language communities and their cross-tabulations with generations, gender, age, and duration of residence in the latest available censuses after 2000 also revealed diverse developmental directions. The findings give us a glimpse of the current status of different home languages in Australia and help us to identify the potential factors impacting the shifting trends of different language communities. A better understanding of the language needs of different migrant communities may further help policymakers set more effective plans to accommodate an increasingly diverse Australian society.

Synthesis of Affective Expressions and Artificial Intelligence to Discover Mental Distress in Online Community.

Looking at the rapidity the social media has gained ascendancy in the society, coupled with considerable shortage of addressing the health of the social media users, there is a pressing need for employing mechanized systems to help identify individuals at risk. In this study, we investigated potential of people's social media language in order to predict their vulnerability towards the future episode of mental distress. This work aims to (a) explore the most frequent affective expressions used by online users which reflect their mental health condition and (b) develop predictive models to detect users with risk of psychological distress. In this paper, dominant sentiment extraction techniques were employed to quantify the affective expressions and classify and predict the incident of psychological distress. We trained a set of seven supervised machine learning classifiers on logs crowd-sourced from 2500 Indian Social Networking Sites (SNS) users and validated with 3149 tweets collected from Indian Twitter. We test the model on these two different SNS datasets with different scales and ground truth labeling method and discuss the relationship between key factors and mental health. Performance of classifiers is evaluated at all classification thresholds; accuracy, precision, recall, F1-score. and experimental results show a better traction of accuracies ranging from ~ 82 to ~ 99% as compared to the models of relevant existing studies. Thus, this paper presents a mechanized decision support system to detect users' susceptibility towards mental distress and provides several evidences that it can be utilized as an efficient tool to preserve the psychological health of the social media users.

How to go from popular to dissipating ?----The process and mechanism of the Chinese internet buzzword “YYDS”

In this era of rapid Internet development, Internet buzzwords have gradually penetrated into all aspects of people's lives. However, it is not clear how the process, mechanism, and micro-level application of Internet buzzwords work and their impact on people's language habits and thinking patterns. In order to explore the process and mechanism of the spread of Internet buzzwords, this paper selected the Chinese online buzzword "YYDS" (eternal God in English, Yong Yuan De Shen in Chinese) and examined its usage on the Weibo through content analysis. Then, the data obtained were analyzed and discussed. The results show that the application of the term in the Chinese context has a clear bias in terms of subjects, topics and emotional expressions, and its dissemination process can be divided into six stages: germination, precipitation, warm-up, explosion, stabilization and decline, while opinion leaders and mainstream media play important and different roles in its life cycle. This exploration provides scientific and practical reference materials for subsequent analysis and research on online language.

How to go from popular to dissipating ?----The process and mechanism of the Chinese internet buzzword “YYDS”

In this era of rapid Internet development, Internet buzzwords have gradually penetrated into all aspects of people's lives. However, it is not clear how the process, mechanism, and micro-level application of Internet buzzwords work and their impact on people's language habits and thinking patterns. In order to explore the process and mechanism of the spread of Internet buzzwords, this paper selected the Chinese online buzzword "YYDS" (eternal God in English, Yong Yuan De Shen in Chinese) and examined its usage on the Weibo through content analysis. Then, the data obtained were analyzed and discussed. The results show that the application of the term in the Chinese context has a clear bias in terms of subjects, topics and emotional expressions, and its dissemination process can be divided into six stages: germination, precipitation, warm-up, explosion, stabilization and decline, while opinion leaders and mainstream media play important and different roles in its life cycle. This exploration provides scientific and practical reference materials for subsequent analysis and research on online language.

Bridging interpersonal and ecological dynamics of cognition through a systems framework of bilingualism.

Human cognition occurs within social contexts, and nowhere is this more evident than language behavior. Regularly using multiple languages is a globally ubiquitous individual experience that is shaped by social environmental forces, ranging from interpersonal interactions to ambient language exposure. Here, we develop a Systems Framework of Bilingualism, where embedded layers of individual, interpersonal, and ecological sociolinguistic factors jointly predict people's language behavior. Of note, we quantify interpersonal and ecological language dynamics through the novel applications of language-tagged social network analysis and geospatial demographic analysis among 106 English-French bilingual adults in Montréal, Canada. Consistent with a Systems view, we found that people's individual language behavior, on a global level (i.e., overall language use), was jointly predicted by the language characteristics of their interpersonal social networks and the ambient linguistic patterns of their residential neighborhood environments, whereas more granular aspects of language behavior (i.e., word-level proficiency) was mainly driven by local, interpersonal social networks. Together, this work offers a novel theoretical framework, bolstered by innovative analytic techniques to quantify complex social information and empower more holistic assessments of multifaceted human behaviors and cognition, like language. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).