Evacuation Of People Research Articles

Chapters of history of the Soviet veterinary science during the Great Patriotic War (1941–1945)

The research and military activities of the Soviet veterinary service in the context of the Great Patriotic War of 1941-1945 are shown. Data on the work of veterinary specialists under wartime conditions to ensure the veterinary and sanitary welfare of the country's livestock and to prevent the wide spread of epizootic diseases and increase the effectiveness of therapeutic measures are provided. The successful evacuation of people, animals and related equipment from the occupied front-line territories is described, followed by the re-evacuation of animals from the liberated areas. At the beginning of the war the military veterinary service in a short time was transferred to a standard wartime mode: the bodies of the fronts and armies veterinary service management were established, as well as the field veterinary institutions. Particular attention was paid to the army's cavalry. 3,555,764 wounded and sick horses were treated at the veterinary clinics of the Red Army, of whom 2,147,494 animals (91.59%) were cured and returned to service. The results of the activities of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR in wartime conditions were given. Scientific institutions were asked to review the topics and methods of research work to strengthen the defense and military power and national economy of the country. Veterinary science developed and provided civilian and military services with reliable ways to prevent dangerous infectious and effective care for surgical and non-contagious diseases. The national government's assessment of the work of military, scientific, and civilian veterinary specialists was given. Many of them received state awards for their valorous labor during wartime.

Eruption of Nyiragongo Volcano in May 2021 degassing of CO2 before and after eruption in the atmosphere

The Nyiragongo volcano is located in the western part of the African Rift. The deep fractures allow the upwelling of gases before and after the eruption, especially carbon dioxide (CO2). We want to understand the behaviour of carbon dioxide before and after the eruption of the Nyiragongo volcano on 22 May 2021. The Nyiragongo volcano erupted on the evening of Saturday 22 May 2021 at 18:15 local time in Goma, about 20 km north of the city of Goma. The lava flowed in two directions from the flanks of the volcano, one flow coming to a halt in the northeastern suburbs of Goma, The other flow cut off one kilometre of the national road 4 linking Goma to Butembo, a major regional road vital for the supply of the city of Goma, causing 32 victims, the production of several volatile gases in the atmosphere, the destruction of 17 villages in the territory of Nyiragongo and the cracking of the ground in the city of Goma and Gisenyi. The Nyiragongo Volcano is infamous for its extremely fluid lava that flows like water when the lava lake flows, which is monitored by the scientific community of the Goma Volcanological Observatory (O.V.G), the lava lake is the seat of an intense gas production. CO2 is a gas that is heavier than air, asphyxiating, and deadly at a concentration of 15%. The variation of CO2 in the different sites allows us to study the behaviour of the Nyiragongo Volcano, one Month before the eruption, the CO2 showed an increasing trend in some sites and a few Months after the eruption we observed a slight decrease in all the CO2 monitoring sites. Nyiragongo is an important contributor of CO2 and SO2 to the troposphere. This 2021 eruption is similar to the one of 17 January 2002, which caused the death of about 100 people and the evacuation of several people. The most deadly eruption of Nyiragongo was in 1977, when more than 600 people died.Post-eruption seismic activity was characterised by a large number of earthquakes of magnitude 3.5 or more. A few earthquakes of magnitudes greater than 3.5 have been recorded by global seismic networks (USGS), the strongest of which had a magnitude of 5.2 in 2002.Compared to other eruptions that Nyiragongo volcano has experienced, the seismic activity before the eruption of 22 May 2021 was not too alarming. This is because there were no strong earthquakes (greater than or equal to 3.5) that preceded the eruption a few months before, as had been noted in previous eruptions. After eruption, exceptional seismic activity was noticed. Many earthquakes of magnitudes greater than or equal to 3.5 were recorded by the local seismographic network. These earthquakes were felt, the strongest having a magnitude of 5.2

Оценка токсичности не распространяющих горение сигнальных кабелей при пожаре в производственных помещениях

Currently, flame retardant materials made from polymers with flame retardant additives are widely used. However, the thermal effects of the fire on these materials from the point of view of the release of toxic gases are not sufficiently studied. The purpose of the article is an experimental assessment of the toxicity of the gaseous environment of a room during thermal decomposition of flame retardant signal cables used in the industrial premises and in the buildings with a massive presence of people. Experimental method is used for studying the process of formation of the hydrogen cyanide and carbon monoxide during thermal decomposition of the cable product samples in a small-scale pilot plant. The analysis of the obtained results was carried out. Density of the radiant heat flux incident on the cable surface, which is characteristic of a fire in a room, is modeled. Dependences are obtained concerning the partial densities of hydrogen cyanide and carbon monoxide, as well as the specific emission coefficients of these gases on the duration of experiments in the case of thermal decomposition of a modern flame retardant signal cable of the ng LS FR HF E1180 brand, the insulation of which is made of polymers with flame retardant additives. It is found that this cable under real fire conditions can release toxic compounds (carbon monoxide and hydrogen cyanide) in the concentrations exceeding their maximum allowable values during the evacuation of people from the premises. The obtained values of the specific mass coefficients of formation of CO and HCN, as well as the specific mass coefficient of O2 absorption, can be used in the mathematical models of the dynamics of fire hazards when calculating the time of blocking escape routes in the industrial premises, as well as in the buildings with a mass stay of people, where flame retardant signal cables are located.

System of Integrated Simulation of Spread of Hazardous Factors of Fire and Evacuation of People from Indoors

System of Integrated Simulation of Spread of Hazardous Factors of Fire and Evacuation of People from Indoors

Development of an information system and software for effective building evacuation plan

The main goal of the work is to create the optimal emergency evacuation plan in general education institutions according to the schedule at a certain time. The work developed an information model of the evacuation system, taking into account the schedule of classes and classrooms. The methodology of the system approach, which ensures the compatibility of heterogeneous devices to find an operationally optimal evacuation plan in real time, was developed. A conceptual scheme of an evacuation system using heterogeneous sources of receiving and transmitting information about emergencies is proposed. Determined the input and output sources of receiving and transmitting information about the number of people in the building. Developed software for the rapid and most effective evacuation of people from the educational institution and can be used for other types of buildings. The importance of this work is the creation of an integrated evacuation information system based on mathematical modeling of multi-criteria optimization problem of flow distribution and design, construction technology receiving and transmitting data and information notification systems for the selected type of building. in order to adopt an operational evacuation plan. The results of this paper allow the systematic organization of evacuation training, preparing resources so that in the event of an emergency it is possible to quickly respond and conduct the evacuation process to avoid major consequences. The use of information technology greatly increases the efficiency of evacuation systems, so the development of new integrated and intelligent info-communication approaches to solve the problem of evacuation is currently very relevant

Research on PKIM Energy Construction Engineering Software System Based on Building BIM Technology

In order to study building BIM technology PKIM energy building engineering software system, firstly, the building collaborative platform based on BIM technology and PKPM professional software BIM technology application is constructed. Then, it introduces that PKPM connects all aspects of construction projects through the core 3D data model and takes the lead in realizing the BIM concept of information datalization, data modeling, and model generalization, thus realizing the full utilization of building model data in the whole life cycle. Finally, this paper introduces the seismic analysis method of structure based on BIM platform, taking a complex building with a transfer storey structure as an example. The experiment shows that the BIM model can be used to analyze and calculate the building performance, such as sunshine, energy consumption, daylighting, and evacuation of people, and complete the green building design. The BIM model can also generate professional construction drawings of buildings, structures, and equipment.

Solid particle deposition of indoor material combustion products

Heavy smoke emission during fires hampers evacuation of people and movement of rescue teams to a fire source. It is often pyrolysis and combustion products that cause deaths from fires in closed spaces. Fire sprinkler system activation does not always lead to efficient smoke deposition. Sometimes, a fire suppression liquid supply, on the contrary, deteriorates fire evacuation conditions. The study of smoke generation and deposition characteristics is an essential prerequisite for improving rescue technologies during fires. The purpose of this research was to define the characteristics of deposition of solid combustion product particles of a group of typical construction and finishing materials in closed spaces: wood, linoleum, rubber, etc. Solid particles (pyrolysis products) have been distributed by size and concentration. The smoke generation and extinction coefficients, as well as deposition rates of smoke aerosol particles with and without using water aerosol have been determined. The ranges of optical properties of smoke aerosol have been specified. The time of dispersed water impact on smoke aerosol was varied to evaluate its effect on the mass rate of deposition of solid combustion product particles. The characteristics of absorption of laser radiation with different wavelengths in flue gases have been defined to identify the most advantageous colors of reflector materials used to manufacture direction signs for the evacuation of people from the combustion zone.

Contemporary Atrium Architecture: A Sustainable Approach to the Determination of Smoke Ventilation Criteria in the Event of a Fire

Atria within buildings present an environment which allows smoke to spread around a building in a fire situation. This could create dangerous conditions for the evacuation of people. Smoke control ventilation systems in atria work in the case of a fire, keeping evacuation routes available for people. They play a significant role in sustainable, holistic building fire strategies, and are most often designed following prescriptive requirements. However, contemporary, complex atria with additional architectural elements—such as transversal balconies—may not meet the standard approach, and require individual, performance-based research. This article proves a thesis that the atrium’s architecture can impact the effectiveness of smoke control systems, and suggests how to verify them based on CFD simulations. In the presented example, the authors suggest an improvement of people’s safety in a fire scenario by extending the preliminary smoke control system parameters, or by providing smoke curtains at additional levels of the atrium.

К вопросу о структуре цифровых двойников опасных производственных объектов

The structure of the digital twin of a hazardous production facility is considered, the construction of which is based on the concept approved by the Coordinating Committee for Integrated Automation of Production and Technological Processes, Metrological Support and Communications of PJSC Gazprom. Overview is given concerning the innovative developments in the field of fire and industrial safety reflecting the process of digital transformation of safety technologies. Among them: remote monitoring systems at hazardous production facilities designed to carry out permanent state supervision; robotic complexes for fire extinguishing; software systems for scenario modeling of accidents, fires and evacuation of people, risk assessment, calculation of parameters of the affecting factors; virtual training complexes for interactive training of the personnel; digital twins of oil fields, gas turbines, nuclear power plants. Based on the reviewed scientific papers and federal legislation in the field of industrial safety, the concept of a digital twin of a hazardous production facility is formulated, and the principal structure of its technical equipment is considered. The function of each element of the digital twin structure of a hazardous production facility is established. Typical tasks solved by means of digital twins of hazardous production facilities and the effects of their implementation are identified. SWOT-analysis was conducted related to the advantages, disadvantages, opportunities, and negative factors in the digital transformation of hazardous production facilities. The image of future industrial systems with the use of digital twins in the field of industrial safety was formed.

Justifying calculations of people warning and evacuation algorithms in case of fire in accordance with its source location variants and combustion development dynamic

Modern warning and people evacuation management systems in case of fire are able to implement different notification options (with a start evacuation delay) and different people groups routing, which reduces their flows density and the critical congestions formation probability on the evacuation routes. For these systems potential technical capabilities practical realization, warning and evacuation algorithms are required in accordance with the fire source location, the combustion development dynamic, the characteristic parameters of the object and the evacuating people. Such algorithms generation is possible on the basis of information about the current values and fire hazards increase dynamic in the premises and on the evacuation routes. The necessary information can be obtained as a result of numerical studies using software tools that implement mathematical models of heat and mass transfer and gas dynamic processes, as well as the evacuating people flows movement processes in case of fire. One of the algorithms examples for alerting and evacuating people for the educational institution building is presented. The calculated data make it possible to predict and evaluate the people safe evacuation fundamental possibility in case of fire and to propose space-planning, technical and organizational solutions and measures for its successful implementation.

The safe evacuation of persons from a building operating within COVID-19 restrictions

Buildings’ environmental conditions were changed drastically around the world due to the COVID-19 pandemic hazards and restrictions. New social distance rules and organizational changes in the buildings appeared to require a modified fire safety evacuation analysis. The total number of building users under the revised requirements was often limited. Some additional restrictions, such as the reduction of evacuation exit availability, could cause escape problems in the case of fire. In order to determine how the pandemic restrictions could influence the evacuation conditions, a sports hall building was used to assess the impact of the restrictions on evacuation strategies. The research covered test evacuation simulations using the ‘Pathfinder’ modelling software, as well as manual calculations of the expected evacuation time. It was found that the pandemic social distance requirements could cause adverse evacuation conditions in the case of fire. The research helped formulate a simple mathematical algorithm for determining safety evacuation parameters under pandemic restrictions.Practical applicationThe surrounding conditions for new buildings are driven by the reduction of social distances imposed by the COVID-19 pandemic. It has been found that pandemic social distancing can significantly extend the time of the evacuation of people. This article proposes a new simple mathematical algorithm for determining the evacuation parameters under pandemic restrictions, which allows the estimation of the required minimum width of emergency exits. This is a practical tool for those responsible for ensuring safety in buildings.

Performance-Based Analysis in Evaluation of Safety in Car Parks under Electric Vehicle Fire Conditions

Even though electric vehicles (EV) were invented over a century ago, their popularity has grown significantly within the last 10 years due to the development of Li-ion battery technology. This evolution created an increase in the fire risk and hazards associated with this type of high-energy battery. This review focuses on lessons learned from electric vehicle fires and fire risk mitigation measures for passenger road vehicles partially or fully powered by Li-ion batteries. The paper presents EV fire risks, as well as historical car fires, published large-scale fire tests, and some proposed fire protection strategies in the aspect of electromobility safety for the future. Technical solutions for EV fire hazard mitigation are discussed, and methods of performance-based analysis and simulations for fire safety in car park evaluation are demonstrated. The Fire Dynamic Simulator (FDS) was used for the CFD simulations for the prediction of smoke dispersion and temperature distribution during an EV fire. The presented case study demonstrates how fire simulations could predict conditions for the safe evacuation of people and Fire Brigade intervention conditions in the case of an EV fire in a car park.

Оценка факторов, влияющих на поведение сотрудников службы безопасности торгово-развлекательных центров при организации эвакуации

Purpose. The analysis of fires and research in the field of evacuation has shown that at present there are a number of problems in evacuating people from shopping and entertainment centers, in particular, the personnel of these facilities do not always have the appropriate training, as well as practical skills required to act in case of fire. The purpose of the study is to determine the factors evacuation organization from shopping and entertainment centers. To achieve this goal it was necessary to conduct a survey of managers, security personnel, and the staff of shopping and entertainment centers, and analyze the obtained results. The choice of this category of respondents is due to the fact that in most cases they are the ones who the decision-making by evacuees depends on. Methods. To formalize the decision-making process and obtain data on knowledge and attitude of the staff of shopping and entertainment centers in the field of organizing and managing evacuation, identifying their quantitative parameters, the survey method has been used. Findings. In the course of the study, a survey of managers and the security staff members (768 respondents) was conducted. The important facts in the field of organizing evacuation process have been identified. The procedure of employees’ actions in organizing evacuation has been formalized. Algorithms for actions of security staff members in case of fire have been determined. Research application field. In the course of further work, it is planned to implement the obtained algorithms into the simulator of the evacuation process during the simulation, which will make it possible to determine the optimal strategies for organizing evacuation of people. Conclusions. In the course of further work, it is planned to implement the obtained algorithms into the simulator of the evacuation process during the simulation, which will make it possible to determine the optimal strategies for organizing evacuation of people.

ЗАБЕЗПЕЧЕННЯ ЗАХИСТУ ЛЮДЕЙ ВІД НАДЗВИЧАЙНИХ СИТУАЦІЙ, ПОВ’ЯЗАНИХ З ПОЖЕЖАМИ В БУДІВЛЯХ, ЯКІ НАЛЕЖАТЬ ДО ОБ’ЄКТІВ КУЛЬТУРНОЇ СПАДЩИНИ

Purpose. Ensuring the protection of people from emergency situations related to fires in buildings belonging to cultural heritage sites by means of mathematical modeling of dynamic processes and phenomena characteristic of fire. Methods. The FDS software complex, which numerically solves the Navier-Stokes equation for low-speed temperature-dependent flows, was used to determine the dangerous factors of fire. An analytical model of the movement of people during a fire was used to calculate the evacuation time. Results. Based on the results of the simulation, the values of fire hazard factors in the volume of the building have been calculated, and the dependence of the indicators on time has also been determined. The obtained data illustrate the spread of dangerous fire factors in premises with a complex planning scheme. They are necessary for the rational placement of people in order to increase their safety in the event of an emergency. Due to mathematical modeling, we get information about which security measures should be given special attention. Scientific novelty of the obtained results lies in the fact that for the conditions of precisely such parameters of the volume-planning decisions of the building, the time of the onset of the critical value of dangerous fire factors and the time of evacuation of people from the premises have been determined. Practical significance of the obtained results lies in the possibility of using the principles and approaches presented in the work for similar cultural heritage sites to determine the necessary evacuation time, which allows increasing the safety of visitors and staff during an emergency situation. In this type of premises, special emphasis should be placed on equipping with visual indicators of evacuation routes.

Оценка поведения персонала магазинов торгово-развлекательных центров при организации эвакуации людей

Introduction. Fires in shopping and entertainment centers often receive a wide public response. First of all, this is due to the large number of dead and injured people. The results of domestic and foreign studies in the field of evacuation indicate that the behavior of personnel is one of the key factors affecting the safety of people in case of fire. However, the analysis of information about large fires at such facilities showed that the staff of shopping and entertainment centers does not always have the appropriate level of training and skills to organize the evacuation of visitors to the facility, which negatively affects the process under consideration. The established facts confirm the relevance of the research topic. Goals and objectives. The purpose of the study is to establish the factors influencing the process of organizing the evacuation of people by collecting and analyzing information about the actions of personnel when various signs of fire appear. To achieve this goal, it is necessary to conduct a survey of persons responsible for the evacuation of visitors to shopping and entertainment centers. Methods. To formalize the decision-making process and obtain data on the behavior of the staff of shopping and entertainment centers when organizing the evacuation of visitors, identifying their quantitative parameters and prevalence, a proven method of individual questioning was used. Results and its discussion. In the course of the study, a survey of the staff of shops of shopping and entertainment centers (384 respondents) was conducted. Important facts in the field of organization of the evacuation process have been revealed. Algorithms of personnel actions have been established when various signs of fire appear, as well as the procedure for organizing evacuation has been formalized. Conclusions. The results obtained will be applied in the development of an information and analytical system to support management decision-making in the organization of evacuation from shopping and entertainment centers. Computer simulation of evacuation, taking into account the algorithms obtained, will allow us to determine rational strategies for organizing the evacuation of people. Keywords: survey, evacuation organization, store staff, shopping and entertainment center, decision support.

Emergency evacuation and vulnerable people: a case study of a chemical exposure emergency scenario involving people with disabilities

Emergency evacuation of critical infrastructures, e.g., airports and high density crowd buildings, like shopping centres or entertainment venues, is considered a critical issue in terms of evacuees' safety; bottlenecks may lead to crowd jamming, causing evacuation delays and possibly putting in danger the evacuees. Vulnerable people, such as people with disabilities are more likely to be injured or killed in an emergency, triggered by a natural or man-made disaster; they are rarely consulted on provisions for their safety and most of them are not prepared for emergencies. This case-study involves the evacuation of people with disabilities at an airport terminal due to a chemical exposure event, under a broader emergency evacuation exercise, targeting at: a) proposing a 'Critical Indicators list' for the inclusion of people with disabilities in evacuation exercises of public buildings; b) providing the lessons learned; and c) reflecting on suggestions regarding preparedness, evacuation and triage in such events.

Street Level Flood Monitoring and Warning System, a conceptual model using IoT: A Case of Surat City

Most of the natural disasters are unpredictable, but the most frequent occurring catastrophic event over the globe is flood. Developing countries are severely affected by the floods because of the high frequencies of floods. The developing countries do not have good forecasting system compared to the developed country. The metro cities are also settled near the coast or river bank which are the most vulnerable places to floods. This study proposes plan for street level flood monitoring and warning system for the Surat city, India. Waterlogging happens in the low lying area of the Surat city due to heavy storm and heavy releases from the Ukai dam. The high releases from upstream Ukai dam and heavy rainfall resulted into flooding in the low lying area of the Surat city. This research proposed a wireless water level sensor network system for the street water level flood monitoring. The system is proposed to monitor the water levels of different areas of city through the wireless water level sensors as well as to capture live photos using CCTV camera. This will help authority not only to issue flood warning but also to plan flood mitigation measures and evacuation of people.

Climate change, fires and their impact on safety

Our planet is warming due to climate change. Along with this, the incidence of fires is increasing. Fires negatively affect the environment. Fire prevention is one of the safety priorities in the Czech Republic and in the world. One aspect of safety is the evacuation of people, animals and potentially property. The paper will present a case study of escape route ventilation.

Study on the Effect of Jet Direction of Compound Air Curtain on Smoke Control

High temperature smoke caused by fire is a major cause of casualties. In order to ensure the safety of personnel, it is very important to control the spread of smoke and enable personnel to quickly withdraw from the fire scene. While traditional hard isolation, such as fire doors, may hinder the safe evacuation of people, the use of an air curtain as a flexible isolation has received more and more attention from researchers. In this paper, the influence of jet direction of compound air curtain on the smoke control effect was studied, and six working conditions were designed. The temperature and smoke isolation of the compound air curtain were numerically simulated by using ANSYS FLUENT software. The parameters such as temperature, velocity pressure and velocity streamline were analyzed, and the smoke control effects of six different jet directions were discussed. The simulation results were verified by Pyrosim fire simulation software simulation software. The results show that the direction of jet flow has a significant influence on the smoke control effect, and the fire smoke control effect under working conditions 4 and 5 is better. The working condition 5 (both air curtain A and air curtain B have outward jet direction) has the best smoke prevention effect, which is suitable for a situation that is close to the fire source. Working condition 4 (outward direction of air curtain A and inward direction of air curtain B) has the second-best effect of smoke prevention, which is suitable for situations far from the fire source.

Evacuation of vulnerable people during a Natech: a case study of a flood and factory explosion in Japan

PurposeThis study investigated pre-evacuation times and evacuation behaviors of vulnerable people during the 2018 flooding in Shimobara, Okayama, Japan, and the flood-triggered factory explosion, a natural hazard-triggered technological accident known as a natural-hazard-triggered technological accidents (Natech). This study examined factors that affected evacuation decisions and pre-evacuation time, estimated the evacuation time in case of no explosion and identified community disaster prevention organization response efforts for vulnerable people.Design/methodology/approachInterviews with all 18 vulnerable people who experienced the event were conducted. Multiple regression analysis was used to examine the effect of six factors on evacuation time and reasons for delayed evacuation.FindingsFactors affecting evacuation decisions included the sound of the explosion, followed by recommendations from relatives and the community disaster prevention organization. Explosion-related injuries delayed early evacuation, but experience of previous disasters and damage had a positive effect on early evacuation. The explosion sound accelerated evacuation of non-injured people; however, explosion-related injuries significantly delayed evacuation of injured individuals. The Shimobara community disaster prevention organization’s disaster response included a vulnerable people registry, visits to all local households and a multilayered approach that enabled monitoring of all households.Originality/valueThis is the first study to examine the evacuation behavior of vulnerable people and community responses during a Natech event.