Death In People Research Articles

Pandemic Grief Reaction and Intolerance of Uncertainty on the Cognitive-Behavioral Model of COVID-Related Hypochondriasis Among Firefighters.

This study aimed to explore the feasibility of cognitive-behavioral model hypochondriasis regarding coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) among firefighters. In addition, we examined the possible role of their grief reaction and intolerance of uncertainty in the model of COVID-related hypochondriasis. An anonymous online survey was done on October 27-28, 2022, among firefighters who witnessed people's death. Demographic characteristics were collected, and their psychological states were assessed using rating scales such as the Obsession with COVID-19 Scale (OCS), Coronavirus Reassurance-Seeking Behaviors Scale (CRBS), Fear of COVID-19 Scale (FCV-19S), Pandemic Grief Scale (PGS), and Intolerance of Uncertainty Scale-12 (IUS-12). Their OCS score was expected by the CRBS (β=0.30, p<0.001), FCV-19S (β=0.10, p<0.001), PGS (β=0.29, p<0.001), and IUS12 (β=0.04, p=0.024) (F=134.5, p<0.001). The COVID-related cognitive-behavioral model of hypochondriasis was feasible among firefighters who witnessed people's death. Their pandemic grief reaction and intolerance of uncertainty directly influenced their preoccupation with coronavirus, and viral anxiety and coronavirus reassurance-seeking behavior mediated the relationship. Firefighters' viral anxiety and coronavirus reassurance-seeking behavior mediated the influence of pandemic grief reaction or intolerance of uncertainty on the preoccupation with coronavirus.

Always Be Prepared

Always Be Prepared

Invisibility as a structural determinant: Mortality outcomes of Asians and Pacific Islanders experiencing homelessness.

Asians and Pacific Islanders (APIs) who are experiencing homelessness are situated in a social intersection that has rendered them unrecognized and therefore vulnerable. There has been increasing attention to racial disparities in homelessness, but research into API homelessness is exceedingly rare, despite rapidly growing populations. The purpose of this study is to examine the causes of death among APIs who died while homeless in Santa Clara County (SCC) and compare these causes to other racial groups. We report on data obtained from the SCC Medical Examiner-Coroner's Office on unhoused people's deaths that occurred between 2011 and 2021 (n = 1,394), including data on deaths of APIs experiencing homelessness (n = 87). APIs comprised 6.2% of total deaths of unhoused people. APIs died less often of causes related to drug/alcohol use than all other racial groups (24.1, compared to 39.3%), and there was a trend toward more API deaths from injuries or illnesses. When APIs were disaggregated into sub-groups (East/Southeast Asian, South Asian, Pacific Islander), there were notable mortality differences in cause of death, age, and sex. We argue that invisibility is a structural determinant of health that homeless APIs face. Though relatively small in numbers, APIs who are invisible may experience increased social isolation and, subsequently, specific increased mortality risks. To understand the health outcomes of unhoused APIs, it is essential that researchers and policymakers recognize API homelessness and gather and report disaggregated races and ethnicities.

Hospital crisis management after a disaster: from the epicenter of 2023 Türkiye-Syria earthquake.

In such cases where sudden destruction and injury are very high, search and rescue teams and hospitals can be the most important determining factors between people's lives and deaths. This study was conducted retrospectively, after the two catastrophic earthquakes (Türkiye-Syria Earthquakes) by taking the records of the patients who admitted to our hospital. Patients' admission times, diagnoses, demographic data, triage codes, medical interventions, hemodialysis needs, crush syndrome and mortality rates were analyzed. In the first 5 days after the earthquake, 247 earthquake-related patients were admitted to our hospital. The most intense period of admission to the emergency department was the first 24 h. The most intensive period of surgical procedures was 24-48 h. It was observed that Orthopedic surgical procedures were applied most frequently and the most common cause of mortality was crush syndrome. In terms of preparations for earthquakes, especially in hospitals in the earthquake zone it will be beneficial for each hospital to make hospital disaster plans. For this reason, we thought it would be useful to share our experiences during this disaster.

DARK TOURISM IN COLOMBIA: MOTIVATION OF TRAVELLERS AND COMMUNITY PRACTICES

Based on the infamous case of the natural disaster of the Armero volcano eruption, this study aims to analyze the perception of the local community towards the development of dark tourism. In particular, the main central question to be addressed in this article is to examine the motivation of tourists and the perception of local residents towards the tourism activity related to this event. To this end, a qualitative methodology was adopted through observation and interview. Our results show that the main motivation of tourists visiting the Armero region is the curiosity to see other people's deaths. However, his feelings change after visiting this region, as curiosity turns to sadness at seeing the suffering of so many people. On the other hand, some locals are not pleased that their history and heritage revolve around tragedy and the dead. This study highlights the lack of awareness of this type of tourism. It is therefore necessary that governments and competent authorities implement measures to encourage the development of this type of tourism. In this way, the cultural impact of black tourism in Colombia can be improved.

LEGAL RESPONSIBILITY OF PUBLIC TRANSPORT BUS DRIVERS DUE TO AN ACCIDENT WHICH CAUSED A PASSENGER TO DIE BASED LAW NUMBER 22 OF 2019 REGARDING TRAFFIC AND ROAD TRANSPORT (Study of the Decision of the Simalungun District Court Number 55/Pid.Sus/2019/PN Sim)

Traffic accidents result in many casualties, and perpetrators may be charged with murder due to negligence or negligence while driving. This application is regulated by Law No. 22 of 2009 on Road Traffic and Transportation. The research method is descriptive analysis, which leads to normative legal research, i.e. research with reference to legal norms, i.e. the study of library materials and secondary sources. Secondary data processed from primary legal data, secondary legal data, and tertiary legal data. As a result, Article 310, No. 22 of the Road Traffic Act of 2009 provides regulations for driver negligence resulting in death, and targets drivers who cause fatal accidents due to negligent driving. In the world of other people's death, punishable by imprisonment not exceeding six years or a fine not exceeding rupiah. 12,000,000.- (12 million) Rupiah. In the case of intentional death in a traffic accident that endangers the safety of road users by intentionally driving a motor vehicle in a dangerous manner, the determination of the criminal act as intentional negligence is governed by Article 311 of the Act. 22nd, 2009 on Road Traffic and Transportation.

THE ROLE OF COMMUNITIES LIVING IN WATERSHEDS TOWARDS FLOOD DISASTER MANAGEMENT : SYSTEMATIC REVIEW

Introduction. Disaster is a series of events that can threaten and disrupt human life, caused by natural and non-natural factors. A flood disaster is a natural disaster that can occur due to extreme storms in the upper watersheds, climate change, and geomorphological conditions of soil slopes, erosion, and sediment material. Flood disasters will have an impact on the social situation, people's economy, health status and death. Method. A systematic review was conducted through several stages, namely making questions, identifying, eligibility, selecting article inclusions, screening, and appraisal. The selection process was listed in the Systematic review framework and 10 articles are obtained. Later, articles were summarized and rated according to The Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) in each article. Result&amp;Analysis. The data shows that the results vary according to the system, and the conditions in which the study was conducted. Increasing the role of the community in flood disaster management efforts is done by increasing community knowledge, skills and experience, related to an efficient disaster management system, with several methods, namely by giving questionnaires and conducting interviews with the community or family, special training and simulations. Discussion. To increase the awareness and role of the community in managing flood disasters, several methods are applied. The simulation method is an educational effort that can be used to improve people's knowledge, skills, and experience in conducting flood management activities.

Cardiac Involvement in COVID-19: A Global Bibliometric and Visualized Analysis

ObjectiveCoronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), which was caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), had already resulted in widespread epidemics worldwide and millions of people's deaths since its outbreak in 2019. COVID-19 had also been demonstrated to affect people's cardiac function. However, the specific mechanism and influence of this damage were not clear yet. The purpose of the present study was to provide a bibliometric analysis of the current studies related to cardiac involvement after SARS-CoV-2 infection.MethodsA bibliometric literature search was performed on the web of science. The number and type of publications, countries, institutional sources, journals, and citation patterns were analyzed. In addition, qualitative and quantitative evaluations were carried out to visualize the scientific achievements in this field by using the VOSviewer software.ResultsWeb of science had recorded 2,24,097 documents on COVID-19 at the time of data collection (May 12, 2022). A total of 2,025 documents related to cardiac involvement were recorded at last. The countries with the most published articles were the United States of America (USA) (n =747, 36.9%), Italy (n =324, 16%), and England (n =213, 10.5%). Although the countries and institutions that published the most articles were mainly from the USA, the top three authors were from Germany, England, and Poland. Frontiers in Cardiovascular Medicine was the journal with the most studies (65 3.2%), followed by ESC Heart Failure (59 2.9%) and Journal of Clinical Medicine (56 2.8%). We identified 13,739 authors, among which Karin Klingel and Amer Harky had the most articles, and Shaobo Shi was co-cited most often. There existed some cooperation between different authors, but the scope was limited. Myocarditis and heart failure (HF) were the main research hotspots of COVID-19 on cardiac dysfunction and may be crucial to the prognosis of patients.ConclusionsIt was the first bibliometric analysis of publications related to COVID-19-associated cardiac disorder. This study provided academics and researchers with useful information on the most influential articles of COVID-19 and cardiac dysfunction. Cooperation between countries and institutions must be strengthened on myocarditis and HF during COVID-19 pandemic.

ПСИХОЛОГИЧЕСКИЕ МЕТОДЫ В СИСТЕМЕ ЛЕЧЕБНО-РЕАБИЛИТАЦИОННЫХ МЕРОПРИЯТИЙ ДЛЯ БОЛЬНЫХ С ИШЕМИЧЕСКОЙ БОЛЕЗНЬЮ СЕРДЦА

Coronary heart disease (CHD) is the leading cause of people's deaths in the world. Psychological intervention is a crucial factor in the treatment of CHD. One of the significant aspects of patient's forecast improvement is a compliance to treatment. Negative emotional states accompany the worsening of the course of the disease in patients with a cardiac profile. Patients with CHD are characterized by increased level of stress, depression and anxiety, non-adaptive coping strategies, defensive mechanisms and inharmonious internal picture of the disease. The psychological intervention improves compliance, the quality of life and thus speeds up physical recovery. It is crucial to determine what methods and approaches in the work of a medical psychologist are the most productive and contribute to the preservation of a long-term effect. According to several sources, the most effective and demanded approach when working with CHD patients is the cognitivebehavioral approach. It is distinguished by its shortterm impact; maintaining the duration of the effect; anxiety, stress and depression reduction; change of the internal picture of the disease, harmonizing the doctor-patient relationship, treatment adherence, compliance and improving cognitive functioning. In particular, researchers note the feasibility of methods of breathing and muscle relaxation, meditation, cognitive restructuring and diary method.

Morelloflavone as Potential Anticancer Agent Against MCF-7 Breast Cancer Cell Lines: In vitro and In silico Studies

Background: Breast cancer is most commonly reported to contribute to people's death. Nowadays, cancer treatment is focused on investigating anticancer drugs from natural compounds. Various methods, including in vitro, in vivo, and in silico methods, are used to assess the potential of anticancer compounds. The efficacy of bioactive compounds from medicinal plant origin lies in their affordability and minimized side effects. The Garcinia genus contains bioactive compounds, such as xanthones, benzophenones, triterpenes, biflavonoids, and benzoquinones. Purpose: The study aimed at investigating an active compound that can inhibit cancer cell growth and proteins that contribute to cancer cell growth, such as Caspase-9, TNF-α, ER-α, and HER-2. Methods: This study is divided into three steps. The first step is the isolation of the active compound from G. cymosa. The second step is an assessment of cytotoxic activity against MCF-7 cell by using MTT assay, and the last one is an investigation of the molecular mechanism of an active compound against Caspase-9, TNF-α, ER-α, and HER-2 by using in silico studies utilizing various programs, such as PyRx 0.8, PYMOL, and Discovery Studio. Results: Morelloflavone from G. cymosa stem barks has exhibited anticancer activity (55.84 μg/mL) eight times lower than doxorubicin (6.99 μg/mL), but it can block the activity of Caspase-9, TNF-α, ER- α, and HER-2. The binding affinity of morelloflavone is the strongest of all ligands. Conclusion: The natural flavonoid, morelloflavone, may be a new lead candidate for anticancer agent inhibiting action mechanism of Caspase-9, TNF-α, ER-α, and HER-2, respectively.

Diagnosing, Managing, and Controlling COVID-19 using Clinical Decision Support Systems: A Study to Introduce CDSS Applications

Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) as an emerging disease decreases security among people from different countries. Sense of security can be raised via quick diagnosis of COVID-19, and its management and control using clinical decision support systems (CDSS) to prevent further spread of the disease. So, the aim of this study is to identify and introduce the applications of a CDSS in the diagnosis, management, and control of COVID-19. This cross-sectional study was conducted to identify and introduce the applications of CDSS in the diagnosis, management, and control of COVID-19. Based on the results of some meetings with infectious disease specialists and a general practitioner as well as reviewing the related literature, information about COVID-19 and CDSS was obtained. Then based on the information obtained, a questionnaire was designed electronically and distributed in a two-round Delphi method among 19 experts in the three fields of medical informatics, health information management, and infectious disease specialists. According to the literature and expert opinions, 35 applications of CDSS applications were identified in the four main groups of “diagnosis”, “medication”, “monitoring”, and “health services”. Eventually, a collective agreement was reached on 30 applications in the first and second rounds of Delphi. Among all the applications, the highest means were assigned to “monitoring the vital signs” and “helping diagnose infections and damaged lung tissue through CT scan”. Introducing these applications can provide general, basic knowledge of the design and implementation of clinical decision support systems in the real world to prevent irreversible complications and even many people’s death.

Testing Death Penalty Opinions With General Questions and A Specific Case Scenario: Potential Lessons From China.

Despite rich literature on public opinion on capital punishment, only a few studies examined people's death penalty support within specific contexts. None have explored if correlates that influence people's opinion would hold the same effect in general questions and specific case scenarios. Similarly, the Marshall hypotheses have not been tested with specific crime scenarios. Based on a sample of 1,077 students in a quasiexperimental design, this study contrasts Chinese students' death penalty opinion in general questions with a specific crime scenario, and tests the Marshall hypotheses with the latter. Compared to their support in general questions, students' support for death sentences dropped significantly in the specific crime scenario. Multivariate analyses showed that different factors influenced people's decisions in the general questions and in the specific case, and respondents' choices of preferred punishment in the specific crime scenario failed to lend support to the Marshall hypotheses.

Comparative study of Abaca fiber and Kevlar fibers based brake friction composites

AbstractWHO and Environment protection agencies have reported that the trending brake pad materials are harmful to human health. These materials (Asbestos and Kevlar) produce toxic gases when used in brake pad composites. It is a cause of lung cancer, mesothelioma, affects the respiratory system, and causes many diseases. It has been causing many million people's death. Kevlar (aramid) is the trending material used in the brake pads. So, it is necessary to find a substitute for these toxic elements. In this direction synthetic fiber has been replaced by natural fiber. The main aim of this study is to find a substitute for asbestos and synthetic fibers (Kevlar) in brake friction material. There are very few comparative studies of Kevlar and natural fiber‐based reinforced polymer composites. In this research Abaca fiber and Kevlar fibers have been reinforced as brake friction material and compared studies. The brake pads were developed by using the various percentages of Abaca fibers (5–20%) and Kevlar fiber (5–10%) with other important ingredients of brake in the hydraulic hind Brake melding Machine. The results of physio‐mechanical properties reveal that % porosity, % water absorption, % compressibility increases as increase the percentage of Abaca fiber and Kevlar fiber in the polymer composite while ash, hardness, and density decrease with an increased percentage of Abaca and Kevlar fiber in the composite matrix. The tensile strength, ultimate compressive strength, impact energy, flexural strength, flexural modulus, tensile modulus shows the best performance for 5% brake pad composites among all Abaca fiber composites and while ultimate shear strength and proof stress show the best performance for 10% brake pad composites among all Abaca mixtures. The Abaca fiber composites with 5 wt% have shown improved results for the coefficient of friction, fade percentage and wear among all‐natural fiber composites while the performance in terms of recovery was observed to increase with an increased percentage of Abaca fiber. In the comparative study it has been found that Kevlar‐based brake pad specimens showed little better results in %‐fade, coefficient of friction, and in wear performance than that of Abaca‐composites while mechanical properties have shown nearby results. The wear rate and thermal stability were recorded highest for 20% Abaca fiber composite and 10% Kevlar composite.

Fear of death and its relationship to resilience in nursing students: A longitudinal study

AimTaking a corpus of nursing students enrolled in the 2017−2021 nursing degree, we aim to analyse how students' levels of resilience and fear of death evolve in the first three years of the degree and whether there are differences between students based on age and gender. In addition, we aim to describe the relationship between resilience and fear of death. BackgroundThroughout their training, nursing students will encounter situations of grief and death that may generate reactions of rejection, anxiety and emotional imbalance. Recognising and controlling these emotions through specialised training in end-of-life care and fostering resilience is essential. DesignComparative, correlational and longitudinal study. MethodsOur corpus comprised 100 nursing students who were followed through the first three years of their training. Data were collected using a sociodemographic questionnaire, the Collet-Lester Fear of Death Scale and the Resilience Scale. ResultsThe corpus reported medium-high levels of fear of death overall. Patterns were similar for all academic years: fear of other people's death was invariably the highest scoring subscale; and while individual dimensions of the Collet-Lester scale correlated directly and significantly with each other they were found to be inversely related to student age. High levels of resilience were recorded and were highest in the final year. ConclusionsIn this sample of student nurses, fear of death and resilience do not appear to be related to each other. Nursing education must include training specifically targeted at increasing levels of resilience and decreasing fear of death to improve end-of-life care.

EVALUATION OF THE SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS IN THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC PROCESS

Covid-19 virus, which started to be seen in Turkey as of March 2020, affected human health negatively. Many people's life-threatening virus-related illnesses and deaths have disrupted everyday life. This situation, which also adversely affected the working life, caused economic losses. The purpose of this study is to determine and evaluate the socioeconomic status of individuals during the process of experiencing the COVID-19 pandemic. In this study, quantitative method was used. The data were collected through a questionnaire. The research data were obtained through a questionnaire created online. 431 participants were reached. The findings were evaluated using frequency values and Chi-square analysis. The majority of the respondents stated that they had restricted the expenditures deemed unnecessary during the pandemic period, postponed their future plans, increased internet usage and changed their social lives. In addition, most of the participants stated that their psychology was negatively affected during the pandemic period. It was determined that the majority of those who did not continue in the COVID-19 process were singles. The majority of people whose economic income has decreased during the pandemic process are composed of lower income group people. On the other hand, the participants, who stated that their social life has changed, mostly live in metropolitan areas.

Necropolitics and Trauma in Heinz Insu Fenkl's Memories of My Ghost Brother

This article examines the properties of econo-political power exercised in a military camptown shortly after the Korean War, and the negative impact of that power on the villagers' lives, as revealed in Fenkl's novel Memories of My Ghost Brother. From a Freudian perspective, this work focuses on the concept of “necropolitics,” describing social and political power that dictates the death or life of people. As expected, there are serious corruptions, perversions, sexual abuses, black-market transactions, infanticides, racist adoptions, and disastrous and appalling deaths into the camptown where necropolitics operates, while the Korean government casts its people aside, as the poverty-stricken villagers desperately pursue money flown in with the U.S. military. Like the protagonist Insu's cousin Gannan, who became a prostitute and then committed suicide, many Korean women at that time struggled against Confucian sexism, and American racism added to this gendered burden and forced Korean sex workers, YangKongjus to kill themselves or their own babies, or at least give them up for adoption, when GIs who might marry the women did not accept their babies. Insu's father's racist discrimination, as well as neighbors' misdeeds, incessantly wounded the protagonist Insu, a son of a YangKongju and an American GI. These painful experiences caused Insu to suffer from Post-Traumatic Stress Disorders, including anxiety, melancholia, and guilt as shown through his frequent nightmares or dreadful daydreams. His traumatic neurosis is deepened with nightmares about the ghost of his elder brother, Christopher, whom his mother gave up for adoption to marry his father. Also, the horrible memory of seeing Gannan's corpse always triggers Insu to recollect other ill-fated people's deaths in the camptown. This suggests that his traumatic neurosis will continue endlessly. (Chosun University)

Actitud del personal de Enfermería ante la muerte de pacientes en la Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos

Abstract: Nursing professionals continually face the reality of other people's death, but often try to avoid the issue, ignoring it. In this regard, psychiatrist K. Eissler said: "What is difficult, to die or to witness death? To some this question may seem cynical or hypocritical however, it has its justification when maintaining intimate contact with the dying. " Accepting the death of the patient contradicts the essential objective of health professionals, which is to preserve health and life. But the nurse is the only professional that accompanies the patient and the family at that moment; "The function of the nurse is to assist the individual, sick or healthy, in the execution of those activities that contribute to their health or to their recovery or to avoid suffering at the time of death." In the following work it will be about the "care of the invisible", trying to interpret the subjective perspective, in this case, the experience of the nurses, the feelings and attitudes towards death and palliative care of the patient, and generate elements that allow a sociocultural explanation on the death of patients in intensive care units from a qualitative approach, relating it to the factors that condition them and the possibility of providing palliative care to it.

Investigating the role of perception of aging and associated factors in death anxiety among the elderly.

Background and objectivesThe world’s growing elderly population highlights the necessity for further attention to the psychological problems of the elderly, such as death anxiety. Analysis of the elderly’s perception of aging and associated factors can contribute to prediction of their future physical and mental health. The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship of perception of aging, and a group of demographic factors, with death anxiety in the elderly living in Gonabad, Iran.Subjects and methodsThis analytical descriptive study was conducted on 330 elderly residents of Gonabad, who were selected by stratified random sampling. Research tools were a standard demographic questionnaire, Barker’s Brief Aging Perceptions Questionnaire, and Collett–Lester Fear of Death Scale. Data were collected by interview of respondents at their home. Data analysis was carried out in SPSS 16 using descriptive statistics, analysis of variance, Pearson’s test, independent t-test, and linear regression.ResultsRespondents had a mean age of 73.97±7.68 years, 42.4% of respondents were men and 57.6% were women. The total Barker’s Brief Aging Perceptions Questionnaire score was 63.18±8.75, with the highest score (17.10±4.70) associated with negative consequences and control. The total Collett–Lester Fear of Death Scale score was 128±14.80, with the highest score (35.13±4.06) pertaining to the subscale fear of other people’s death. Regression results indicated that the death anxiety score was predictable according to the age and all dimensions of perception of aging, except for the consequences and negative control dimension.ConclusionAge and the perception of aging are good predictors of death anxiety. The authors recommend further research on the determinants of death anxiety in the elderly and the development of a comprehensive care plan to reduce this anxiety among Iranian elderly.

La muerte ante uno mismo. Respuestas de jóvenes estudiantes ante el pensamiento de la propia muerte.

&lt;p&gt;Narratives produced by thinking and reflecting about death and dying may be themselves a source of new knowledge in the study of anxiety and attitudes toward death. A qualitative descriptive study aimed to explore the features of thoughts, emotions and feelings about young people's own death, (nursing students) was conducted. 85 students voluntarily answered a self-administered questionnaire with open questions based on Mortality Salience, used in the Terror Management Theory. Content analysis using Atlas.ti software was performed. When reflecting upon their own death, participants reported substantive emotions such as fear, pain, distress, sadness or loneliness. The fear of their own death was specified as the inability to achieve goals in life, to leave the family and the dying process itself. When reflecting upon been physically dead, attributes of the decomposition of the body, spiritual attributes, beliefs, denial and preferences were identified. Cultural worldview, values and beliefs of each person were remarkably present when thinking about their own death.&lt;/p&gt;

Suicide in older people: Revisioning new approaches.

This discussion paper identifies and examines several tensions inherent in traditional approaches to understanding older people's suicide. Predicted future increases in the absolute number of elderly suicides are subject to careful interpretation due to the underreporting of suicides in older age groups. Furthermore, a significant number of studies of older people's death by suicide examine risk factors or a combination of risk factors in retrospect only, while current approaches to suicide prevention in the elderly place disproportionate emphasis on the identification and treatment of depression. Taken together, such tensions give rise to a monologic view of research and practice, ultimately limiting our potential for understanding older people's experience of suicide and suicidal behaviour. New approaches are necessary if we are to move beyond the current narrow focus that prevails. Fresh thinking, which draws on older people's experience of attempting to die by suicide, might offer critical insight into socially-constructed meanings attributed to suicide and suicidal behaviour by older people. Specifically, identification through research into the protective mechanisms that are relevant and available to older people who have been suicidal is urgently needed to effectively guide mental health nurses and health-care professionals in therapeutic engagement and intervention.