Thinking Of People Research Articles

Assessing Indigenous Knowledge System through Oral Literature for Educational Transformation: A case of Yorùbá

Indigenous knowledge system is a communal knowledge, wisdom, understanding, and cultural-bound practices gained from one’s native community and transmitted over generations. As a land rooted knowledge, every community (including Yorùbá) has specific range of them. Scholars have worked on the role of indigenous knowledge generally on the generality of human existence with little attention paid to the invaluable importance of the indigenous knowledge system on the cognitive and cerebral development of the African youth. This study therefore, assessed the indigenous knowledge system through Yorùbá oral literature for educational transformation. The study examined different oral resources especially, the ones gained through intangible component of the cultural heritage (language) that can be incorporated in the national educational curriculum with a view to harnessing the wisdom in them for the promotion of youthful minds and enhancing mental power. Function approach to communication served as theoretical framework. An interpretive design was used. The data for the study were collected from the existing documents and electronic database through a purposive sampling technique. As oral collecting-driven study, the selected oral literature include philosophical statements, songs, children poem, and counting system The selected data were translated from the source language (Yorùbá) to the operational language (English). The data were subjected to content analysis. The findings of the study revealed that the children poems on thought and beliefs entrenched critical thinking in people’s mind whereas indigenous counting system enhance the children’s problem- solving skills. It is also established that intellectualism displayed by individuals in their fields of work is relative to the degree at which they maximized the acquired knowledge from the indigenous system. From this discovery, the study concluded that the most prominent medium capable of empowering people with philosophical and cognitive leaning is indigenous languages because they are divinely empowered for massive potential in economy, investment, science and technology. Hence, there should be concerted efforts by individual, government, and educational stakeholders in the documentation of oral materials to promote their acceptance. Doing that, would promote community-rooted knowledge in all the ethnic groups and enhance indigenous capacity for educational transformation and sustainability in Africa at large.

What People Think of Machines as Doctors: Unveiling the Value of Gen-AI for e-Health

What People Think of Machines as Doctors: Unveiling the Value of Gen-AI for e-Health

ПРАГМАТИЗМ ТА ЙОГО ПРОЯВИ В УКРАЇНСЬКІЙ МЕНТАЛЬНОСТІ

The article covers an issue of development and functioning of pragmatic features in Ukrainian mentality. Mentality is not a stable way of thinking, it constantly changes due to impact of various factors. A nation constantly improves one’s mentality through new attitudes and perception based on which one’s attitude towards the world is developed. The natural development of pragmatic features is emphasized based on the impact of socio-economic, political and cultural preconditions. Evolution of Ukrainian mentality in the history of Ukraine was traced. Main stages and features of origination of pragmatic features of Ukrainians were highlighted. The role of Cossacks during development of capitalistic features in the structure of a national mentality was emphasized. Emphasis is made on contribution of Taras Shevchenko to the process of development of a new Ukrainian mentality. Pantheism was highlighted as a basis for other factors of a national mentality. Issues that arose for the mentality of Ukrainians during the Soviet period were indicated. The role of sovereignty in assistance in establishment of strengths of our mentality and their mani­festation during the years of armed struggle against the russian aggression was disclosed. Pragmatism as a social feature of a national culture is a component of a national social system in general, it reflects features of thinking and behaviour mechanisms of people in socio-economic activity of a person and society. Pragmatism is certainly reproduced in society and people leading to transformation of economy, enrichment of culture, spirituality, state policy, people themselves. The essence of social mechanisms of origination, formation, development and transformation of Ukrainian mentality was analyzed, namely in the aspect of the balance of individualism and collectivism. The essence of social mechanisms of origination, formation, development and transformation of Ukrainian mentality was analyzed, namely in the aspect of the balance of individualism and collectivism. Legal shortcomings that create problems on the path of further development of pragmatic features of a national mentality were mentioned.

Succession and Cultural Interaction of the Worldview of the Kazakh People with Ancient Greek Mythology and Philosophy

The main idea of the work is the concept of the formation of philosophy in Ancient India and Ancient Greece, based on the initial close connection of myth, religion, and science, which subsequently contributes to the separation of theoretical philosophy as a form of knowledge based on logic and pure reason. In the article, based on a summary of scientific studies published in recent years, it is shown that this trend is characteristic of the Turkic people, including the Kazakh people, who also did not stay away from this process. Each person, thanks to oral literature and folklore, which accumulates the basis of popular worldview, indulges in fleeting fantasies about life, and develops the ability to independently think about the existence of the world. The article also analyzes the question of the influence of the nomadic way of life on the perfection of deep thinking of the steppe people. The author comes to the conclusion that, despite the specific historical and cultural conditions, the knowledge and ideas of the ancient Greeks and the Kazakh people about the world, being, man, society, nature and life are very closely intertwined and demonstrate a deep connection. Such well-known scientists as Auezkhan Kodar, Seit Kaskabasov, Sagadi Bulekbaev in their studies of biogenetic laws and altered states of consciousness, based on typological analysis, note that this continuity and interrelationship of worldviews is not accidental, and cultural dialogue is not limited to a certain historical period. This is a continuous process that is reflected in the consciousness of each new generation, and thus goes beyond the space-time continuum. In their mythological knowledge, both peoples were among the first to try to generalize, classify and understand the systematicity, diversity and multiplicity of the universe. The result is the conclusion that both the formation of knowledge about the surrounding world and the realization of oneself and the meaning of life took place through the synthesis of conceptual thinking and artistic universals

The Core Ethical Values of Character Education (Based on State Philosophy)

The purpose of writing this article is to explain how the Core Ethical Values ​​of Character Education are Based on the State Philosophy, namely Pancasila. The research technique used is library techniques or library research. Indonesia has a Pancasila Philosophy which is the result of the deepest thinking of the Indonesian people which is considered, trusted, and believed to be the most correct, just, good, wise, and appropriate reality for the Indonesian people. Quality character needs to be formed and nurtured from an early age. Early age is a determining period for the formation of one's character. The state philosophy is a philosophical concept that reflects the foundation and outlook on life of the Indonesian nation. As the basis of state philosophy, the Pancasila precepts are a value system, therefore in essence it is a unit. Pancasila has a series of values, namely divinity, humanity, unity, democracy and justice. Pancasila values ​​are also values ​​that are in accordance with the conscience of the Indonesian nation, because they originate from the national personality. These Pancasila values ​​become the basic foundation, as well as the motivation that must be instilled in every student every day in learning and extracurricular activities. Pancasila as the philosophy of the State is impossible to stand upright on its glorious civilization unless you have a moral responsibility to instill Pancasila values ​​in yourself, your family, the community, students and all Indonesian children. Pancasila values ​​are also values ​​that are in accordance with the conscience of the Indonesian nation, because they originate from the national personality. These Pancasila values ​​become the basic foundation, as well as the motivation that must be instilled in every student every day in learning and extracurricular activities. Pancasila as the philosophy of the State is impossible to stand upright on its glorious civilization unless you have a moral responsibility to instill Pancasila values ​​in yourself, your family, the community, students and all Indonesian children. Pancasila values ​​are also values ​​that are in accordance with the conscience of the Indonesian nation, because they originate from the national personality. These Pancasila values ​​become the basic foundation, as well as the motivation that must be instilled in every student every day in learning and extracurricular activities. Pancasila as the philosophy of the State is impossible to stand upright on its glorious civilization unless you have a moral responsibility to instill Pancasila values ​​in yourself, your family, the community, students and all Indonesian children. as well as the motivation that must be instilled in each student every day in learning and extracurricular activities. Pancasila as the philosophy of the State is impossible to stand upright on its glorious civilization unless you have a moral responsibility to instill Pancasila values ​​in yourself, your family, the community, students and all Indonesian children. as well as the motivation that must be instilled in each student every day in learning and extracurricular activities. Pancasila as the philosophy of the State is impossible to stand upright on its glorious civilization unless you have a moral responsibility to instill Pancasila values ​​in yourself, your family, the community, students and all Indonesian children.
 Keywords: Value; Character building; State Philosophy

The Influence of Ethnic Characteristics of Behavior for the Economic Development of the Region

The economic development of the region depends on many factors, including ethnic characteristics of behavior. These features have a significant impact on the economic development of the region. Entrepreneurial activity, labor efficiency, innovative potential and consumer behavior of ethnic groups can contribute to the development of the regional economy or, conversely, interfere with this process. One of the key ethnic features affecting the economic development of the region is entrepreneurship. Different ethnic groups can exhibit unique skills in entrepreneurship that contribute to the creation of new jobs and the development of new industries. Ethnic peculiarities of behavior can also influence the innovative potential of the region. Some ethnic groups show a high degree of diligence, discipline and actively participate in educational and research processes. This contributes to the development of new technologies, scientific research processes. This contributes to the development of new technologies, scientific discoveries and innovative solutions that have a positive impact on the economic development of the region. Different ethnic groups may have their own preferences and consumption characteristics, which contributes to the development of the relevant sectors of the economy. For example, Japanese culture has high requirements for the quality of goods and services, which stimulates the development of high-tech and innovative industries. However, it is worth noting that ethnic peculiarities of behavior can also lead to some challenges for the economic development of the region. For example, some ethnic groups may experience discrimination or face restrictions in access to resources and opportunities. The article is devoted to the study of the influence of ethnic characteristics of Ossetian behavior on the development of the regional economy of the Republic of North Ossetia – Alania. The analysis of behavior reveals the problem of the economic lag of the republic from the rest of the regions of the Russian Federation. As examples, historical facts are used that profoundly influence the behavior and way of thinking of Ossetian people to this day.

Revisiting the Anchoring Effect: Summary and Outlook

The practical application of anchoring effect has been paid much attention in the commercial field. Research in recent decades has shown that the effects of anchoring are very powerful. In different contexts, it can be manifested through a wide range of decision-making tasks in different groups. There are many forms of "anchoring" that influence people's thinking and judgment, such as casual comments from friends, numbers on TV, and fixed opinions about people's skin color, appearance, and clothing may affect your thinking and judgment on a certain issue before you realize it. One of the most common types of "anchoring" in business decisions is based on past events and trends that lead to poor decisions. This paper discusses the anchoring effect in many different fields and tasks under the influence of anchoring, and how the anchoring effect is related, developed, and further influenced. This paper also focuses on the judicial decision and consumer price negotiation to explore the influence of anchoring effect. Finally, we look at the effects of anchoring from these two perspectives.

The Value and Promotion Role of Opinion Leaders in Media Communication

The research background of this paper is the continuous development of modern science and technology, the continuous popularization of the Internet links people in various regions, and people who have more knowledge in each field gradually gain a lot of fans on the Internet, and their comments are also recognized by more people. These people are called opinion leaders. However, the value and influence that opinion leaders can bring are gradually expanding and affecting our lives. The goal of this paper is to find out the influence and value that opinion leaders can bring to different objects such as society, individuals and companies. The main research content is what kind of value can opinion leaders create and promote the development of public opinion by using their high appeal and credibility on the Internet. And that affects the economy and politics and different aspects of the whole country. The influence of opinion leaders is huge and can bring a lot of value, but whether ordinary people can distinguish the truth and falsehoods of opinion leaders speeches is very important. The independent thinking of ordinary people should not be obliterated by the big trends on the Internet.

People's thinking plans adapt to the problem they're trying to solve

Much of our thinking focuses on deciding what to do in situations where the space of possible options is too large to evaluate exhaustively. Previous work has found that people do this by learning the general value of different behaviors, and prioritizing thinking about high-value options in new situations. Is this good-action bias always the best strategy, or can thinking about low-value options sometimes become more beneficial? Can people adapt their thinking accordingly based on the situation? And how do we know what to think about in novel events? Here, we developed a block-puzzle paradigm that enabled us to measure people's thinking plans and compare them to a computational model of rational thought. We used two distinct response methods to explore what people think about—a self-report method, in which we asked people explicitly to report what they thought about, and an implicit response time method, in which we used people's decision-making times to reveal what they thought about. Our results suggest that people can quickly estimate the apparent value of different options and use this to decide what to think about. Critically, we find that people can flexibly prioritize whether to think about high-value options (Experiments 1 and 2) or low-value options (Experiments 3, 4, and 5), depending on the problem. Through computational modeling, we show that these thinking strategies are broadly rational, enabling people to maximize the value of long-term decisions. Our results suggest that thinking plans are flexible: What we think about depends on the structure of the problems we are trying to solve.

Mainstream Traditional Chinese Culture Reflections from a Globalisation Perspective

With the rapid development of the world economy, cross-cultural communication is increasing rapidly. However, due to the different cultural backgrounds, historical backgrounds and values of different countries, cross-cultural communication also presents some differences. Confucianism, Buddhism and Taoism is the core of traditional Chinese culture, and even more so, it forms the basis of traditional Chinese culture, shaping and influencing the concepts of thinking and spirit of Chinese culture in a broader sense, as well as subconsciously influencing the thinking and actions of the Chinese people. The three words Confucianism, Buddhism and Taoism refer to Confucianism, Taoism and Buddhism respectively. Confucianism is the Way of Confucius and Mencius, which regulates the social and human order, and is the way to tell people how to achieve natural and harmonious interactions in real life. Taoism is Laozhuang, the pursuit of selflessness. Buddhism is Zen Buddhism, represented by wisdom, which tells people how to be self-interested and altruistic.This article aims to explore the influence of traditional Chinese cultural concepts on the concept of self-reflection and life, death and fortune in Chinese communication from the aspect of Confucianism, Buddhism and Taoism.

Comparison of Referral Thinking and Cognitive Emotion Regulation Strategies in People with Generalized Anxiety Disorder that Improved from Corona and Normal Group

Comparison of Referral Thinking and Cognitive Emotion Regulation Strategies in People with Generalized Anxiety Disorder that Improved from Corona and Normal Group

Research on the Development Path of Urban Documentary Driven by New Media Technology

With the arrival of the new media era, the development of urban documentaries has attracted public attention with its unique form. This article outlines the impact of the new media environment on the creation and dissemination of micro documentaries, as well as the characteristics of their creation and dissemination. A city documentary is a true record of the changes in people and things that we discover. It uses real life as the creative material, real people and events as the expressive objects, and through the processing and presentation of artistic creation methods, ultimately triggers people's thinking in the form of television or movies. There is still a lot of room for effort in the operation of television documentaries in China. With the rapid development of emerging streaming platforms, the number of paid subscription users continues to increase, providing a possibility for TV documentaries to achieve stable returns. This article attempts to explain the environmental characteristics faced by documentaries in the new media environment from three aspects: production, dissemination, and industrial chain construction, as well as the changes that should be made to seek greater development. It is hoped to provide constructive suggestions for the development of documentaries.

Tradisi Seblang Olehsari; Makna Simbolik Ritual Bersih Desa Olehsari Sebagai Budaya Lokal Banyuwangi

At this time, times are increasingly developing and experiencing rapid progress, so that the term "modernity" appears. Currently, what is really feared is "the methods or actions that need to be taken by young people in maintaining the values ​​or meaning contained in the seblang tradition" if you look at the increasingly advanced way of thinking and behavior of young people today. The seblang tradition originates from Banyuwangi, East Java, Olehsari Village, whose cultural community still upholds customs and social harmony. The seblang tradition is a dance performed to ward off evil or bad luck which is performed once a year, precisely on holidays. The method used in the research is qualitative research, namely using ethnography which explains the norms, traditions, values ​​and actions carried out in the Seblang dance. The seblang tradition has been passed down from generation to generation and is mandatory. If this tradition is not carried out within a year, one of the ancestral spirits will come to one of the residents and possess the resident to give a "sign" that the seblang haru tradition is being carried out. Apart from that, the existence of modernity poses a risk if it is forced into seblang traditions. Because the risk posed will dilute the meaning contained in the seblang tradition.
 

Transformational and transactional leadership behaviors and ethical perceptions: the effects of sensory processing sensitivity

PurposeSensory processing sensitivity (SPS) is a trait that affects people's thinking and behavior. People who are higher in SPS are more sensitive to internal and environmental stimuli. The present study examined the effects of transformational and transactional leadership behaviors on follower ethical cognition and perception and the role that follower SPS plays in that process.Design/methodology/approachParticipants read vignettes in which their leader was described as transformational or transactional. Participants then qualitatively answered a series of four emails asking questions about an ethical problem. Then they completed measures of ethical perceptions and SPS. Qualitative data were content coded to evaluate ethical cognition.FindingsResults indicated that people higher in SPS had lower ethical perceptions than people lower in SPS when their leader was transactional. However, when their leader was transformational, people higher in SPS had higher ethical perceptions than people lower in SPS. Results suggest that a match between a follower's SPS and a leader's behaviors can influence followers' ethical perceptions. Findings suggest that organizational leader and management development interventions should encourage leaders to use transformational behaviors to improve followers' ethical perceptions.Originality/valuePrevious research has examined the effects of transformational and transactional leadership on many outcomes for followers, including ethical attitudes and behaviors. The present study contributes to this literature by examining the effects of transformational and transactional leadership behaviors on ethical cognition and perceptions.

Study on the Cultural Communication Strategy of Zhenyi Academy from the Perspective of Cultural and Tourism Integration

As China enters a new era, people's spiritual and cultural life is constantly improving, and the role of cultural dissemination and integration has attracted social attention. The development of stele culture has also received increasing attention. Against the backdrop of the continuous deepening of Chinese culture, accelerating the orderly dissemination of culture is of great significance in enhancing the influence of traditional Chinese culture. Academies are an important base for contemporary people to experience traditional culture and a space for inheriting the excellent traditional culture of the Chinese nation. Spreading the culture of academies helps to make them an effective space for civilization preservation, cultural innovation, and cultural value dissemination in the new era, enriching people's thinking and culture, inspiring people to think, and achieving spiritual enlightenment. The article takes the inscription culture as the starting point, and takes the iconic representative of Wenzhou culture - Zhenyi Academy as an example to clarify the historical development and inscription cultural connotation of Zhenyi Academy, and to elaborate on the era value and advantages of the dissemination of inscription culture in the academy.

The Center of the Universe and its Symbolic by the Georgian Highlanders

Existence of the center of the universe and its symbolic always used to have great importance in general perception of the world, and consequently it is by various models confirmed in religious thinking of the world people. Georgian ethnographic material, in which sacral nature of the center is clearly disclosed, is not an exception insofar. The first example of this is tree. In Georgian ethnographic reality it represents in static (sacral tree, sacral pillar) or mobile (chichilaki, karachka, sacral flags) forms and mostly is considered as symbol of sacral Centre. In our opinion the micro cosmic model of universe, with clearly expressed sacral center represents the Georgian traditional dwelling with its construction and symbolic –religious meaning and main ritual function of central pillar in dwelling exactly is marking out sacral center. The importance of sacral Centre is proved by mythological legends and ethnographic materials concerning the establishment of shrines of mountain areas of Georgia. One of the key symbols of sacral center are Holy Mountain, hearth and their directly connection with religious traditions. Symbolism of the hearth as Centre plays particular role in wedding ritual, relatively seldom, but still the function hearth appears in funeral ceremony. All these give possibility to conclude the following: Symbolization of the center is quite distinguishing event for religious thinking of Georgian mountaineers and is realized in different forms in different cases; The first example of this symbol is holy mountain and tradition of building cultic structures on peaks of mountains, which is generalGeorgian phenomenon; Symbolism of the center of universe is clearly reflected in such traditional type of Georgian dwelling as earth dwelling house with central wooden pillar and hole for light and smoke; Symbolic of the center explains special meaning of hearth in ethnographic reality (traditions of wedding and funeral, reconciliationnear the hearth); Symbolic of the center is declared in Legends concerning establishment of the shrines in mountain areas.

THE STUDY OF ANCIENT NAMES IN THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE SYSTEM OF LINGUISTIC AND CULTURAL KNOWLEDGE IN THE NATIONAL CORPUS

Knowledge of the worldview, thinking, civilization, and culture of certain people through language, and its information is one of the urgent problems at present. The study of the system and status, level, ethnolinguistic character, meanings, internal and external sources of development of titles and positions of the Kazakh society in the past, which has developed in the course of historical development, is the main purpose of the research work. Therefore, of particular importance is the disclosure of the ethnolinguistic nature of the original names of positions in the Kazakh language, and the definition of their ethnocultural meanings. The studied language lexicon stores not only cultural information related to the governance of the country, and its official title, but also valuable data reflecting the culture, mentality, views, and worldview of the Kazakh people, and its identity, therefore they are a valuable heritage with a spiritual chronicle character preserved throughout history and time; names of titles and positions in the formation of the Kazakh ethnos shows the continuity of culture, characterizes the state of Kazakh society in different epochs, trends of formation, development. In the modern information society, the main source of the transfer and preservation of cultural values to future generations is the introduction of cultural concepts into the database of National Corpora. Information about what any word means also creates the necessary query for the user. Therefore, along with the lexical meaning of the word sought in national corpora, the provision of information about the cultural semantics of cultural units is of paramount importance for native speakers. Linguistic and cultural units and the system of cultural knowledge about them, as well as the bank accumulator of cultural texts, this is the Linguistic and cultural sub-corpus of the Kazakh language. Since this type of sub-corpus is an extensive cultural and linguistic fund of the Kazakh language, the texts and themes of cultural units included in it are becoming more diverse. Cultural and semantic markup is a system of knowledge about the culture of a nation encoded in the semantic structure of words. The unit that stores the system of cultural knowledge in its internal form is the word, that is, the so-called units of culture.

Hak Perempuan Dalam Memilih Calon Suami Ditinjau dari Perspektif Madzhab Syafi’i dan Madzhab Maliki

The problem raised in this research is to give freedom to women in choosing a future husband. In general, this can be put forward in the thinking of people whose relationships are still traditional, marriage is suggested as a necessity for every human being who has a desire for this because of encouragement from the closest person or is part of the inheritance of social traditions. This article also aims to find out the views of several Maliki and Syafi'i schools regarding women's freedom in choosing a husband-to-be. The choice of a husband-to-be is part of a woman's rights absolutely or there is interference from her parents. Because the incidents of arranged marriages and the practice of forced marriages by parents are still often encountered in everyday life in Indonesian society. The Syafi'i and Maliki schools have different opinions regarding women's freedom in choosing a husband. In the Syafi'i school, it is argued that for immature girls, a father, in this case, according to him, may interfere in choosing a future husband even without his permission, and for women who are married and then divorced (widows), according to him, there must be clear approval from concerned. Meanwhile, according to the Maliki school of thought, he argued that women are obliged to marry prospective husbands who are willing and have religion and good behavior, otherwise it will make a person a maker of slander and violence on earth. piety and piety Key Words : Women, Freedom To Choice Husbands, Parents, Madzhab Syafi’I And Madzhab Maliki

Sikap Bertanggung Jawab Sebagai Bagian Dari Pendidikan Karakter Pada Film Animasi How To Train Your Dragon 3 The Hidden Word Dan Tinker Bell And The Lost Treasure

Film is a medium that still exists and is used to convey a message. Films also influence audiences so that they create depictions that change people's thinking patterns. This research discusses the value of responsibility as part of character education in the animated films How To Train Your Dragon 3 The Hidden Word and Tinker Bell And The Lost Treasure. In both animated films, they tell stories about action and adventure that contain and display an attitude of responsibility.This research aims to (1) Explain the characteristics of the main characters in the animated films How to Train Your Dragon 3 the Hidden Word and Tinker Bell and The Lost Treasure, (2) Explain what attitudes of responsibility are contained in the animated films How to Train Your Dragon 3 the Hidden Word and Tinker Bell and The Lost Treasure are seen from the indicator of the value of responsibility. The approach uses library research, the method used in analyzing is the content analysis method with data collection techniques by means of observation and documentation (observing the films How To Train Your Dragon 3 The Hidden Word and Tinker Bell And The Lost Treasure). Based on data analysis, it was found that the attitude of responsibility seen in terms of the indicators of responsibility found and obtained in this research include: (1) doing what is expected (should) be done. (2) Future plans. (3) Be persistent and always try. (4) Discipline yourself. (5) Think before acting. (6) Set a good example for others. (7) Responsible for words, (8) Responsible for actions and attitudes

Why Do People Think Individuals in Poverty Are Less Vulnerable to Harm?: Testing the Role of Intuitions About Adaptation.

People often falsely believe that individuals from low socioeconomic status (SES) backgrounds are less harmed than those from higher SES backgrounds by a wide range of negative events. We report three studies (total N = 1,625) that provide evidence that this "thick skin bias" emerges at least in part because people overgeneralize otherwise accurate intuitions about adaptation. Across studies, participants accurately intuited that people adapt to psychophysical experiences (e.g., brightness, weight, and volume) but also inaccurately intuited that people similarly adapt to life hardships that actually tend to exacerbate the harm of future negative events. Experimentally decreasing the salience of psychophysical adaptation intuitions reduced the thick skin bias, suggesting a causal link between these adaptation intuitions and the belief that people in poverty are less vulnerable to harm and underlining the importance of studying how biased beliefs about the effects of poverty may perpetuate inequality.