Egyptian People Research Articles

Effect of Planting Dates and Planting Methods on Water Relations of Wheat

Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is the uppermost cereal grain crop considered as a major stable food for the Egyptian people. Field experiments were conducted during two consecutive winter seasons of 2017-18 and 2018-19 to study the effect of two planting dates (PD) (20th of November and 20th of December) under four different planting methods (PM) (bed broadcast, flat broadcast, drill at 15 cm, and drill at 25 cm apart rows) on the productivity and water relations of wheat genotype (Egypt 1). The study is intended to assess the water relations for wheat planting dates and planting methods and determine the role of late planting date and planting methods on wheat productivity. Results showed that the values of grain yields and some attributed yields were highly significantly affected by planting dates and methods in the two growing seasons. Planting wheat at the optimal date (20th November) was better than sowing at the late date (20th December) for all values obtained from the studied parameters in both seasons of the study. The bed broadcast planting method gave the highest mean values for all studied parameters except the plant height which was recorded with drilling seeds at a 15 cm planting method in the two growing seasons. The highest values of water applied were recorded with the first date under the borders planting method (PD1M2), while the lowest of Aw recorded was from beds planting method with the second date. The highest mean values for WP were recorded with the bed broadcast planting method.

A model of cognitive evaluation battery for diagnosis of mild cognitive impairment and dementia in educated and illiterate Egyptian elderly people

BackgroundThe high illiteracy rates in the North African and Middle Eastern region make direct cognitive testing challenging. Validated instruments for dementia in Arabic language are lacking specially those targeting low-educated subjects.ObjectivesThe aim of this study was to develop a cognitive evaluation battery suitable for both educated and illiterate Egyptian elderly people.DesignA cross-sectional study was conducted. Setting: Ain-Shams University geriatric and ophthalmology wards, geriatrics outpatient clinic, and geriatric clubs. Participants: 159 male and female participants aged ≥ 60 years were recruited.MeasurementsCut-off points were determined according to DSM-IV criteria for dementia and MMSE scores which divided the participants into 3 quadrants as normal, having mild cognitive impairment and having dementia then application of the new battery test was done.ResultsTest re-test reliability ranged from adequate to high in most of its tests with r ≥ 0.7. There was a statistical significance between all battery tests when divided into normal and dementia according to DSM IV criteria except in digit span forward length, digit span backward length, stimulus cue of confrontation naming and judgment. Means and standard deviations were calculated for each battery subset, for the whole sample, for low-educated group and group with > 9 years education according to three quadrants of MMSE.ConclusionA new valid and reliable neurocognitive evaluation battery that can differentiate between normal, mild cognitive impairment, and dementia in both educated and illiterate subjects under the name of Ain Shams Cognitive Assessment (ASCA) scale is now available.

Designing and using an online survey as a tool for teaching pharmacy students about COVID-19


 
 
 
 Final year pharmacy students were asked to prepare and post an online questionnaire about COVID-19 to evaluate the knowledge, attitude and practice of the Egyptian people in relation to the pandemic. Each student, using Google Forms, distributed the questionnaire. By giving a unique code to every student, the course team were able to track the activities and responses received to each questionnaire. All students were given one week to gather as many responses as possible. Responses were then filtered for any duplications by the course team. Each student was given the responses connected to their own code to work on and analyse. Finally, every student was asked to present their data as a PowerPoint presentation and comment on their results.
 
 
 

The effect of tramadol abuse on the quality of sexual life

Objectives Tramadol abuse has spread markedly among the Egyptian people with many myths about its value in improving physical and sexual function. This study aims to assess the different aspects of sexual function in patients with long-term tramadol abuse. Patients and methods The participants of the study were recruited from the Hotline Clinic of Minia Psychiatric Hospital, Upper Egypt during a 6-month period. After taking their consent, 68 individuals with a history and a positive urine analysis test of tramadol abuse were included. They were assessed clinically and by addiction severity index, sexuality scale, and sexual quality of life questionnaire-male version. They were compared with a control group of 43 individuals with no history of drug abuse and negative urine analysis test. Results All the aspects of quality of sexual life were significantly better in the control group than the tramadol abuse group. There was a significant correlation between the number of symptoms and the sexual esteem; and between psychiatric status and sexual esteem and sexual depression; and between family and social problems and sexual esteem and sexual depression. Conclusion Patients with tramadol abuse are more likely to have poor quality of sexual life in comparison to healthy controls.

Gender Dimorphism of Canines in a Sample of Egyptian population

Background: Canines are considered an excellent tool to distinguish gender in criminological investigations, since they are the most likely surviving parts of a victim’s body in case of disasters. This study investigated sexual dimorphism by comparing the mesiodistal & labiolingual dimensions of mandibular & maxillary permanent canines and inter-canine dimension in a sample of Egyptian people. Aim: To establish a reliable method for gender discrimination of un-identified adult victims. Materials and Methods: Study casts of 24 males & 24 females were acquired from the Archives of Orthodontics department, of Faculty of Dentistry, Ain Shams University, Egypt. Canine’s width, thickness and inter-canine dimension (ICD) were recorded, on dental casts by a digital caliper. Results: No significant dissimilarity was found between left and right canines in males or females. Gender dimorphism was greater in upper right canine regarding the mesiodistal dimensions (MD) dimension, and greater in lower right canine regarding labiolingual (LL) dimension. The ICD measurement in both arches was found to be significantly more in males. The maxillary & mandibular canine’s MD were significantly more in males. Also, the maxillary & mandibular canine’s LL dimensions were significantly more in males. Conclusions: Male gender was established to a degree of 95% if the MD dimension of the maxillary canine is more than 8.29 mm and if its LL dimension is more than 8.54mm. while in the lower arch, when the MD of the mandibular canine is more than 7.29 mm and its LL is more than 7.77mm.

Artificial and real income smoothing around corporate governance reforms: further evidence from Egypt

PurposeThe authors examine whether managers switch from artificial income smoothing using discretionary accruals to real income smoothing around corporate governance reform in Egypt.Design/methodology/approachThe sample comprises 61 non-financial companies listed on the Egyptian Stock Exchange for the years 2004–2011. The authors use discretionary accruals as a proxy for artificial income smoothing and income/loss from asset sales as a proxy for real income smoothing.FindingsThe authors offer a significant contribution to accounting literature by providing new empirical evidence on the trade-off between real smoothing technique (e.g. income/loss from asset sales) and discretionary accruals around governance reform in a developing country.Research limitations/implicationsThis study suffers from some limitations. First, the study sample is limited to only 338 observations. However, this is due to collecting the data manually and to the small number of listed firms during the study period. Second, the study period ended in 2011 due to the unprecedented political instability after the 2011 Egyptian people revolution. Third, although this study examines the effect of corporate governance, not all the governance aspects have been examined in the study models due to the lack of data.Practical implicationsFirst, the results of the total samples reveal that managers prefer real income smoothing than accruals income smoothing. This result may confirm the literature arguments on the advantages of REM methods over AEM methods. Cohenet al.(2008) find that firms switch to manage earnings using REM methods and explain that REM methods are harder to detect because they depend on operating decisions (Schipper, 1989). REM can be undertaken anytime during the year (Gunny, 2010). Besides, REM could not be deemed a violation of accounting standards or regulations (MyVay, 2006).Originality/valueThe authors offer a significant contribution to accounting literature by providing new empirical evidence on the trade-off between real smoothing technique (e.g. income/loss from asset sales) and discretionary accruals around governance reform in a developing country.

Faktor - Faktor Penyebab Kudeta Terhadap Kekuasaan Moammar Khadafi di Libya

In the concept of the internal conflict, Michael Brown explained there are political factors, economic, social, cultural and structural contribute to conflict within a country. The fourth order assist researchers in analyzing the causes of the coup against Moammar Gaddafi in Libya. During the 42-year reign of Moammar Gaddaf, the Libyan people have political issues such as curbs on political activity, political institutional discrimination, exclusive state ideology, significant internal political groups and the role of the political elite that interfere with the freedom of the people. Then economic issues such as economic discrimination, unemployment, and corruption in the Gaddafi’s family that give rise to high social inequalities. Coupled with the structural and socio-cultural factors such as discrimination against minorities, gender, and state institutions are not effective as inhibitors of the country's development. Gaddafi uses his own thoughts in undergoing government, by creating the Green Book rules as guidelines for political, economic, and social. Began when the Arab Spring swept Tunisian and Egyptian people who successfully staged a coup against their leader, there arises a sense of longing for the same freedom. Then triggered by the arrest of human rights campaigner who conducted the country's security forces in February 2011 and the blocking of internet sites in the emergence of large demonstrations - demanding the release of their scale and the overthrow of Moammar Gaddafi in the Libyan leadership.Â

Survey of Interpupillary Distance in Egyptian People

Abstract Purpose The aim of this study was to report normative values and ranges of interpupillary distance (IPD) in Egyptian people. Methods This study included 83 healthy subjects; 41 males and 42 females presented with refractive errors to the outpatient clinic of Elshiekh-Zaid specialized hospital in Cairo. After complete ophthalmic evaluation, far IPD measurements were performed using an autorefractometer (Speedy-1, Nikon, Japan), graded ruler (401 A5 stainless hardened, Japan), spectacle frame with two cross-wire lenses (universal trial frame, Carejoy, China). Near IPD measurements were performed using the graded ruler and the spectacle frame. Results Mean age of the study population was 35.1±8.0 years (range 20-50). The mean IPD for far was found to be 64.1±3.7 mm (range 56-72) by autorefractometer (p < 0.001), 63.9±3.7 mm (range 56-72) by PD ruler (p < 0.001), and 62.9±3.7 mm (range 55-71) by frame (p < 0.001). The mean IPD for near was found to be 61.9±3.7 mm (range 54-70) by PD ruler (p < 0.001), and 61.0±3.6 mm (range 53-68) by frame (p < 0.001). The mean IPD value was observed to be significantly higher among males (p < 0.001). Far and near IPD difference by PD ruler was 2.0±0.5 mm (p < 0.001) and by frame was 1.9±0.6 mm (p < 0.001). Conclusion The current study showed normative data on far IPD and near IPD by different methods in Egyptian people. Our study showed that sex and age had significant effects on IPD. Knowledge of normal values in this population may be useful in studying orbito-cranial growth patterns, syndrome diagnosis, surgical management of cranio-facial deformities and trauma, and manufactures of optical frames and lenses.

Prevelance and Causes of Facial Hyperpigmentation in Egypt: Dermoscopic and Histopathological Study

Abstract Background One of the most common dermatological complaints from patients with skin of color is dyspigmentation, particularly hyperpigmentation. The challenge for clinicians is to establish correct diagnoses along with successful treatments to meet the needs of the increasingly diverse population. Aim of the Work To identify the prevalence and the causes of facial hyperpigmented lesions in Egyptian people by using dermoscope and histopathological examination. Patients and Methods This study is a prospective cross-sectional non-controlled study that included 125 patients with facial hyperpigmentary lesions on the face. The patients were randomly recruited from the outpatient clinic of Dermatology at Ain Shams University Hospitals, during the period from July 2017 till December 2018. Results In our study, 67 patients (44%) had melasma; 25patient (16%) PIH and 23 (15%) patients showed freckles. In addition, SK was diagnosed in 10 patients (6%), phototoxicity in 4 patients (2.5%), 11(7.5%) patient was diagnosed with LPP, riehls melanosis was also diagnosed in 3 patients (2%), 2 patient presented with epidermal naevi (1.8%) and one patient presented with naevus of ota (0.5%) and one with solar lentigo (0.5%). Conclusion Dermoscopic examination can be dignostec in some diseases like SK and it can be helpful the determine the level of pigmentation and to expect the treatment results. And correlation between histopathology and dermoscopy can be helpful to reach the final diagnosis ant to determine the best treatment choice.

Frequency of Hypoglycemia in Type 2 Diabetic Patients in Sample of Egyptian People in Clinic Based Study

Abstract Background Hypoglycemia is a true medical emergency which requires prompt recognition and treatment to prevent organ and brain damage. Hypoglycemia is not a disease in itself; it is a sign of a health problem; whose importance lies in its effects upon brain function. With increasing incidence of diabetes and with various modalities of intensive control of blood glucose levels, there is always a risk of a proportional increase in the incidence of hypoglycemia. Aim of The Work we measured the frequency of hypoglycemic attacks in type 2 diabetic patients (T2DM) in clinic based study and correlate the attacks of hypoglycemia with treatment regimens and duration of the diabetes mellitus (DM) Methods Copies of pre-tested questionnaire were administered directly to 1000 patients with T2DM at the study site. This questionnaire was previously published as a part of the Workgroup of the American Diabetes Association and The Endocrine Society (ADA) on 2013. After translating it into public traditional Egyptian Arabic language. Results Our main finding was that for people with T2DM the incidence of hypoglycemia was 36% (360 out of 1000 patients). 26.39% (95 out of 360 patients) on oral hypoglycemic drugs compared to 71.94% (259 from 360 patients) on insulin. hypoglycemia was 48.42% (46 out of 95 patients) in Diabetic patients having diabetes for more than five years and on oral hypoglycemic drugs, compared to 76.83% (199 out of 259 patients) in diabetic patients on insulin. there is a highly statistically significant difference between diabetic patients on insulin and long duration of diabetes (p < 0.001). Also show that there is a statistically significant difference between diabetic patients on oral hypoglycemic and long duration of diabetes p value 0.034. Prevalence of (IAH) impaired awareness of hypoglycemia is 49.94%&unawareness 27.72% Conclusion Hypoglycemia is common in T2DM (36%). It is a significant complication of diabetes therapy and although mild hypoglycemia causes unpleasant symptoms and disrupts patients’ daily activities, severe hypoglycemia can result in coma, seizures, and death.

A standard analysis of Egyptian foreign trade structure for wheat

BackgroundWheat is one of the most important food and strategic crops because it is the main food for most Egyptian people; the research aimed to analyze the structure of the Egyptian foreign trade for wheat by determining the most important economic factors affecting the production, consumption, and imports of wheat. By building a standard model for analyzing the foreign wheat trade market in order to narrow the gap between production and consumption so as not to negatively affect the development rates in Egypt and to alleviate the deficit of the Egyptian trade balance, the research was based on descriptive and quantitative analysis using various measures such as relative importance and averages, simple regression analysis, and Simultaneous Equation System.ResultsThere is a positive correlation between the quantity of wheat consumed as a dependent variable and the quantity of imports, local production, real national income, and the population as independent variables. For example, the increase in wheat imports by 1 million tons led to an increase in the quantity consumed by 0.243 million tons; the import equation estimates that the decrease in domestic consumption of wheat by 1 million tons, the import price of wheat by one dollar, and the quantity of wheat stock by 1 million tons each lead to an increase in the quantity of imports of wheat at a rate of 0.97, 0.002, and 0.156 million tons, respectively, while the increase in real national income by 1 billion pounds increases the quantity of imports by about 0.005 million tons.ConclusionsThe study concluded that while the factors affecting Egyptian imports of wheat remain the same, the probability of an increase in the Egyptian import bill increases year after year with a consequent increase in the deficit of the Egyptian trade balance, as well as the agricultural trade balance.

Lean Six Sigma Methodology: The Nub to Boost the Public Healthcare System in Egypt

For many decades, the Egyptian people have suffered from deplorable public healthcare service featured by indolence, malfunction and traditionalism. Although, healthcare is a distinctive service industry concerning various complicated responsibilities; but the consecutive government of Egypt had badly handled such issue. Then, the apathetic performance of the public healthcare service becomes a dilemma for the people of Egypt; especially the poor among them. Therefore, the foundation of an adequate public healthcare service system, that respect the dignity of the people and respond to their arising health care needs; was frequently on the agenda priorities of the Egyptian governments after the 2011 and 2013 uprisings. Hence recently, the government -after reaching political and economic stability- seeks to build an ambitious newly public health care system to meet the expectation of the people to acquire high standard inexpensive and hasty public healthcare services. Consequently, in order to realize such aim; the Egyptian government had established the public agency for accreditation and quality control according to law no.2 of comprehensive healthcare insurance system issued at 2018. Then, it urges a national campaign to reform the public healthcare sector and to develop the efficacy and quality of its services. Hence, this paper aims to propose how the public healthcare organizations in Egypt can tackle various challenges and enhance adequately its capabilities; in order to be able to adopt the proposed Lean Six Sigma (LSS) methodology effectively; which can then provide an adequate framework for creating organized improvement exertions in healthcare; necessary to bestow guidelines on how to manage a quality service system to patient satisfaction by decreasing waste, variation and work disparity in the service processes.

Covid-19 Impact on Mental Health of Egyptians Patients

The current study is aimed to examine the rates of mental disorders in a sample of Egyptian patients due to environmental factors associated with the COVID-19 pandemic crisis which interacted with the historical and religious background of the Egyptian people. The research was performed in four different districts in Cairo and Giza before and during the outbreak of a pandemic. The Control group consisted of 1600 patients and extended from the first of October till the end of December 2019. The experimental group consisted of 1200 patients during the first four months of 2020. Mood disorders were the main psychiatric disorders that appeared during this period in the form of depression and anxiety disorders. Also, the cases of substance use disorder (SUD) and obsessive-compulsive disorders (OCD) were presented more in psychiatric clinics. The percentage of male patients was slightly higher in depressive cases, while it was significantly higher in SUD cases. On the other hand, the percentage of female patients was a little higher in anxiety disorders and OCD cases. The percentage of SUD cases was significantly higher among highly educated patients and also in OCD cases. Medium educated patients presented with depression and anxiety disorders were slightly higher than high educated patients and significantly higher than low educated ones.

Study of Hand Measurements as a Potential Tool for Prediction of Sex and Estimation of Stature in a Sample of Egyptian and Malaysian Youth

Background: Identification of the living and the deceased is of great importance in various civil and legal aspects. An individual hand when recovered and brought for examination can give important information about sex, stature and age of the person. Regression equations have been derived in different populations for estimation of stature and they are reliable, accurate and of utmost importance to forensic scientists for medico-legal cases. Aim of the study: To evaluate hand measurements as a potential tool for determination of sex and estimation of stature in a sample of Egyptian and Malaysian people and to conduct a comparative study between them. Subjects and methods: The study was conducted on 300 volunteers (200 Egyptians and 100 Malaysians) from both sexes aged above 21 years old and less than 30 years old. Measurement of hand length, breadth and finger lengths of right hand were taken using a sliding caliper (Vernier caliper) beside measurement of the stature using stadiometer. SPSS was used to compare the recorded measurements between both sexes; logistic regression was conducted to derive equations for prediction of sex from each hand. Multiple regression was performed to estimate stature from hand measurements. Results: Male measurements of all parameters including hand length, hand breadth, finger lengths of right hand and stature were significantly higher than females in both Egyptian and Malaysian volunteers. There was a moderate to strong positive, statistically significant correlation between stature and the hand length, breadth, and finger lengths of right hand in male and female Egyptian and Malaysian participants. Hand length, hand breadth and thumb length were the best predictors for sex from the right hand, also hand length and index length were the best predictors for stature from the right hand. Conclusion: Sex and stature can be predicted with reasonable accuracy from hand measurements in Egyptian and Malaysian young adults. Further studies are required to validate the derived equations in a large sample of Egyptians and Malaysians and to test the equations validity in other age groups.

Contemporary Fashionable Apparel Draped Designs Inspired from Folk Egyptian Heritage

Folklore Characterized by nobility, folk art in any society is a manifestation of culture and an honest mirror reflect his ideas, including the beliefs, traditions, customs and its aspects of distinguishing either material or spiritual. The outcomes of the interaction of all these forces are formulated in the templates, unsentimental, and nourish the faith and strengthen the hearts and refine the humanitarian aspects of all. Draping has an ancient historic background. Traces draping method can be observed in the ancient race of the Egyptians, if not in its purest of form and meaning but surely as a dress draping had its existence in this timeline. the current study, trying to take advantage of the values the fine art of the units of the Egyptian People and their meanings symbolism, which form part of human culture and an essential element in the structuring of formative cultural, and try to highlight the national character of our art popular in the form of contemporary art for the dissemination of that culture in the young generation . Eight fashionable trendy summer outfits were inspired from our great Egyptian heritage draped dyed ,printed and decorated to represent contemporary look.

احتياجات مجتمع مصر ما بعد ثورة 25 يناير 2011 في قصة هم وهؤلاء لأحمد فرج (دراسة النقد الأدبي)

This study aimed at revealing the needs of Egyptian people after the 2011 revolution and how they could meet their needs amidst increasingly difficult economic conditions. This was literary study by analyzing Arabic literary works. It used Abraham Harold Maslow's humanistic psychology theory which holds that human needs are described in a hierarchy. To meet the needs at the top level, the needs at the previous level must first be satisfied. In the context of Egyptian society, they have freedom of expression as the highest hierarchical need of self-actualization. This becomes very interesting when told in the material object of research: people have freedom of expression but they still feel hungry and insecure, the most basic need for humans. The results showed that after the fall of Husni Mubarak, Egypt underwent a change in the political field that the Egyptian people get freedom of expression as citizens. Unfortunately, the progress of democracy was not followed by the progress of other fields such as social and economic fields. After leadership change in 2011, life was increasingly difficult with rising prices for basic necessities and Egyptian society was increasingly difficult to find work. This made them far from a decent life such as owning a house, vehicle or marriage.

Shiite Sunni Struggle in the Process of the Zirid's Abandonment of the Fatimid Caliphate by Recognizing the Abbasid Caliphate

İlk Kuzey Afrika fetihlerinden itibaren Berberîlerin merkezî yönetimle sıkıntılar yaşadığı bilinmektedir. Başlarda irtidat etmeye meyilli olan Berberîler, zaman içerisinde irtidattan vazgeçip muhalif siyasî-dinî fırkalara intisap etmeyi tercih ettiler. 8. yüzyılda Hâricîliğin etkili olduğu Kuzey Afrika'da 10. yüzyılda diğer bir muhalif fırka olan İsmailî Şiîlik Berberîler arasında yayılma imkânı buldu. Fâtımîlerin, Kutâme kabilesinin desteğiyle Ağlebî emaretini yıkmaları ve İfrikiye'de devletlerini kurmaları bölgede önemli hadiselerin de fitilini ateşledi. Hem Hâricîler hem de Sünnîler bu yeni otoriteye itaat etmeyeceklerini gösterdiler. Fâtımîler zor da olsa bu isyanları bastırmayı başardılar. Ancak başşehrin İfrikiye'den Mısır'a taşınması bir süre sonra Fâtımîlerin Kuzey Afrika'daki hâkimiyetlerini zayıflatmaya başladı. Kendilerine bağlı olarak Kuzey Afrika'yı yöneten Zîrî hanedanının müstakil olma teşebbüslerini farklı siyasî manevralarla uzun bir dönem engelleyen Fâtımîler, 11. yüzyılın ortalarına gelindiğinde artık Zîrîleri kontrol edemez hâle gelmişti. Hanedandan Muiz b. Bâdis, Sünnî âlimlerin de desteğiyle Fâtımîlerden bağımsız olmak siyasetini dinî alana da taşıdı ve Şiîlere karşı Sünnîleri destekledi. Bu makâlede Zîrî Emiri Muiz döneminde (406-454 | 1016-1062) özellikle Mâlikî âlimlerin halk ve emir üzerindeki nüfuzu ile bu nüfuzun Şiî-Sünnî mücadelesindeki etkisi siyasî ve içtimaî yansımaları açısından ele alınacaktır.

Circulation of hepatitis E virus (HEV) and/or HEV-like agent in non-mixed dairy farms could represent a potential source of infection for Egyptian people

Hepatitis E virus (HEV) infection is endemic in many developing countries and becomes of interest in the developed countries. Several animals are sources of HEV infection to humans. Recently, HEV was detected in the milk of cows in China, this data comes up with the probability of HEV transmission to humans via ingestion of contaminated milk. In Egypt, contaminated water and residing in rural communities are risk factors for HEV infection, while limited data is available on the zoonotic HEV transmission. Since pigs, wild boars, camels are not common in Egypt, we investigated if cows and/or cow milk represent a risk factor for HEV transmission in the Assiut governorate. Milk samples (n = 480), collected from Assiut city and 12 non-mixed dairy farms distributed in the rural communities, were tested for HEV markers such as anti-HEV IgG, HEV RNA, and HEV Ag. All milk samples collected from Assiut city (n = 220) were negative for HEV markers. Also, milk samples collected from 11 farms (n = 220) were negative for HEV markers. While, in one farm, we could detect anti-HEV IgG in 8 out of 40 samples (20%), HEV RNA and HEV Ag were detectable in 1 out of 40 samples (2.5%). However, we could not detect the HEV markers in the stool from anti-HEV IgG positive cows. Surprisingly, phylogenetic analysis of the isolated virus revealed it belonged to HEV-3 subtype 3a. Importantly, when cows from the positive farm were retested 1 month later, we observed an increase in the number of animals that were positive for anti-HEV IgG (10/40, 25%). In addition, the level of anti-HEV IgG was significantly higher in the milk of these cows in the second collection than the samples of the first collection suggesting ongoing infection on this farm.In conclusion: we reported that HEV-3 and/or HEV like agent was detected in the milk of the cow distributed in rural communities of Assiut governates. Investigation of the cow milk should be done to assess if the cow milk is a risk factor for HEV transmission for Egyptian people, especially in rural communities.

The Layered Life of JE26204: the Construction and Reuse of the Coffins of Henuttawy

In the Twenty-first Dynasty, ancient Egypt was facing a number of economic, political, and religious challenges and transformations. To compensate for a lack of imported resources and subsidized incomes, the Egyptian people were robbing and reusing the tombs of their predecessors. Royal coffins and mummies were collected by priests and placed in tomb caches, supposedly for their protection. In this article, the authors show how a detailed material analysis of the coffins in these caches can help reveal the social history of Egypt at this time. The coffins of Queen Henuttawy prove to be a combination of Eighteenth and Twenty-First Dynasty construction and decoration, and may provide insight into the actions of Third Intermediate Period priests. Following these pieces through to their modern excavation and display in the Egyptian Museum, Cairo, it is evident that these objects continue to impact lives, acquiring additional layers of history and social significance.

Egypt’s major political forces and their relations with the president M. Mursi in 2012–2013

Political situation in Egypt has been attracting international attention since 2011, when the wave of protests of so-called Arab Spring swept through the region of Middle East and North Africa. Inspired by democratic slogans of political pluralism, freedom of speech, press and religion, Egyptian revolution led to the political success of the Islamist groups, such as An-Nour and Muslim Brotherhood, that came to power in 2012. The representative of Muslim Brotherhood Mohammed Morsi held his position of the head of the state for a critically short term: had been elected in the end of June 2012, he was overthrown in the beginning of July 2013 by military coup supported by all the political forces of Egypt as well as Egyptian people, who gathered again in the Tahrir Square. Eventually, the people who had voted for Morsi a year before turned against him as well as political forces that used to support Muslim Brotherhood. He didn’t manage to prove his consistency as the president of the country. A number of factors led to this result. Economic situation in Egypt didn’t improve, democratically elected president launched totally undemocratic initiatives, etc. All these factors may be considered as obviously objective reasons for loosing the power. But Egyptian political environment has specific features that should be taken into account while investigating the reasons and factors of Morsi overthrow in 2013. Had being shaped through previous 30 years of Hosni Mubarak power and firmly rooted in Egyptian society, they couldn’t be changed simultaneously after the revolution. Two key players have been occupied leading positions in Egyptian politics during all this period: business elites and army. Both of them had financial and social base and influenced public opinion in the country. Political situation turned to be even more complicated with the vast number of new parties arouse after the revolt. All these players had an important part in Egyptian politics and should have been taken into account by the president. Moreover, his ability to form relationship with them and gain their loyalty was an important condition for maintaining power. Instead, M. Morsi started confrontation with the leading political forces of Egypt. Apparently, this wrong tactics resulted in his overthrow from the presidency in 2013.