Class People Research Articles

Family Planning: Popular Methods and Their Effects

The number of children directly affects the health and nutritional status of mother. For a healthy child, the mother should be healthy and this could be possible with planned pregnancies or avoiding unwanted pregnancies by use of family planning methods. The present study was undertaken to investigate the methods of family planning used and their effect on the health of a woman. The study was carried out in the city of Varanasi in Uttar Pradesh, India. The study was cross-sectional and comprised of 220 married women aged 25-40 years, who voluntarily agreed to participate in the study. The respondents were randomly selected, with the exclusion criteria for unmarried, widow, divorcee women, or those who were not living with their husbands. The results showed that the respondents were aware of the family planning concept. The best source of information regarding family planning was media (36.36%); and the maximum of them preferred the permanent method (40.45%) as the method of contraception. Only a few of them (38.64%) were aware of government policies and plans related to family planning. 26.37% of respondents felt that they were having health problems by using contraceptive methods. The health problems were observed among the respondents using Intra-Uterine Devices (58.49%) and oral contraceptive pills (41.51%). Age and nutritional status of the mother during conception both contribute to the health and nutritional status of the child. Government should establish policies related to exposure of married couples towards family planning methods along with easy access to family planning methods especially for the lower class people. Also, more in-depth study of the use and awareness of family planning methods should be done as it is essential for the well-being of the mother, child, and family and even society as a whole. Keywords: Family planning; Family planning methods; Contraception; Intra-uterine devices; Contraceptive Pills

Status of erythrocyte genetic disorders in people of desert and humid environments in Rajasthan, India: focus on natural selection in tribals against malaria

In India, Rajasthan is the largest state having two distinct environments separated by presence of Aravali Mountains. One is desert, located in the west region and other is humid in the east region where malaria is endemic. In Rajasthan, various inherited erythrocyte genetic disorders, abnormal haemoglobins (Hbs), thalassaemia (thal) and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase enzyme deficiency (Gd) have been extensively studied in people of scheduled tribe (ST), scheduled caste (SC), general caste (GC) and other backward class (OBC) populations residing in both environments. In these populations, abnormal haemoglobin variants, Hb-S, Hb-D, Hb-E, Hb-J, Hb-C and Hb-H in heterozygous (trait) and/or homozygous state with varying incidence have been detected. Among these Hb variants, sickle cell Hb in trait form (Hb-AS) is common and widely distributed in diverse populations. Genes of β-thalassaemia trait (0.0–9.0%) are more prevalent compared to α-thalassaemic (1.88–3.07%) genes and are also widely distributed. Gd disorder is also common in occurrence and widely distributed with varying incidence (0.64–22.0%) in people of both environments. Relatively a high incidence of Hb-S (31.14%), β-thalassaemia (9.00%) and Gd (22.00%) genes reported in tribals of southern Rajasthan. In present communication, status of various erythrocyte genetic disorders in people of both environments, natural selection in tribals against malaria, mitigation and control of these genetic disorders and effect of fluoride exposure in tribals having sickle cell and β-thalassaemic genes are considered and critically reviewed. These findings may be useful in framing and implementation of health policies for the mitigation and control of erythrocyte genetic disorders in tribal communities.

A Consumer Perception ,Purchase Behavior and purchase Intention Organic Food Amomg Working Class People

A Consumer Perception ,Purchase Behavior and purchase Intention Organic Food Amomg Working Class People

Present scenario of generic medicines in India: A comparative study

Drugs or medicines are those which are used for treatment, diagnosis, mitigation and prevention of diseases. But it’s very expensive. Not or all but for lower and middle class people taking treatment is very difficult because of the cost of the medicines. Many deaths are caused because the patient cannot afford the cost of the medicines. The entry of generic medicines in market brought a revolutionary change in healthcare system and the market share is continuously increasing. The poor and needy sections of the society are getting benefitted because these are authentic, reliable, secure, affordable and accessible for all. Now there is an option available against the high cost branded medicines. Government of India is taking lot of steps to promote the availability of generic medicines both in rural and urban areas and also taking steps to aware people that it is equally safe and effective as that of branded medicines. Many pharmaceutical companies are manufacturing generic medicines and making them available in market through retail outlets. E-pharmacies are also functioning delivering generic medicines at home. Government has opened thousands of Pradhan Mantri Bhartiya Janaushadhi Kendra (PMBJK) across the country where one can get generic medicines at much lower cost. The present article is based on the study to know the availability of generic medicines through PMBJK, comparison of prices between generic and branded medicines, reasons for the lower price of generic medicines and except PMBJK where generic medicines are available.

The heterogeneity of residents’ preference over a wide array of services, provided by a master planned community (MPC)

ABSTRACT The study estimated an average Californian’s preference over a variety of attributes provided by Master Planned Communities (MPC) – (1) Access to Natural Park & Urban amenities, (2) Access to HOA amenities, (3) Frequency of Social Gatherings and (4) Landscape Aesthetic. The study estimated conditional logit (CL), 2-class latent class (2 C-LCM) and 2-class latent class–random parameter models (2 CLC-RPM), to explore respondents’ varying preferences over those services, and found that people in our sample perceived the above-mentioned attributes as positive amenities, although the frequency of social gatherings provided by communities was viewed as the least important amenity. The results also showed that younger and relatively wealthier respondents were more likely to value MPC-driven services higher than their older and poorer counterparts. Also, the results from 2 CLC-RPM with attitudinal membership variables show that people in MPC-lover class tend to believe building MPCs promote school quality and opportunities for social gatherings.

Pengaruh Metode Snowball Throwing Pada Model Pembelajaran Discovery Terhadap Hasil Belajar Peserta Didik Kelas X Mia Man 1 Sidrap (Studi Pada Materi Pokok Sistem Periodik Unsur)

This research aims to determine the effect of the snowball throwing method on the discovery learning model of students learning outcomes in the subject matter of the Periodic System of Elements. The Research Population of all students in X MIA MAN 1 SIDRAP, period 2018/2019. The sample of 29 people in class X MIA 2 as an experimental group was taught by the snowball throwing method in the discovery learning model and 29 people in class X MIA 1 as a group control that was learned by the discovery learning model without the snowball throwing method. Data collection through student learning outcomes and questionnaire responses to research design posttest control group design. The results of the descriptive analysis showed that the average value of the experimental group using the snowball throwing method on the discovery learning model, it was higher at 73.05 compared to the control group which only used the discovery learning model without the snowball throwing method which was 69.74. The results of hypothesis testing on inferential statistics using the Mannwhitney test obtained a Zhitung value of 3.62 and at the confidence level (α) of 0.05 obtained Ztable 1.65. Therefore, Zhitung> Ztable then H0 is rejected and H1 is accepted, it shows that there is a significant effect of using the snowball throwing method on the discovery learning model on the learning outcomes of class X MIA MAN 1 SIDRAP in the subject matter of the periodic system element.

Just World Belief: How People Are Influenced in India by The Concept of Just World Belief, Whether They Are More Inclined Towards Helping a Victim or Towards Derogation of a Victim?

In this paper my study will analyze data collected from people in India. The purpose of this study is to see whether in India people believe in victim blaming in the case of an incident caused due to external causes or they try to compensate them. Just world belief plays a significant role in preserving people’s view in justice. Many people who believe the society is just are also more inclined towards the principle of just world belief. In many studies psychologists have studied the effect of just world belief in western societies. In western culture people-power distance relation is not huge as compared to India and western culture is an individualistic society as compared to India. In India crime rate is more as compared to western culture which also plays an important role. In India people hold a strong belief in karma which is basically “people get what they deserve”. Concept of karma is similar to just world belief. In India karma is one of the important factors which determines whether a person is more willing to contribute or blame the victim. The other factor which determines the willingness to help is income standard of the person. People who fall in upper class income status they are less willing to help and hold a stronger stand on victim blaming, whereas, people in middle class income group try to contribute more rather than victim blaming. People in middle class are more empathetic towards victims further they hold a strong view in karma and try to do well to others. According to me people belonging to middle class families try to donate more or find ways to help victims as compared to upper class people. As per the survey conducted, I will try to establish that “Indians when given an opportunity will compensate victims more and when asked to evaluate victim will derogate them and not compensate”. Opportunity plays an important role when it comes to deciding whether to compensate or derogate. This is not dependent on different cultures or types of society.

Challenges Of Exchange Rate Fluctuation And Cpo Prices In Indonesia Palm Oil Industry

Objective : This study points to analyze the challenges of Rupiah Exchange Rates and International CPO Prices to Indonesia's CPO Export Volume.
 Design /methodology/approach : this research exercises explanatory type under a quantitative approach. Data collection techniques in this study were done by time series techniques. The data analysis technique used is Structural Equation Model (SEM) with the Smart Partial Least Square (PLS) tool.
 Findings : The study results indicate that: (1) Rupiah Exchange Rates do not have a significant effect on Indonesia's CPO Export Volume; (2) International CPO prices have a significant effect on Indonesia's CPO Export Volume.
 Practical implications : intensify business in economy sector in order to reach the lower class people.
 Paper type : research paper
 
 Keywords: Rupiah Exchange Rates, International CPO Prices, Export Volume

KEBIJAKAN OTONOMI PERGURUAN TINGGI INDONESIA: ANTARA PRIVATISASI DAN KOMERSIALISASI

The basic principle of the New Public Management (NPM) paradigm is to run state administration as it moves the business sector (run government like a business or market as a solution to the ills in the public sector). This strategy needs to be implemented so that the old model of bureaucracy that is slow, rigid and bureaucratic is ready to answer the challenges of the globalization era. The privatization of higher education in the form of PTN BH and BLU is an autonomous form of higher education institutions by adopting the values of NPM. In practice, there appears to be a shift and misunderstanding of the value of privatization which is interpreted as the commercialization of higher education. This article concludes that this higher education privatization policy has a negative impact, namely the commercialization of higher education, which if allowed to continue will grow the capitalization of education. Education can only be accessed by the owners of capital, while the lower class people are increasingly marginalized. Evaluation of the higher education privatization policy must be carried out immediately by the government in order to make improvements even if it is necessary to revoke and change the privatization policy of higher education.Keywords: Education, Privatization, Commercialization

Karmicielki świata. Mamki mleczne w świetle reprodukcji życia społecznego

[Feeders of the World. Wet Nurses and Social Reproduction] The article is an attempt to outline the history of wet-nursing on the example of France from the late 18th century until the beginning of the 20th century. The main aim of the article is to highlight the social and economic changes undergone by the profession of wet-nursing. This study explores the process in which increasing industrialisation and urbanisation leads to wet nurses becoming gradually subjected to what Karl Marx described as formal subsumption of labour under capital. Wet-nursing was one of the most important functions contributing to societies’ survival and reproduction, which is why at the turn of the 19th century it was commodified and transformed into one of the most alienated types of labour. These processes were accompanied by a series of changes in the social and cultural perception of wet nurses, notably by the so-called rabble discourse typical for the 19th-century means of racialising working class people.

Occurrence of Covid-19 in different communities in Kolkata

Background: Scourge of ongoing COVID-19 pandemic is a matter of public health concern. New-norm preventive life-style like use of mask, repeated hand washing, social distancing and hygienic way of coughing-sneezing often compromise easy life and personal comfort. Earlier studies established certain epidemiological aspects of COVID-19 mostly in highend societies, but not many conducted on occurrence of COVID-19 in low-middle-income communities to ascertain the trend.
 Aims and Objective: Considering a possible upsurge of COVID-19 in Kolkata, it was decided to study the occurrence of COVID-19 in the background of preventive awareness and its application among residents in three different communities in Kolkata.
 Materials and Methods: Study was conducted in three different communities located in south Kolkata during Apr 20 to Mar 21. Community 1 and 2 were semi-urban clusters and Community 3, a high profile society; having 266, 282 & 360 adults respectively. Consent was taken from authority as well as individual subjects. Questionnaire was made incorporating personal attributes, knowledge of personal protective measures (PPM) & its application; lastly details of COVID-19 patients. Questionnaire was sent to willing members through e-mode; those declined were contacted individually following new-norm. Data collected was coded for confidentiality, tabulated and analysed. Confirmed COVID-19 (RT-PCR+ve) declared by Govt/private hospitals during Apr 20 to Mar 21 were included.
 Result: Communities studied had analogous demographic traits. Two communities belonged to low-SES group, while other enjoyed high-end-status. Almost 90% of slum/colony dwellers knew all facets of COVID-19 prevention compared to cent-percent of upper class people. 52% in one and around 93-100% in other two groups followed recommended PPM. Occurrence rates of COVID-19 infection were 11.3, 10.6 & 11.1 per 1000 adult of respective communities during study period. Affected were mostly male (90%) of 30-44 year age with 60% from low SES & 40% from the privileged. Many indisposed used masks (70%), washed hands (100%) and followed social distancing (90%). Study unfurled the explicit distinctiveness of COVID-19 infection irrespective of social stand aside idealistic reflective of preventive awareness/application. PPM though renders protection but its circumventing role needs consistent application in back-lore of certain contextual considerations.
 Conclusion: Further research is recommended to enrich this endeavour to explore facts that may play vital rolein COVID-19 prevention in future.

Beyond Distance Decay: Discover Homophily in Spatially Embedded Social Networks

Existing studies suggest distance decay as an important geographic property of online social networks. Namely, social interactions are more likely to occur among people who are closer in physical space. Limited effort has been devoted so far, however, to quantifying the impact of homophily forces on social network structures. In this study, we provide a quantitative understanding of the joint impact of geographic distance and people’s socioeconomic characteristics on their interaction patterns. By coupling large-scale mobile phone, income, and housing price data sets in Singapore, we reconstruct a spatially embedded social network that captures the cell phone communications of millions of phone users in the city. By associating phone users with their estimated residence, we introduce two indicators (communication intensity and friendship probability) to examine the cell phone interactions among places with various housing price values. Our findings suggest that, after controlling for distance, similar places tend to have relatively higher communication intensity than dissimilar ones, confirming a significant homophily effect as a determinant of communication intensity. When the analysis is focused on the formation of social ties, though, the homophily effect is more nuanced. It persists at relatively short distances, whereas at higher distances a tendency to form ties with people in the highest social classes prevails. Overall, the results reported in this study have implications for understanding social segregation in cities. In particular, the physical separation of social groups in a city (e.g., residential segregation) will have a direct impact on shaping communication or social network segregation. The study highlights the importance of incorporating socioeconomic data into the understanding of spatial social networks.

Subjective Economic Inequality Decreases Emotional Intelligence, Especially for People of High Social Class

Across five studies (three preregistered; N = 2,481), we investigated two effects as follows: (1) Is higher subjective economic inequality associated with a decreased ability to accurately identify emotions (emotional intelligence)? When inequality is high, people are less focused on others and may thus be less motivated to correctly identify their emotions. (2) Is this main effect of subjective inequality qualified by an interaction with socioeconomic status (SES)? Past research suggests that high SES leads to lower emotional intelligence because people of higher SES are less dependent on others and thus less motivated to identify their emotions. When perceiving higher inequality, high SES individuals should feel even more self-reliant, thereby exacerbating the difference in emotional intelligence between people of low and high SES. We provide empirical support in three out of five studies for the first and in four out of five studies for the second hypothesis. An internal meta-analysis supported both hypotheses.

Divergence and consensus in majority rule

We investigate majority rule dynamics in a population with two classes of people, each with two opinion states ±1, and with tunable interactions between people in different classes. In an update, a randomly selected group adopts the majority opinion if all group members belong to the same class; if not, majority rule is applied with rate ε. Consensus is achieved in a time that scales logarithmically with population size if ε≥ε_{c}=1/9. For ε<ε_{c}, the population can get trapped in a polarized state, with one class preferring the +1 state and the other preferring -1. The time to escape this polarized state and reach consensus scales exponentially with population size.

Web-Based Decision Support System Determination of Recipients of Covid-19 Pandemic Social Assistance Using the SAW and AHP Methods

During the COVID-19 pandemic, this was not only followed by an increase in the number of positive cases caused by various reactions from people who did not care about this outbreak, but also followed by an increase in poverty, early community mobility, and security insecurity . The government plans to provide special social assistance for middle to lower class people in the face of this COVID-19 pandemic. The distribution of social assistance as a realization of the social safety net program during the COVID-19 pandemic leaves a lot of homework to do. Starting from data collection, the accuracy of target recipients of aid, to the distribution. The mechanisms for distributing aid are complicated and often not well targeted due to inappropriate criteria for beneficiaries and inaccurate / inaccurate data. Until there was a protest from residents who should have received assistance but they did not get this assistance, and vice versa. This study proposes the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) method for weighting the value of each criterion and the Simple Additive Weighting (SAW) method for the ranking.

Qualitative and Quantitative Analysis of Housing Indices at the Neighborhood Level: Case Study of Region 6 of Tehran Municipality

Abstract Most of the cities in Iran have experienced very rapid development. The urban population in the last decade has been increased by migration, and cities in Iran are faced with many problems. Housing is becoming one of the major problems, and standard housing indices have taken an important place in urban planning to provide good conditions for better urban planning. Region 6 of Tehran municipality is home to a large portion of upper-middle social class people for whom owning a house is more than merely a place to live. The aim of the research was to analyze qualitative and quantitative indices for Region 6 of Tehran municipality. The study is based on analytical and descriptive methods. The secondary data collected from the latest Iran census report in 2016 and composite methods used to measure the special effects of changes in population size, growth rate, and indices of quantitative and qualitative assessment are wide-ranging housing which was analyzed based on the t-test, correlation test and regression with SPSS and GIS software. GIS software is used as an effective tool for generating maps to better understanding the behaviors of residents in a neighborhood. The result shows that Region 6 of Tehran is among the areas of serious urban decline and neighborhoods in the neighboring regions are influenced by the activities of other bordering neighborhoods.

Challenges Of Exchange Rate Fluctuation And Cpo Prices In Indonesia Palm Oil Industry

Objective : This study points to analyze the challenges of Rupiah Exchange Rates and International CPO Prices to Indonesia's CPO Export Volume.&#x0D; Design /methodology/approach : this research exercises explanatory type under a quantitative approach. Data collection techniques in this study were done by time series techniques. The data analysis technique used is Structural Equation Model (SEM) with the Smart Partial Least Square (PLS) tool.&#x0D; Findings : The study results indicate that: (1) Rupiah Exchange Rates do not have a significant effect on Indonesia's CPO Export Volume; (2) International CPO prices have a significant effect on Indonesia's CPO Export Volume.&#x0D; Practical implications : intensify business in economy sector in order to reach the lower class people.&#x0D; Paper type : research paper&#x0D; &#x0D; Keywords: Rupiah Exchange Rates, International CPO Prices, Export Volume

Journey with Rural Identity and Linguicism

For a Dalit, especially from a rural background, it is not easy to survive in the higher education system in India because it is overwhelmingly dominated by the upper caste, class, and English-speaking people. It is not uncommon for Dalit learners like us to face multiple discrimination, and even exclusion in higher educational institutions. Intersectionality between these three factors abounds in institutions of higher learning. The transition from native language to English has not been an easy task for me, for in my educational journey, I have discovered that English is not just a language but also a commodity. It is becoming increasingly easy for economically well-off people to acquire education in English and dominate the spheres of educational institutions in India. They are usually considered as knowledgeable and intellectual persons. On the other hand, Dalit students also want to take education in English but, most of them are not able to do so because of their caste background and rampant discrimination. This study is based on my own experience and fieldwork at the University of Delhi through a semi-structured questionnaire.

Which are the intermediate determinants of gender inequalities in mental health?: A scoping review.

Gender segmentation in the labour market and women's greater burden of domestic work and caregiving increase their risk of developing mental health problems, especially in vulnerable social groups. The objectives of this study were to identify and describe the role of working and labour conditions, domestic work and caregiving and social support in gender inequalities in mental health, as well as to assess whether studies have taken an intersectional approach, describing its role in gender inequalities in mental health. We carried out a systematic review of scientific articles published between 2010 and 2019 in PubMed, Scopus, WoS and PsycInfo, in Spanish and English, conducted in the European Economic Area in populations aged between 25 and 65 years. Studies were excluded if they were qualitative, focused on sexual identity or factors based on biological differences, or considered use of medical services, medicalisation or suicide as the outcome variable. A total of 30 articles were included, of which only four concerned studies in which intersectional analysis had been performed. The mental health of men was seen to be more influenced by employment conditions and that of women by working conditions, the double presence and civil status. Further, depending on the size of the household (women) and unemployment (men), people in lower social classes had poorer mental health outcomes. The results may be useful for designing policies focused on reducing gender inequalities in mental health. Additionally, they show the need for taking an intersectional perspective.

Technofunctional, rheological, thermal and structural properties of gorgon nut (Eurayle ferox) as affected by drying temperature

AbstractThe effect of drying at different temperatures viz; 60, 70, 80, and 90°C on gorgon nut flour (GNF) was envisaged by the hot air oven method. The resultant flours were known as GNF‐60, GNF‐70, GNF‐80, and GNF‐90, respectively. The effect of drying on rheology and technofunctional properties was studied. The drying at different temperatures resulted in significant changes in technofunctional and pasting properties of GNF. The water and oil absorption capacities increased with the increase in drying temperature from 0.45 to 0.70 g/g and 0.35 to 0.46 g/g, respectively. The viscosity of the GNF decreased with the increase in drying temperature from 1592 to 990 cP. The increase in the drying temperature resulted in an increase in the swelling power and solubility from 7 to 11 g/g and 29% to 117%, respectively. The rise in temperature increased the gelatinisation peak temperature and reduced the gelatinization enthalpy.. The shear rate dependency on study shear stress and study shear viscosity showed a nonNewtonian behavior for all the samples. The storage modulus, G′ was found greater than the loss modulus, G″ and increased with the rise in temperature from 60 to 90°C indicating the dominance of elastic behavior. The FTIR and XRD spectra revealed structural characteristic peaks with increased intensities at a higher temperature. The drying of the GNF at different temperatures is being reported for the first time and resulted in a significant alteration of the technofunctional and rheological properties. The study will serve a basis for the exploration of the GNF in industrial‐related processing operations.Practical implicationsAccording to the report jointly published by the World Health Organization, Food and Agricultural Organization and the State of Food Security and Nutrition in the World, about 650 million of the total world's population went hungry in 2019, with the expected 120 million addition to this figure due to Covid‐19 pandemic by the end of 2020. The economically lower class people are mainly involved in hunger and malnutrition due to either unavailability or higher costs of the nutritionally rich food resources. Exploration of underutilized and nutritionally rich sources becomes the need of the hour in this type of situation. Gorgon nut being a nutritionally rich and underutilized crop of mainly Asian continent, can serve as an affordable food source to fight this hunger and malnutrition problem.